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Topic: Millennium Bridge

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	Millennium Bridge (London) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The London Millennium Footbridge is a pedestrian-only steel suspension bridge crossing the River Thames in London, England, between the existing Southwark Bridge and Blackfriars Bridge, linking Bankside with the City.
		The bridge alignment is such that a clear view of St Paul's south facade is presented from across the river, framed by the bridge supports, thus providing one of London's most photogenic views of the cathedral.
		The bridge was completed at a cost of £18.2m (£2.2m over budget) and opened on June 10, 2000 (2 months late) but unexpected lateral vibration (resonant structural response) caused the bridge to be closed on June 12 for modifications.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/London_Millennium_Bridge (943 words)

	Gateshead Millennium Bridge - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Gateshead Millennium Bridge is a foot and cycle bridge spanning the River Tyne in England between Gateshead on the south bank, and Newcastle upon Tyne on the north bank.
		The bridge was lifted into place in one piece by the Asian Hercules II, one of the world's largest floating cranes, on 20 November 2000.
		The construction of the bridge won the architects Wilkinson Eyre the 2002 Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) Stirling Prize.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gateshead_Millennium_Bridge (354 words)

	Millennium Bridge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Architects goal when designing the bridge was to give the pedestrians a great view of the city while being a symbol of strength and innovation.[2]The architects and engineers worked together to design a suspension bridge with exceptionally low cables so that the view of the city was obstructed as little as possible.
		When it first became apparent that the bridge was unstable and that it could prove to be potentially unsafe it was important for the managers of this project to admit that they had made a mistake and close the bridge before any damage could be done.
		That all three of the other bridges studied experienced lateral movement caused by pedestrians and when the number of pedestrians on the bridge was high enough the swaying was even visible on one bridge.
	www.pitt.edu /~jpk15/millennium.html (1808 words)

	London Millennium Bridge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The London Millennium Footbridge is a pedestrian-only steel suspension bridge crossing the River Thames in London between the existing Southwark Bridge and Blackfriars Bridge linking Bankside with the City.
		The south end of the bridge is Globe Theatre the Bankside Gallery and Tate Modern the north end near St Paul's Cathedral.
		The bridge alignment is such that clear view of St Paul's south facade presented from across the river framed by bridge supports thus providing one of London's photogenic views of the cathedral.
	www.freeglossary.com /London_Millennium_Bridge (553 words)

	Lune Millennium Bridge
		The bridge is of cable-stayed construction, as are most major new bridges nowadays; unique features include the curved deck which sweeps round to join the old viaduct at the southern end, the gangway which gives access from the quayside and the twin masts which support the structure.
		The bridge is a vital component in the National Cycle Network, a nation-wide project supported by the Millennium Commission and promoted by Sustrans, to establish a connected system of traffic-free and lightly-trafficked routes throughout the country.
		The bridge has not been without its critics, and a vigorous campaign to stifle the project at birth was conducted by residents of the smart riverside flats on the Quay, headed by the artist Geoff Woodhead, adducing a number of practical and aesthetic objections.
	www.lunemillenniumbridge.info (1454 words)

	Millennium Bridge over the River Thames, joining the Tate Modern and St Paul's London - photos, history and background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Using cutting edge design, the new bridge would have a profile 6 times shallower than a conventional suspension bridge, with the bridge being supported by eight highly tensioned cables on each side of the deck, anchored at each abutment and propped by two river supports.
		Although the Millennium Bridge, like all bridges, was designed to cope with a degree of movement it soon became clear that things were going seriously awry as the deck swayed about like a drunken sailor.
		While work continued on the bridge, visitors were treated to the occasional sight of hundreds of paid volunteers walking over the bridge in army-type formations as the engineers battled to correct the swaying.
	www.urban75.org /london/millennium.html (932 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Today's issues \| Millennium bridge
		The first users of the bridge could be forgiven for believing that the millennium bug was behind this project, as they swayed from side to side at a rate that would have frightened the hardiest pleasure seeker at Alton Towers.
		Another reason not to be ashamed of the controversy surrounding the bridge is the fact that when Tower Bridge was first built it too was derided by architects and the public alike - but we seem to have got used to it.
		The bridge's original hitch capped off a rather unsuccessful celebration of the millennium on the part of the capital city, what with the river Thames's refusal to be set on fire and the slightly less than overwhelming popularity of the Dome at Greenwich.
	www.guardian.co.uk /netnotes/article/0,6729,655559,00.html (414 words)

	Millennium Bridge, London - Picture - MSN Encarta
		The Millennium Bridge, designed by British architect Norman Foster, is a pedestrian bridge across the Thames River in London, England.
		The bridge connects Saint Paul’s Cathedral (seen in the background) with the Tate Modern gallery.
		Shortly after its opening in 2000, the bridge had to be closed because of its sideways sway.
	encarta.msn.com /media_1481567518/Millennium_Bridge_London.html (60 words)

	Millennium Bridge London by Foster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Millennium Bridge is the first new bridge across the river Thames in London since Tower Bridge opened in 1894, and it is the first ever designed for pedestrians only.
		During this day and the next two days a huge amount of people crossed the bridge producing a sway movement that was far greater than expected; in order to fully investigate and resolve the issue the decision was taken to close the bridge on 12th June 2001.
		The Millennium Bridge is situated between Blackfriars Bridge and Southwark Bridge on the river Thames in London.
	www.galinsky.com /buildings/millenniumbridge (499 words)

	BBC News \| ENGLAND \| 'Wobbly' Millennium Bridge fixed
		Following walking tests on the bridge which were analysed by engineering company Arup it was felt the bridge was safe to be used by the public.
		The bridge was designed as the result of a collaboration between the architects, Foster and Partners, the British sculptor, Sir Anthony Caro and the consulting engineers, Arup.
		It is the capital's first dedicated pedestrian bridge across the Thames and the first new river crossing in central London for more than 100 years, since the opening of Tower Bridge in 1894.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/england/1829053.stm (410 words)

	Gateshead Millennium Bridge by Wilkinson Eyre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Gateshead Millennium Bridge is one of several linked regeneration projects along 'Gateshead Quays', and plays the essential role of linking this area accessibly to the center of Newcastle.
		The Gateshead Millennium Bridge takes its place at the end of a line of distinguished bridges across the Tyne, including the Tyne Bridge and Robert Stephenson's High Level Bridge, which can be seen well from the new bridge.
		It is the bridge's design that requires these guide posts, but they show no sign of having been anticipated or treated as part of the esthetic design of the structure, which is a pity.
	www.galinsky.com /buildings/gatesheadbridge (377 words)

	Making bridges pedestrian-proof
		The notorious opening-day oscillations of London's Millennium Bridge are examined in the Nov. 3 issue of Nature.
		The Millennium Bridge, a 320-meter-long lateral suspension bridge connecting London's financial district to Bankside, south of the river, opened June 10, 2000.
		In addition to Abrams, the paper, "Crowd Synchrony on the Millennium Bridge," was authored by Allan McRobie of the University of Cambridge; Bruno Eckhardt of Fachbereich Physik, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany; and Edward Ott of the University of Maryland.
	www.news.cornell.edu /stories/Nov05/Strogatz.millennium.lg.html (656 words)

	CNN.com - London's wobbly bridge reopens - February 22, 2002
		Queen Elizabeth II officially inaugurated the completed bridge at a dedication ceremony which was preceded by a service in St Paul's Cathedral.
		If enough people are on the bridge, their lateral push eventually exceeds the structure's damping force, or its resistance to movement.
		The engineers are confident that the bridge is solid, and that the public will forget the criticism that followed the first opening when it re-opens on Friday.
	edition.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/europe/02/22/london.bridge (566 words)

	Bridge design & engineering: News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		London's Millennium Bridge across the River Thames is expected to remain closed for a further eight months while engineers test and fit dampers to the structure to reduce its swaying motion.
		Bridge owner the Millennium Bridge Trust announced today that the full remedial work is likely to cost around US$7.5 million and will take six months to carry out.
		A prototype test will be carried out on the bridge to compare the actual and predicted behaviour of the bridge with sets of dampers in place.
	www.bridgeweb.com /news/NewsDetails.cfm?ArticleID=230 (184 words)

	Millennium Bridge
		When the New Millennium bridge opened in London in June 2000, it was only natural that Allan McRobie's family urged him to visit.
		He soon realised that a study of the way people interacted with the bridge as it started to sway was important, and to allow people to walk further on his small bridge would require a moving platform:a critical decision, that led him to interact with Dr Joan Lasenby.
		Not only did she come up with the track to put on the bridge, but also had a system of analysing people's gait while walking on it.
	www-g.eng.cam.ac.uk /125/now/millennium_bridge.html (276 words)

	Lottery Funded Gateshead Millennium Bridge Opens To The Public - 14 September 2001
		Millennium Commissioner Judith Donovan CBE said, "The Millennium Commission is proud to have supported this spectacular 'world first' bridge which is already an icon for Gateshead and the North East.
		The bridge, which is a shining example of innovative architecture and design is an excellent example of how lottery money through the Millennium Commission is regenerating our cities, rivers and waterways.
		These include the York Millennium Bridge which opened in April, the Green Bridge at Mile End Park, a 25-metre wide span of landscaped parkland across the 5 lanes of the Mile End Road and the Irish Gate Bridge in Carlisle, which links the historic castle to the rest of the city.
	www.millennium.gov.uk /cgi-bin/item.cgi?id=1225&d=11&h=24&f=46&dateformat=%o-%B-%Y (797 words)

	BBC News \| In Depth \| Millennium Bridge
		The Millennium Bridge opened on 10 June 2000 as London’s first new Thames crossing in more than 100 years.
		The bridge uses "lateral suspension" - an engineering innovation that allows suspension bridges to be built without tall supporting columns.
		The designers predicted it would be a "blade of light" across the Thames, "an absolute statement of our capabilities at the beginning of the 21st century".
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/static/in_depth/uk/2000/millennium_bridge/default.stm (147 words)

	Millennium Bridge Stock Photography from London Image Library: Buy Editorial Travel Photos
		There are views of the Millennium Bridge, Southwark Bridge and Cannon Street railway bridge in the morning mist (not quite fog), and details of the Globe Theatre.
		The Millennium Bridge was built by Norman Foster Associates and Ove Arup.
		This modern pedestrian bridge, which links Bankside with St Paul's Cathedral, was opened for three days in 2000, then shut due to dramatic wobbling at full capacity (thus it is still known as 'The Wobbly Bridge').
	www.jimbatty.com /london/millennium_1.html (338 words)

	Gateshead Millennium Bridge
		Made of steel, and designed with the aid of LUSAS Bridge analysis software, the bridge stands 45m high and spans 105m across the River Tyne to provide a link between the newly revived Newcastle quayside and the soon to be developed Gateshead quayside opposite.
		Whilst small river craft can sail beneath the bridge, for larger craft the cable-stayed double arched structure pivots at the abutments through an angle of 40 degrees to give the 25m navigational clearance as specified by the client, Gateshead Borough Council.
		According to Shapour Mehrkar-Asl, one of the engineers on the project, "Using LUSAS was essential on the design of this bridge because a full 3D staged construction analysis to model the construction sequence, and a step-by-step integration with large angles, to model the opening and closing sequence was required".
	www.lusas.com /case/bridge/gateshead.html (683 words)

	First Boats Pass Under Gateshead Millennium Bridge - 27 June 2001
		The Bridge, which received a lottery grant of over £9.75 million from the Millennium Commission, is the first opening bridge to be constructed across the Tyne for more than 100 years, and its opening mechanism is an engineering world first.
		The bridge also cleans itself each time it rotates as any litter dropped on the deck automatically roll into special bins, preventing it from falling into the Tyne.
		The Gateshead Millennium Bridge forms an important part of the regeneration of the Gateshead Quays.This new cultural quarter will include an art gallery, music centre,restaurants and bars, and is a major contribution to Newcastle & Gateshead's bid to become the European Capital of Culture in 2008.
	www.millennium.gov.uk /cgi-bin/item.cgi?id=1312&d=11&h=24&f=46&dateformat=%o-%B-%Y (718 words)

	London Millennium Bridge
		Millennium Bridge with St Paul's Cathedral in the foreground
		The London Millennium footbridge is located on the River Thames, between St. Paul’s Cathedral on the north bank of the river, and the Borough of Southwark with the nearby Globe Theater and Tate Modern Art Museum on the South bank.
		The Millennium Footbridge was officially opened on June 10, 2000 The bridge features a “Blade of Light” design theme, conceived by Sir Norman Foster and Partners, Architects, and sculptor Sir Anthony Caro.
	www.travellondon.com /templates/attractions/MillenniumBridge.html (125 words)

	The Millennium Bridge
		Unable to shake its "Millennium" tagline, and despite El Presidenté Blair declaring it to be representative of all that's great about Great Britain, it astoundingly managed not to open at the appointed time, having failed fundamental safety tests.
		The Millennium Flyer would undoubtedly be the first train to attempt a channel crossing without using the tunnel as it ploughs through the buffers at Brighton Station.
		The Millennium Bridge was constructed to link the North Bank of the Thames, just down from St. Paul's, to the Tate Modern on the South Bank.
	www.hippy.freeserve.co.uk /bridge2k.htm (754 words)

	Millennium Bridge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The 325-metre bridge is central London's first ever dedicated pedestrian overpass and the city's newest river crossing since the opening of Tower Bridge in 1894.
		Initially funded by Britain's Millennium Commission, the bridge was one of several legacy projects built to commemorate the arrival of 2000.
		The Millennium Bridge was one of several public legacy projects built to commemorate 2000 in Britain.
	www3.telus.net /johnlee/millenniumbridge.html (497 words)

	Foster and Partners (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Millennium Bridge springs from a creative collaboration between architecture, art and engineering.
		As a result, the bridge has a uniquely thin profile, forming a slender arc across the water, and spanning the greatest possible distance with the minimum means.
		However, under this heavy traffic the bridge exhibited greater than expected lateral movement, and as a result it was temporarily closed.
	www.fosterandpartners.com /internetsite/html/Project.asp?JobNo=0953 (313 words)

	Architecture of The Millennium Bridge - London, England
		The bridge swayed, giving some people the feeling that they were on a carnival thrill ride.
		Even though it is a suspension bridge, it does not boast sets of tall towers to lift the cables.
		The bridge was supposed to provide a foot link between London and Southwark, but because of unforeseen design problems it wobbles when under load.
	www.glasssteelandstone.com /UK/England/London/MillenniumBridge.html (443 words)

	London's Millennium Bridge set to reopen - 19 February 2002 - New Scientist
		London's Millennium Bridge, which was closed due to excessive swaying three days after it opened in June 2000, will reopen at 10am on Friday 22nd February.
		Arup had been instructed by the bridge's owners to ensure the bridge did not move with accelerations greater than 25 mG horizontally - or 25 thousandths the acceleration due to gravity - and 50 mG vertically.
		The bridge was the first river crossing to be built in the city for more than a century.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn1950 (369 words)

	Millennium Bridge
		When the bridge re-opened a a national newspaper photographed a woman in a bikini holding two plates of jelly on it to see if the wobble had really been fixed.
		F is sideways force, V is the sideways force of bridge on pedestrians.
		It is a very shallow suspension bridge with two Y-shaped armatures supporting eight cables that run along the sides of the 4-metre-wide deck.
	www.fandmpublications.co.uk /pages/millennium.htm (411 words)

	York Millennium Footbridge
		Their competition-winning design for the York Millennium Bridge across the River Ouse was inspired by the spokes of a bicycle wheel and consists of an inclined arch with radially aligned cables supporting a slender box girder deck.
		The bridge will be constructed on the river bank and manoevered into position using a launching barge.
		The dynamic response of the bridge to pedestrian loads was analysed in accordance with the requirements of BS5400 Part 2 Appendix C. Eigenvalues were obtained from the dynamic LUSAS model and a frequency response function of acceleration versus frequency was calculated for a vertical pulsating unit force at various points on the bridge.
	www.lusas.com /case/bridge/york.html (716 words)

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