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Topic: Miller experiment

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Origin of life

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Biogenesis

Aleksandr Oparin

Life

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Harold Urey

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Philadelphia Experiment

	Darwinism Refuted.com
		Miller and Urey imitated the ancient atmosphere on the Earth with a mixture of methane and ammonia.
		The American scientists J. Ferris and C. Chen repeated Miller's experiment with an atmospheric environment that contained carbon dioxide, hydrogen, nitrogen, and water vapor, and were unable to obtain even a single amino acid molecule.
		In fact, by his experiment, Miller destroyed evolution's claim that "life emerged as the result of unconscious coincidences." That is because, if the experiment proves anything, it is that amino acids can only be produced in a controlled laboratory environment where all the conditions are specifically designed by conscious intervention.
	www.darwinismrefuted.com /molecular_biology_10.html (1509 words)

	Evolution Deceit. com - This website is the interactive version of the book "Evolution Deceit" by HARUN YAHYA
		This experiment is the only "evidence" evolutionists have with which to allegedly prove the "molecular evolution thesis"; they advance it as the first stage of the supposed evolutionary process leading to life.
		In spite of this, Miller's experiment is still taught in textbooks as the evolutionary explanation of the earliest generation of living things.
		Stanley Miller's aim was to demonstrate by means of an experiment that amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, could have come into existence "by chance" on the lifeless earth billions of years ago.
	www.evolutiondeceit.com /chapter11_2.php (2344 words)

	Miller (1953) Science 117:529-529
		Miller reported that by sending repeated electric sparks through a sealed flask containing a mixture of methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water vapor, he had made some of the amino acids found in proteins.
		While Miller was confident of his results, the rows of famous faces in his audience were, to say the least, intimidating.
		After the event, Miller thought that the questions had been constructive, but since the results were hard to believe, they had simply wanted to ensure that he had not made some mistake.
	www.issol.org /miller (412 words)

	Miller-Urey Experiment
		Conducted in 1953 by Stanley Miller under the supervision of Harold Urey; the first experiment to test the Oparin-Haldane Theory about the evolution of prebiotic chemicals and the origin of life on Earth.
		A mixture of methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water vapor, to simulate the version of Earth's primitive, reducing atmosphere proposed by Oparin, was introduced into a 5-liter flask and energized by an electrical discharge apparatus to represent ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.
		After about a week of operation, a dark brown scum had collected in the lower flask and was found to contain several types of amino acids, including glycine and alanine, together with sugars, tars, and various other unidentified organic chemicals.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/M/MillerUreyexp.html (286 words)

	Evidences of Creation.com
		Evolutionists often quote Miller's Experiment as evidence of the correctness of their claim that life formed by chance in primordial earth conditions.
		Miller assumed that the primordial earth atmosphere was composed of methane, ammonia, and hydrogen gases.
		Miller chose these gases on purpose, because they were very convenient for the formation of amino acids.
	www.evidencesofcreation.com /tellme07.htm (759 words)

	Miller's Spark Chamber
		In his experiment he subjected a gaseous mixture of hydrogen, water, methane, and ammonia to an electric discharge for a period of one week.
		Miller knowing that natural ultraviolet light would prevent and destroy any life compounds from forming, deliberately left out the destructive long-wavelength ultraviolet light and used only non destructive shortwavelength ultraviolet light in his experiment.
		Finally, Miller’s experiment and reported results demonstrate that Miller, like most evolutionary scientists, rather than searching for what is true in nature and reporting that truth, instead fabricate lies to deliberately defraud the public into believing that life came about through spontaneous generation.
	www.layevangelism.com /qreference/chapter42a.htm (981 words)

	PERCEPTIONS OF SCIENCE: Prebiotic Soup--Revisiting the Miller Experiment -- Bada and Lazcano 300 (5620): 745 -- Science
		The origin of Miller's experiment can be traced to 1950, when Nobel laureate Harold C. Urey, who had studied the origin of the solar system and the chemical events associated with this process, began to consider the emergence of life in the context of his proposal of a highly reducing terrestrial atmosphere.
		Experiments with the second apparatus produced a similar distribution and quantities of amino acids and other organic compounds, whereas the third apparatus with silent discharge showed lower overall yields and much fewer amino acids (primarily sarcosine and glycine).
		But it was the Miller experiment, placed in the Darwinian perspective provided by Oparin's ideas and deeply rooted in the 19th-century tradition of synthetic organic chemistry, that almost overnight transformed the study of the origin of life into a respectable field of inquiry.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/full/300/5620/745 (2051 words)

	The Miller/Urey Experiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		At the end of one week, Miller observed that as much as 10-15% of the carbon was now in the form of organic compounds.
		Perhaps most importantly, Miller's experiment showed that organic compounds such as amino acids, which are essential to cellular life, could be made easily under the conditions that scientists believed to be present on the early earth.
		Adenine is of tremendous biological significance as an organic compound because it is one of the four bases in RNA and DNA.
	www.chem.duke.edu /~jds/cruise_chem/Exobiology/miller.html (634 words)

	Miller's Experiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Ingredients used in Miller's experiments, simple molecules thought at the time to have existed on the Earth billions of years ago.
		Miller discharged an electric spark into a mixture thought to resemble the primordial composition of the atmosphere.
		Miller's (and subsequent) experiments have not proven life originated in this way, only that conditions thought to have existed over 3 billion years ago were such that the spontaneous (inorganic) formation of organic
	hometown.aol.com /ksmith9526/MillersExp.htm (310 words)

	A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Amino acids are created in laboratory
		To speed up "geologic time" in his experiment, he boiled the water and instead of exposing the mix to ultraviolet light he used an electric discharge something like lightning.
		Later researchers using techniques like Miller's were able to synthesize many of the components of DNA from gases thought to be present in the early atmosphere.
		Miller's work showed that compounds necessary for life could have been formed in an environment without free oxygen, confirming Haldane's theory.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/aso/databank/entries/do53am.html (570 words)

	Stanley Miller Summary
		Miller is best known for his work on spontaneous generation, or the formation of life out of non-living matter.
		Miller's experimental conditions consisted mainly of an atmosphere of hydrogen, with strong admixtures of ammonia, methane, and sterilized water.
		Miller has hypothesized that the oceans of primitive earth were a mass of molecules, a prebiological "soup," which over the course of a billion years became a living system.
	www.bookrags.com /Stanley_Miller (3008 words)

	Prebiotic Evolution
		The differences between the findings of the experiments and the theory of evolution were not solved until the Russian scientist, A.I. Oparin proposed the prebiotic theory of evolution.
		Miller examined the two substances and found several different amino acids, the building blocks of proteins.
		Miller's experiment and several others were used to propose the idea of a "primordial soup", a situation were amino acids collected and combined to form more complex molecules.
	library.thinkquest.org /28343/prebio.html (778 words)

	:: SCRIPPSNEWS : RECOOKING THE RECIPE FOR PREBIOTIC SOUP: SCRIPPS PROFESSOR REVISITS THE MILLER EXPERIMENT AND THE ...
		Miller, then a graduate student in the audience, eventually presented Urey the idea of a prebiotic synthesis experiment applying an electric discharge to a mixture of methane, ammonia, water vapor, and hydrogen.
		During Miller's experiment, the mixture of gases was circulated through a liquid water solution and continuously zapped with the electric spark, which substituted for lightning.
		Bada and Lazcano also note that Miller's study was published only a few weeks after Watson and Crick's landmark paper on the DNA double-helix model and the authors highlight the important link between the two young fields in the years that followed.
	scrippsnews.ucsd.edu /article_detail.cfm?article_num=564 (779 words)

	Maggots, Mice and ... Stanley Miller?
		Miller’s “apparatus for the electric discharge synthesis of amino acids” had three essential components to simulate, in miniature, the primitive earth ambience of particular gasses, heat, rain, and flashes of lightning.
		Miller was expecting to find that an analysis of the liquid would reveal a complex mixture containing small amounts of a random assortment of organic compounds, but this was not the case.
		If life began in the ocean that was essentially a gigantic chemical experiment, than that vast body of water would require a constant input of energy to prevent an equilibrium state from occurring (where the rate of organic molecules formed equaled the rate of organic molecules dissociated).
	www.stanford.edu /class/sts129/essays/srinivasan1.htm (3909 words)

	Chemistry of Life: Faces—The Human Dimension
		In this experiment Miller subjected a simulated early-earth atmosphere (hydrogen, methane, ammonia, and water vapor) to electrical sparks, and within days he was able to observe amino acids in the mixture.
		Miller has spent his post-graduate career at the University of California at San Diego investigating the origins of life.
		While some of the assumptions of Miller’s original experiment have been questioned (for example, the nature of Earth’s atmosphere when life began), his experiment still heralded the beginning of prebiotic chemistry as an experimental science.
	www.chemheritage.org /explore/life-miller.html (258 words)

	Miller-Urey Experiment
		In 1953, Stanley Miller, along with his graduate advisor Harold Urey, tested this hypothesis by constructing an apparatus that simulated the Oparin-Haldane "early earth." When a gas mixture based on predictions of the early atmosphere was heated and given an electrical charge, organic compounds were formed (Miller, 1953; Miller and Urey, 1959).
		The Miller-Urey experiment is not relevant to the RNA world, because RNA was constructed from organic "building blocks" irrespective of how those compounds came into existence (Zubay and Mui, 2001).
		The experiment is usually discussed over a couple of paragraphs (see Figure 2), a small proportion (roughly 20%) of the total discussion of the origin and early evolution of life.
	www.ncseweb.org /icons/icon1millerurey.html (2511 words)

	Miller's Experiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Anyways it shows an experiment that was conducted by Stanley L. Miller during the 1950's.
		Miller only ran the experiment through once, and collected the products in a tube at the bottom.
		If he had ran the amino acids he produced through the experiment again, they would have been taken apart by the spark.
	www.angelfire.com /nt/fairytales/miller.html (104 words)

	The Evolution Deceit
		Another important point, which invalidated Miller’s experiment, was that there were enough amount of oxygen to destroy all the amino acids in the atmosphere, at the stage when the amino acids were thought to be formed.
		As the end-products of Miller’s experiment, not only amino acids which are necessary for life were acquired; in addition to them, there were also many organic acids, even more than these amino acids, which have the characteristic to destroy the structure and functions of the living things.
		As a conclusion, the circumstances in which amino acids were formed in Miller’s experiment were not suitable for life, on the contrary it was in the form of an acidic mixture destructing and oxidising the obtained useful molecules.
	www.ummah.net /harunyahya/evol/ebk1-5.html (14995 words)

	Monday Night Football - The Annotated Dennis Miller Archive
		Dennis Miller can do anything Boomer Esiason does, except backwards and in stiletto heels, as he proved during San Francisco's win over the Jets.
		Dennis Miller's comments from the MNF season opener between the Giants and the Broncos are interepreted.
		Though he drank the water in Mexico City, Miller still found the strength to quip during the American Bowl.
	espn.go.com /abcsports/mnf/s/annotatedmiller/archive.html (197 words)

	EXOBIOLOGY: An Interview with Stanley L. Miller
		The experiment yielded organic compounds including amino acids, the building blocks of life, and catapulted a field of study known as exobiology into the headlines.
		Years after this experiment, a meteorite that struck near Murchison, Australia, was shown to contain a number of the same amino acids that Miller identified and in roughly the same relative amounts.
		All of these pre-biotic experiments yield a racemic mixture, that is, equal amounts of D and L forms of the compounds.
	www.accessexcellence.org /WN/NM/miller.html (3621 words)

	Two Silver Anniversaries
		Stanley Miller’s origin of life paper, and the description of the of the structure of DNA, were both published 50 years ago.
		One was the discovery of the structure of the DNA molecule.
		Modern research in prebiotic chemistry effectively began with a publication of a paper in Science 50 years ago by Stanley L. Miller on the spark discharge synthesis of amino acids and other compounds using a mixture of reduced gases that were thought to represent the components of the atmosphere on the primitive Earth.
	www.ridgecrest.ca.us /~do_while/sage/v7i8n.htm (1191 words)

	Reflections From a Warm Little Pond :: Astrobiology Magazine ::
		The Miller-Urey experiment generated electric sparks -- meant to model lightning -- in a mixture of gases thought to resemble Earth's early atmosphere.
		In their lab, Miller and Urey shot flashes of lightning, in the form of cascades of sparks, through a flask containing an "ocean" of liquid water and an "atmosphere" of strongly reduced (that is, hydrogen-rich) gases - methane, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and water vapor.
		Shortly after the Miller-Urey experiment was published, however, geologists came up with new findings on Earth's volcanic emissions - and threw the old reasoning for a loop.
	www.astrobio.net /news/article5.html (1222 words)

	The Origin of Life and the Suppression of Truth
		The amino acids made by Miller's experiment were among the simplest in nature, containing only one asymmetric carbon.
		Miller and Urey acknowledged that the chemical makeup of their experiment consisted of equal portions of left-handed and right-handed amino acids.
		In Hoyle's experiment he assumed a primordial soup that contained all of the twenty essential amino acids.
	www.bibliotecapleyades.net /esp_origin_life_1.htm (9039 words)

	Salon.com news \| It's Miller time! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		And even if Miller bombs, America's nonranting right-wingers owe ABC a devout, groveling "thank you" for rescuing us from the hideous fate of turning on our sets every Monday night to see the face of Rush Limbaugh -- who, incredibly, was seriously considered for the job.
		Of course, the persona Miller will adopt, and how he's going to work his shtick into the broadcast patter, is the $64 question.
		Miller told the Associated Press, "I'm going to try to stay in the background and ask questions a fan would ask," adding, "The rants are my HBO show and I won't try to re-create that."
	www.salon.com /news/sports/bounds/2000/06/23/bounds2 (828 words)

	Why the Miller–Urey research argues against abiogenesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Miller–Urey experiments involved filling a sealed glass apparatus with the gases that Oparin had speculated were necessary to form life—namely methane, ammonia and hydrogen (to mimic the conditions that they thought were in the early atmosphere) and water vapour (to simulate the ocean).
		Another major reason the Miller–Urey experiments failed to support abiogenesis was that, although amino acids are the building blocks of life, a critical key to life is the information code stored in DNA (or, as in the case of retroviruses, RNA), depending on the sequence of nucleotides.
		Yet the Miller–Urey experiment is now the classic, best-known origin-of-life experiment, cited in texts from high school to graduate school, in areas ranging from biology to geology and philosophy to religion.
	www.answersingenesis.org /tj/v18/i2/abiogenesis.asp (6891 words)

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