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Topic: Militia Act of 1903

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	Militia Act of 1903 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Militia Act of 1903, also known as the Dick Act, was the result of a program of reform and reorganization in the military establishment initiated by Secretary of War Elihu Root following the Spanish-American War of 1898 after the war demonstrated weaknesses in the militia, as well as in the entire United States military.
		The National Defense Act of 1916 is, with the exception of the United States Constitution, the most important piece of legislation in the history of the National Guard.
		The Bureau was known as the Militia Bureau until it was designated as the National Guard Bureau by an amendment to Section 81 of the National Defense Act on June 15, 1933.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Militia_Act_of_1903 (3097 words)

	militia - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about militia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the 16th century, under such threats as the Spanish Armada, plans for internal defence relied increasingly on the militia, or what came to be called ‘trained bands’, of the general levy.
		After the Restoration, the British militia fell into neglect, but it was reorganized in 1757, and was relied upon for home defence during the French wars.
		It can place the militia under one plan of discipline, and, by putting their officers in a proper line of subordination to the Chief Magistrate, will, as it were, consolidate them into one corps, and thereby render them more efficient than if divided into thirteen or into three or four distinct independent companies.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Militia (493 words)

	United States National Guard - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The organized militia exists to supplement the National Guard in the event of manpower shortages while the unorganized militia comprises every able bodied male in a state which may be called up for extreme emergencies such as an invasion of the United States or a major catastrophe inside her shores.
		This act established that the chief of the Militia Bureau (later the National Guard Bureau) would be a National Guard officer, that National Guard officers would be assigned to the general staff and that the divisions, as used by the Guard in World War I, would be reorganized.
		In 1903, part of the militia was federalized and renamed the National Guard and organized as a Reserve force for the Army.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/United_States_National_Guard (1596 words)

	36th Infantry Division - History of Texas National Guard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The governor acted as the commander-in-chief of the state militia; his authority was exercised through an adjutant general, usually a political appointee.
		As in the antebellum period, the state required the militia to hold an annual muster and enrollment at county courthouses, essentially a yearly census of all men between the ages of eighteen and fifty.
		This focused the state's militia effort toward a centralized Texas Volunteer Guard and began a process of professionalization that continued with the Dick Militia Act of 1903 and the National Defense Act of 1916.
	www.agd.state.tx.us /36id/history/txarnghistory.htm (6301 words)

	MILITIA - HISTORY AND LAW FAQ 4/6 version 1.01 July, 1995 3.48 What happened as opposition
		During that period, all were acting under the articles of confederation, which was rather a league between the states for mutual defence, than a government acting directly upon the people of these states.
		Lexicographers and others define the militia, and the common understanding is, to be 'a body of armed citizens, trained to military duty, who may be called out in certain cases, but may not be kept on service like standing armies, in time of peace'.
		The men comprising it come from the body of the militia, and when not engaged at stated periods in drilling and other exercises, they return to their usual avocations, as is usual with militia, and are subject to call when the public exigencies demand it.
	www.skepticfiles.org /almanac/minut4pa.htm (4580 words)

	Militia Act of 1903: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The national guard bureau is located in washington dc and is a joint command operated by the united states department of the army and the united states department...
		The Bureau was known as the Militia Bureau until it was designated as the National Guard Bureau by an amendment to Section 81 of the National Defense Act on June 15, EHandler: no quick summary.
		The war powers act is also known as the trading with the enemy act, and is commonly confused with the war powers resolution (of 1973)...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/mi/militia_act_of_1903.htm (4156 words)

	America's Two Armies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		At the Constitutional Convention of 1786 the relationship between the state militias and the federal government was an extremely contentious issue, and the wording of clauses dealing with military affairs that were approved for inclusion in the Constitution were purposely rather vague.
		When inefficiencies in the militia system were exposed, Congress passed several laws, including the Militia Act of 1862, designed to impose some central control on the recruiting process, but the federal government was never really successful in wresting control of recruiting from the states.
		The Selective Service Act of 1917 established a national draft, applicable to all able-bodied males of military age, as the mechanism by which the Army would fill its rolls when circumstances required that it expand beyond the size that could be reached by volunteers alone.
	www.mmmsmilitaryhistory.net /h2AmericasTwoArmies.htm (2847 words)

	New Militia FAQ Part Two
		The Anglo-Saxon militia, called the Fyrd, consisted of all able-bodied men; and it was the Fyrd that the founding fathers had in mind when they spoke of a militia.
		The very notion of the militia falling under federal authority was considered a violation of the intent of a militia (an armed citizenry), organized, trained, and disciplined by state legislatures.
		So a [new] militia is a militia if it forms with the knowledge of the county sheriff (highest ranking elected law officer in the county).
	www.adl.org /mwd/faq2.asp (2848 words)

	State Assault Rifle Bans and Militia Clauses
		The Uniform Militia Act of 1792 was replaced at the beginning of this century by the Militia Act of 1903.
		The organized militia, which was "to be known as the National Guard of the State, Territory, or District of Columbia" constituted one class, with the remaining members of the militia constituting the other class designated as the Reserve Militia.
		The strongest argument for judicial adoption of a "dormant" militia clause, with respect to assault rifles, is the requirement that citizens of all states have access to militia-type weapons in the event of a national emergency where the unorganized militia is called to service.
	www.saf.org /LawReviews/Fafarman1.html (6570 words)

	The Root Reforms and the National Guard
		In 1898 the National Guard was governed by the amended Militia Act of 1792 and almost completely funded, organized, and administered by state governments.
		In return for all this, the act gave the President the power to call the Organized Militia--that is, the National Guard--into federal service for up to nine months' service to repel invasion, suppress rebellion, or enforce federal laws, but not for service outside the United States.
		Clearly establishing the Guard's role as the Army's reserve force, the amended act stated that during a mobilization the Guard had to be called before the Army could organize a federal volunteer force.
	www.army.mil /Cmh-Pg/documents/1901/Root-NG.htm (1644 words)

	A Brief History of the National Guard
		Soon afterwards, the Militia Act of 1792 required all males between 18 and 45 to enroll in the militia.
		The volunteer militia, which were uniformed, trained and equipped units, soon superseded the enrolled militia and became the basis of today's National Guard.
		Militia units marched in parades, acted as honor guards at presidential and gubernatorial inaugurations and, when called, were always prepared and ready to protect their state and nation.
	www.scguard.com /recruiting/about/history.htm (1051 words)

	Militia Defination
		"(a) The militia of the United States consists of all able-bodied males at least 17 year of age and, except as provided in section 313 of title 32 [32 USC sec.
		However, such a person is not exempt from militia duty that the President determines to be noncombatant.
		In a sense, all of them now must keep three hats in their closets--a civilian hat, a state militia hat, and an army hat--only one of which is worn at any particular time.
	www.urbin.net /EWW/polyticks/RKBA/militia.html (422 words)

	Seton Hall Legislative Journal
		The Act further provides for the prohibition of firearms that are simply variations of the specifically listed weapons, the slightly varying models to be made part of a list comprised by the Attorney General.
		The Act was introduced to ban the illegal possession of assault firearms by amending New Jersey statutes § 2C:39-1, § 2C:39-3, 2C:39-5, § 2C:39-9, § 2C:39-10, § 2C:43-6, § 2C:43-7, § 2C:44-3, § 2C:58-5, P.L.1983, c.
		The Act essentially called for all free and able bodied white males between the ages of 18 and 45, excluding statutorily exempted persons, to comprise the Militia and provide their own weapon, basically codifying existing State militia law.
	www.saf.org /LawReviews/Romano1.htm (11109 words)

	NSLA - Archives & Records - Nevada Executive Branch Agencies
		A 1792 act of Congress required all able-bodied white males between the ages of eighteen and forty-five to be enrolled in the militias of the states and sought to impose uniform regulations for their organization and discipline.
		The act (in most respects identical to a recently adopted California statute) empowered the Governor to appoint an Adjutant General, who was ex officio the Governor's chief of staff, quartermaster general, commissary general, inspector general, and chief of ordnance.
		In compliance with its constitutional mandate the Legislature, in 1865, passed a militia act similar in content to the territorial act of 1861.
	dmla.clan.lib.nv.us /docs/nsla/archives/archival/exec/nng.htm (3897 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		However, he opposed the much more comprehensive Civil Rights Act of 1964 on the grounds that it was an inappropriate extension of the federal commerce power to private citizens in order to "legislate morality" and restrict the rights of employers.
		Coolidge was elected mayor of Northampton in 1910 and 1911, was a member of the State senate 1912-1915, serving as president of that body in 1914 and 1915.
		The militia act of 1792 clarified whom the militia consists...
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/U/United-States-National-Guard.htm (1278 words)

	88th Bde History
		The New York State Militia Law of 1847 reduced the number of regiments from about 300 to 71, mostly through mergers or redesignation of the largest, most effective, and most enthusiastic of the existing units.
		It was this act that gave most of the famous old New York militia regiments the designations which have the most historic associations, such as the 7th, 8th, 9th, 69th, and 71st, the latter two having been raised after the new militia system was in place.
		Under the terms of the Federal Militia Act of 1903, better known as the Dick Act, the New York National Guard received Federal recognition and increased funding.
	www.88ny.net /88BDE_History.htm (1968 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Militia quickly died again, the Guard units were dissolved OR reverted to their previous status of being independent clubs (through the states would provide more money after the Civil War than before).
		The Militia Act of 1792 showed HOW the Congress that wrote the Second amendment believe the Militia should be formed and the same Congress also formed up Regular Army forces.
		Even when the Act was first adopted in 1903 lawyers questioned its constitutionality for it stripped the rights of the states to appoint officers independent of the Federal Government (a right preserved in the Constitution).
	www.democraticunderground.com /cgi-bin/duforum/duboard.cgi?az=printer_format&om=6522&forum=DCForumID66 (2705 words)

	General References: National Guard Bibliography
		Sumner, William H. An Inquiry into the Importance of the Militia to a Free Commonwealth in a Letter from William Sumner, Adjutant General of the Commonwealth of Mass.
		Letter from the Secretary of War to the Chairman of the Committee on the Militia, Explanatory of the plan for Reorganizing the Militia of the United States, heretofore Submitted to the House.
		The Militia, Extracts from the Journals and Debates of the Federal Convention, the State Constitutional Conventions, the Congress, the Federalist, together with Other Papers Relating to the Militia of the United States.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/ARNG/NG-GEN.htm (3153 words)

	Reserve component -
		They are regionally based and recruited (unlike their active duty counterparts) and, in the case of the Army and Air National Guard, are the organized state militias referred to in the U.S. Constitution.
		The militias were organized into the present National Guard system with the Militia Act of 1903.
		Consequently, it is generally held that the term “militia” as used in the United States Constitution (including the amendments) refers to the current Army and Air National Guards.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Reserve_component (1262 words)

	South African Military History Society - Journal - UNIT COLOURS OF THE NATAL MILITIA RESERVES
		While the Militia units all had uniform it is doubtful if any of the Reserves did, and until the 1906 Rebellion this lack hardly mattered.
		The Militia Orders, as published in the Colonial Government Gazette, contained authority for the Reserves to adopt unit colours, and significantly the colours granted were all so granted between April, 1906 and January, 1907, the only time when the Reserves were used.
		It was officered by Europeans seconded from Militia regiments or the Militia Reserve.
	rapidttp.com /milhist/vol012jh.html (247 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/United States National Guard
		Both are maintained through the National Guard Bureau, whose Chief sits on the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
		The State Militias, in some cases, pre-date the existence of the National Guard and are maintained on both an organized an unorganized level.
		The organized militia exists to supplement the National Guard in the vent of manpower shortages while the unorganized militia comprises every able bodied male in a state which may be called up for extreme emergencies such as an invasion of the United States.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/United_States_National_Guard (761 words)

	The Spanish-American War
		In 1903, Congress passed the Dick Act and officially recognized the National Guard as the "organized militia." The Militia Act of 1903 made the National Guard subject to federal training and mobilization guidelines and eligible for federal funds.
		It replaced the Uniform Militia Act of 1792 that had made the states responsible for maintaining their militia units and made the federal government responsible for the National Guard.
		As a result of the war, the Army replaced the position of commanding general, which had no direct ties to the troops in the field, with the General Staff Corps that could directly deal with matters such as training, supplying and mobilizing soldiers.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/ops/spanish_american.htm (4575 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online: HOUSTON LIGHT GUARDS
		The Light Guards was one of several militia units that had opposed activation for federal service because the members believed that no emergency existed.
		Initially, the members voted on grounds of states' rights and economic self-interest not to go, but when the adjutant general informed them that the company would be disbanded if it failed to comply with the mobilization order, the unit reorganized and answered the call.
		From 1903 through 1940 the unit continued to perform traditional militia missions.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/HH/qjh2_print.html (1101 words)

	The History of the National Guard Bureau (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		After the Spanish-American war of 1898 which demonstrated weaknesses in the militia, as well as in the entire United States military.
		The impetus for reform led to the Militia Act of 1903, better known as the Dick Act.
		This Act was implemented by AR 130-5/AFR 45-2, 10 July 1959.
	www.ngb.army.mil /ngbgomo/history/ngbhist.htm (3157 words)

	Buffalo Soldiers - A Chronology of African American Military Service From the Civil War to World War I Part II
		Because of the continuing difficulty in recruiting sufficient manpower, 10 to 14 percent of the post-Civil War U.S. Navy was African American.
		Despite Spanish claims (supported by a modern investigation) that the explosion was an unfortunate internal accident, most Americans and their political leaders viewed the event as a deliberate act of war.
		After the Militia Act limited federal jurisdiction over the National Guard, only six states and the District of Columbia allowed fls to continue to serve in what had once been the state militias.
	www.buffalosoldiers.com /AAChronology2.htm (3388 words)

	Military Reforms, 1899-1914
		(2) greater than all militia funding from 1792 onward.
		Manpower policy not yet solved, but Dick Act very important.
		Most important militia act since 1792 and the first real change.
	people.cohums.ohio-state.edu /grimsley1/milhis/root.htm (1186 words)

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