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	British early milled coins
		Milled coins were minted for the first time in 1561, in the reign of Elizabeth I. A screw press powered by horses was used in their manufacture, under the supervision of a Frenchman, Eloye Mestrelle.
		In gold, the milled coinage consisted of a limited number of half pounds, value ten shillings, crowns of five shillings, and extremely rare half-crowns of two shillings and sixpence, all beautifully styled and well-struck and circular.
		Unfortunately, Briot and his milled coinage were as unpopular in the mint as Mestrelle, and probably for the same reasons.
	www.predecimal.com /p7early_milled.htm (1337 words)

	British coinage
		Decimal coinage was adopted as the official currency of the United Kingdom (Sterling) on February 15, 1971.
		In the 12th century a new standard for English coinage was established by Henry II, the Sterling Silver[?] standard of metal -- 92.5% silver and 7.5% copper used in coinage.
		produced by machine; the first milled coins were produced during the reign of Elizabeth I and periodically during the reigns of James I and Charles I, but there was opposition to mechanisation from the moneyers who ensured that most coins continued to be produced by hammering.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/br/British_coinage.html (910 words)

	Milled coinage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term milled coinage, also known as machine-struck coinage, is used to describe coins which are produced by some form of machine, rather than by manually hammering coin blanks between two dies (hammered coinage) or casting coins from dies.
		Hence, milled edges were originally designed and intended to show that none of the metal had been shaved off the coin.
		The earliest milled coins produced in England date from the early 1560s, but milled coinage did not entirely replace hammered coinage until 1662.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Milled_coinage (385 words)

	The Salacious Historian's 17th c. History
		Milled coinage, that is, high quality coins of uniform size and shape produced on a press using finely milled blank planchets, were produced on a limited basis by Oliver Cromwell during the Commonwealth (1649-1660).
		Milled hand press coinage continued to be produced in England through the remainder of the period.
		The milled silver half-crown was first produced by Oliver Cromwell in 1656 and 1658 during the Commonwealth, but the first standard regal issue was under Charles II in 1663.
	www.kipar.org /historical-resources/history_coins.html (4258 words)

	The Great Britain Coin Collectors Club - in association with The Westminster Collection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Later on milled coins in gold and silver were generally marked with a series of grooves round the edge so that their absence could easily be detected, and this is commonly known as a milled edge.
		Of course, since the disappearance of precious metals from everyday coinage, such a precaution against clipping is no longer necessary, but it is retained for the sake of tradition.
		Milled coinage comprises coins of every denomination from the humble penny upwards and simply denotes any coins which have been produced by machinery rather than by hand in the age-old manner.
	www.robfrost.org /~westmins/gbcoinclub/milled.htm (373 words)

	Back to Milled Coinage
		In 1696 William III ordered the old hammered coinage to be demonetized since so much of it had been clipped down by people filching silver to sell as higher-priced bullion.
		Since everyone relied on the intrinsic value of coinage, the mess was disrupting the process of exchange and affecting the relationship of silver coins to gold.
		From 1696 on, only milled coins made from 1663 on could be used and now the numbers produced were astronomical compared to former years.
	www.romanbritain.freeserve.co.uk /1696recoinage.htm (968 words)

	Viewpoints
		As mentioned earlier, the Spanish milled dollar had become, by Queen Anne's Proclamation of 1704 at least, the "common measure", or standard by which all other coins (both gold and silver) were to be measured in the colonies.
		In the coinage act of 1793 Congress recognized the need to make "current" various foreign coins by enacting a statute regulating their value and declaring that these "foreign gold and silver coins shall pass current as money within the United States.
		The Coinage act of 1849 authorized the coinage of a small gold coin "each to be of the value of one dollar or unit" which was one-tenth the weight of an Eagle as defined by the Coinage Act of 1837.
	www.usiap.org /Viewpoints/Nation/Economy/EaglesAndDollars.html (2424 words)

	British Gold Coins 1663-1925
		Britain’s conversion to a decimal coinage in 1971 had no impact on its minting of gold, as this metal had long since ceased to be a circulating medium.
		Ascending the throne in 1660, his reign lasted until 1685 and coincided with the complete adoption of milled coinage, though a number of hand-struck, hammered pieces were produced during its first two years.
		His gold coinage followed the pattern set by his father’s reign in that sovereigns and half sovereigns were coined for circulation, while the two larger gold pieces were struck only in 1911 as coronation commemoratives.
	www.coinsite.com /content/Articles/BritainGold.asp (1412 words)

	British Milled Coinage
		The first attempt at milled coinage was made in 1560-61 during the reign of Elizabeth I. Eloye Mestrelle, a Frenchman, was commissioned to produce machine-made coinage using a screw press.
		As before, the coinage was much better than the circulating coinage of the time, and once again, the coinage was unpopular for similar reasons.
		One more attempt at milled coinage was made during the Commonwealth, but milled coinage did not become the official production method until 1662 with the issue of a silver crown, and with a gold 20 shilling coin and silver halfcrown and shilling in 1663.
	coins.calkinsc.com /britmilled/britmilled.html (613 words)

	English/British coin Threepence
		Although it was an easy denomination to work with in the context of the old sterling coinage system, being a quarter of a shilling, initially it was not popular with the public who preferred the groat[?], hence the coin was not minted in the following two reigns.
		There was also a fairly rare milled coinage threepence, produced between 1561 and 1564 with similar designs and inscriptions to the hammered coinage threepences.
		The final hammered coinage threepences were produced at the start of the reign of king Charles II.
	www.fastload.org /en/English___British_coin_Threepence.html (2144 words)

	Welcome to Coincraft (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Bun Coinage - The bronze coinage of Queen Victoria with a youthful portrait and her hair tied up in a bun; it was issued from 1860-1894.
		Today mints offer their coinage in both the original metal and in silver and gold strikings; there is confusion as to what to call these.
		Vigo Coinage - The coinage of Queen Anne struck from silver and gold captured from the Spanish in the battle of Vigo.
	www.coincraft.com /intros/glossary.asp (13506 words)

	British Silver Coins 1662-1946
		A semi-official, token coinage in silver was produced for the Bank of England from 1804 to 1816, and this resulted in some very peculiar denominations.
		The only substantial coinage of silver during this reign consisted of crowns, halfcrowns, shillings, sixpence and Maundy coins produced at a new lower weight from 1816 to 1820.
		His coinage was similarly sporadic, the crown and halfcrown bearing on their reverses a shield on mantle design.
	www.coinsite.com /content/articles/BritainSilver.asp (1402 words)

	Irish Milled Coinage (1680 - 1823)
		Gunmoney is curious in that it was meant as a 'token' coinage and was dated by month as well as year so that it could be redeemed by James after he regained the English throne in the order in which it had been issued.
		The alternate opinion is that the shortage of change in Ireland as the regal coppers had not been issued since 1755 was the reason for the issue and the 'voice of the people' refers to their need for change.
		The Voce Populi coinage is considered part of the regular coinage of Ireland rather than as part of the token series because they do not carry details of their issuer and because they had no mechanism for redemption.
	www.irishcoinage.com /MILLED.HTM (2861 words)

	Coinage of Ireland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The coinage of Ireland cover coins issued under a variety of local and national rulers, the Kingdom of Ireland, and the early years of Ireland's membership of the United Kingdom, as well as those issued by the foreunner of the Republic of Ireland since 1928, the Irish Free State.
		The first coins were local copies of the issues of Aethelred II of England of England and as the Anglo Saxon coinage of the period changed its design every six years the coinage of Sitric followed this pattern.
		On the commencement of the circulation of the Irish coinage in 1928, Irish and British coinage continued to be accepted on a one-to-one rate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Coinage_of_Ireland (706 words)

	The Gold Sovereign Story - Unites Laurels & Guineas
		From James I's second coinage in 1604, the sovereign was discontinued in favour of the "unite", also valued at one pound.
		It was called a unite to mark the unification of England and Scotland upon the accession of James VI of Scotland to the British throne, as James I of England.
		With the introduction of regular machine made "milled" coinage under Charles II, the guinea was introduced in 1668.
	www.goldsovereigns.co.uk /uniteandguineas.html (360 words)

	Silver Threepences Story
		In 1551, however, the quality of the silver coinage was restored, although at a lower weight, and the silver threepence along with the sixpence was issued for the first time as part of this new higher standard of silver coinage.
		During the reign of Charles II, the last hammered coinage was produced which did not include threepences.
		Milled (machine made) coinage finally superseded the previous hand-hammered coining methods, and a complete new coinage was introduced with noticeably different designs.
	www.24carat.co.uk /threepencesilverstory.html (911 words)

	Spanish Silver Milled Coinage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Comments: This is an exampe of the first milled or "pillar" coinage.
		The new coinage, called De Vellon Coinage, was minted in 1, 2, 4, 10 and 20 reales silver coins as well as 80, 160 and 320 reales gold coins.
		Circulation of Napoleonic coinage was limited to Spain, it was not used in colonial Spain and certainly did not make its way to the United States.
	www.coins.nd.edu /ColCoin/ColCoinText/Sp-milled.5.html (1234 words)

	English Milled Coinage of the 17th century
		English coinage issued from early 1663 on is called ‘milled coinage’ because it was made in machines known as mills, though some examples had already been issued, most notably under Cromwell in 1656 and 1658.
		Milled coinage represents a radical change in the method of coin production, characterized on the whole by standard sizes and weights, as well as more consistent standards of minting.
		The coinage of William and Mary showed the busts side by side, as appropriate to the only instance in British history of the monarchs each being rulers in his and her own right.
	www.romanbritain.freeserve.co.uk /milledcoinage.htm (3634 words)

	Spanish Milled Coinage: Introduction
		With inferior quality cobs being minted at most mints in the Viceroyalty of Peru, laws were finally passed in 1728 and 1730 mandating modern minting techniques be employed.
		Possibly to make up for the added costs associated with acquiring and sustaining the new more expensive technology, the coinage was slightly devalued with the eight reales reduced in weight and fineness to 417.6 grains at.9166 fineness.
		Although mints had begun production of the new milled coinage, the old style cobs continued to be made throughout the Viceroyalty of Peru until mid-century, with the final cobs being produced at the Potosí mint in Bolivia in 1773.
	www.coins.nd.edu /ColCoin/ColCoinIntros/Sp-milled.intro.html (771 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		This coin is a Charles II sixpence of 1674, and it was part the first successful attempt at introducing a milled coinage to replace the old hammered currency.
		The change began in 1662 with the first milled crowns being minted and released into circulation.
		It is one of the scarcest denominations of Charles II's coinage.
	mysite.verizon.net /jcarney44/coins/sylvester.html (79 words)

	Lee Drake
		From time to time Ireland would produce some of its own coinage under the supervision of the English Kings for various reason, none of which were beneficial to that of the people of Ireland.
		During this 665 year reign of the hammered coinage was the first use of denominated coinage.
		The paper tender that was in circulation came from small private banks in the beginning, until the collapse of private bank and the emergence of the commercial banks.
	facweb.furman.edu /~dstanford/41papers/drake.html (1608 words)

	Transitional Cob Coins from 1652 Potosi - 1733 Mexico Pillar dollars and klippes
		Cobs were produced by placing a blank piece of metal "planchet or flan" of the correct weight between two dies, and then striking the upper die with a hammer to produce the required image on both sides.
		This method remained in use until it was totally replaced in 1733 by the screw press that we know as Milled coinage.
		One remarkable detail about the Spanish Colonial coinage is that 8 Reales or "pillar dollars", minted in Mexico City, circulated in The United States of America as legal tender until 1857.
	www.realtreasures.com /transitional_cobs.htm (640 words)

	Irish Coinage - Structure Page
		The Irish Coinage of Henry III, 1251 to 1254
		The Irish 'Portrait' Coinage of Henry VII (1490 to 1505)
		Irish Coinages of Edward VI and Philip and Mary (1550 to 1558)
	homepage.eircom.net /~johnsl/STRUCTURE.HTM (840 words)

	: : Treasurehunting.tv - : History of the English penny (1603-1714) : :
		The first coinage, of 1603–4, shows a bust of the king facing right with the inscription I D G ROSA SINE SPINA on the obverse, and a shield including the Scottish coat of arms on the reverse.
		Following the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 in the form of Charles II, both hammered and milled coinage was produced until 1662.
		The first regular milled silver pennies appeared around 1664 or 1665 and are undated, weighing 0.5 grams and being 12mm in diameter.
	www.treasurehunting.tv /History-of-the-British-penny-1603-1714.htm (1141 words)

	CoinPeople.com > British Silver Coins 1662-1946
		The only substantial coinage of silver during this reign consisted of crowns, half crowns, shillings, sixpence and Maundy coins produced at a new lower weight from 1816 to 1820.
		His coinage was similarly sporadic, the crown and half crown bearing on their reverses a shield on mantle design.
		In addition to the usual Maundy coinage, a circulating four pence was coined briefly with a seated Britannia reverse.
	www.coinpeople.com /lofiversion/index.php/t1062.html (1480 words)

	Irish Hammered Coinage (~995 to ~1660)
		The primary purpose of this coinage was to drain Ireland of silver (as the coins were of the same standard as the contemporary English coinage) to support the French campaigns of the King.
		This coinage known as the 'three crown coinage' was introduced by his brother Richard III after Edward's death in 1483.
		This coinage was augmented by a slightly later issue of pennies and halfpennies in copper (the first token coinage since Edward IV in 1467).
	homepage.eircom.net /~johnsl/HAMMERED.HTM (2350 words)

	Types of Spanish Coins
		Only the bust coinage is known to have been used on US obsolete notes.
		The range of possible dates for the coins in the vignettes can be determined from the mintmark/assayer combination, since it is usually known when the assayers were active.
		For the bust coinage, mintmarks, the associated country, assayers' marks, and the date range for coins bearing these marks are shown in the following table:
	www.unc.edu /~rcs/scoan/types.html (278 words)

	Chatter - Chicago Coin Club - February, 2000
		A milled coinage appeared in the last quarter of the 18th century surplanting the already very extensive previous coinage.
		The milled coinage introduced the denominations of the tanga of 960 reis, the oitavo or 1/8th tanga, and the uma (rupia), all of copper or bronze.
		The Hindu character was reflected primarily in the coinage of the Bombay Presidency, while that of the Moslem character appeared in the coinage of the Bengal Presidency.
	www.chicagocoinclub.org /chatter/2000/Feb (4305 words)

	Spanish Milled Coinage: Introduction
		With inferior quality cobs being minted at most mints in the Viceroyalty of Peru, laws were finally passed in 1728 and 1730 mandating modern minting techniques be employed.
		Possibly to make up for the added costs associated with acquiring and sustaining the new more expensive technology, the coinage was slightly devalued with the eight reales reduced in weight and fineness to 417.6 grains at.9166 fineness.
		Although mints had begun production of the new milled coinage, the old style cobs continued to be made throughout the Viceroyalty of Peru until mid-century, with the final cobs being produced at the Potosí mint in Bolivia in 1773.
	www.nd.edu /~rarebook/coins/ColCoin/ColCoinIntros/Sp-milled.intro.html (771 words)

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