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Topic: Millet (Ottoman Empire)

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	Millet (Ottoman Empire) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Millet (stress on the e) is an Ottoman Turkish term for a confessional community in the Ottoman Empire.
		Ottoman system under external influences, which initially was a multi-faced but unified under the house of Osman, began to degrade with the continuous identification of the religious creed with ethnic nationality.
		New millets were created in the 19th century for several uniate and protestant Christian communities, then for the separate national Eastern Orthodox Bulgarian Church, recognized as a millet by an Ottoman firman in 1870 and excommunicated two years later by the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate as adherents of phyletism (national or ethnic principle in church organization).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire) (2000 words)

	Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		With the westward territorial expansion of the Mongol Empire, the Kayı became a puppet and vassal of the Il Khanate of the Mongols.
		The Ottoman defeat at the naval Battle of Lepanto (1571) weakened the Ottoman grip on the waters of the Mediterranean Sea, and was considered by earlier historians to mark the beginning of Ottoman decline.
		Ultimately, the Ottoman Empire's relatively high degree of tolerance for ethnic differences proved to be one of its greatest strengths in integrating the new regions until the rise of nationalism (this non-assimilative policy became a weakness during the dissolution of the empire that neither the first or second parliaments could successfully address).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ottoman_Empire (9139 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		OTTOMAN LIBERATION AND TURKISH SETTLEMENT The conquest of 1571 of the island by the Ottoman Turks was a liberation for the bulk of the Greek Orthodox population.
		OTTOMAN CYPRUS IN THE 17th & 18th CENTURIES The Ottoman conquest of Cyprus coincided with the gradual stagnation of the Near Eastern economy due to the discovery of the Atlantic trade routes in the mid-15th century.
		The island remained under the nominal sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire until it was formally annexed in 1914 and given the status of a British crown colony in 1925.
	bornova.ege.edu.tr /~ncyprus/ott.html (1272 words)

	Islamic History in Arabia and Middle East (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Ottoman state was born on the frontier between Islam and the Byzantine Empire.
		There was also a territorial organization of the empire, at the upper levels of which was a unit called the muqata'ah under the control of a noble or administrator who could keep some portion of the state revenues derived from it.
		The Ottoman Empire reached its peak in size and splendor under the sultan called Suleiman the Magnificent, who ruled from 1520 to 1566 and was known to the Turks as Suleiman the Law-Giver.
	www.islamicity.com /mosque/ihame/Sec13.htm (1244 words)

	The Definitive Guide to Ottoman Empire XXXX (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		With the territorial expansion of the Mongol Empire to the west, the KayÄ± became a puppet and vassal of the Il Khanate of the Mongols.
		During the Spanish Inquisition, Barbarossa evacuated Muslims and Jews from Spain to the safety of Ottoman lands, particularly, Salonica, Cyprus, and the newly conquered, and empty city of Istanbul.
		Ottoman military bands are thought to be the oldest variety of military marching band in the world.
	www.xxxx.com /s/Ottoman_Empire (9399 words)

	(MILLET) Tall Armenian Tale: The Other Side of the Falsified Genocide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Millet system had a socio-cultural and communal framework based, firstly, on religion and, secondly, on ethnicity which in turn reflected linguistic differences of the Millets consisted essentially of people who belonged to the same faith.
		Karpat, K. (1982) 'Millets and Nationality: The Roots of the Incongruity of Nation and State in the Post-Ottoman Era' in Benjamin Brad and Bernard Lewis (Eds.), Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire, The Functioning of a Plural Society Vol.1, Holmes and Meier Publishers, New York, London, pp.141-170
		It is a known fact that the Ottoman Empire had the most liberal laws in the World, for its time.
	www.tallarmeniantale.com /millet.htm (2317 words)

	Ottoman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The 100-year lag between the European invention of the printing press and its introduction into the Ottoman Empire was in part due to the regressive influence of religious authorities, who deemed all technology as "the Devil's Invention".
		In the course of this deportation some 50,000 to 1.5 million Armenians were killed in what most academics call the Armenian genocide, which a mostly Turkish minority defines as civil war.
		Ultimately, the main reasons for the fall of the Ottoman Empire can be attributed to the failure of its economic structure; the size of the empire created problems.
	www.1bx.com /en/Ottoman_Empire.htm (8803 words)

	interview with Aron Rodrigue
		Reconceptualizing this relationship requires moving away from both the nationalist historiography of the "Ottoman yoke," which considers the Ottoman state oppressive to non-Muslims, and the historiography of an almost idyllic, harmonious coexistence in the Ottoman Empire.
		It is important not to ascribe to the Ottoman case a static vision of an arrangement between "majority versus minority," or "ruler versus ruled," or "state versus society," but rather to unpack the situation over particular periods in history.
		It is fundamentally wrong to conceptualize the Ottoman Empire, and the Middle East more generally, before the modern period in terms of majorities and minorities.
	www.stanford.edu /group/SHR/5-1/text/rodrigue.html (4498 words)

	Growth of the Ottoman Empire Activity
		Ottomans (1290-1326) conquered the northwestern portion of Asia Minor.
		By 1520 the Ottoman Empire had grown to include Palestine, Egypt, Asia Minor, the Balkan peninsula and parts of northern Africa and Syria.
		Remind students that while the Ottoman Empire fell, the influence of Islam not only as a religion but in its cultural contributions still continues today and has affected many important events up to the present.
	www.mcps.k12.md.us /curriculum/socialstd/MWH/11013_2.html (710 words)

	The Ottoman Empire
		Ottoman tolerance was based on cleverness as well as on good will.
		The Ottomans were exceptional in realizing that a diverse group of peoples could actually assist their Empire.
		Upon hearing that the Spanish king was forcing out Jews, Sultan Beyazid.II, who welcomed the Jews to the Ottoman Empire, is reported to have said that if the Spanish king was mad enough to exile the most industrious of his subjects, the Ottomans would be glad to take advantage of his madness.
	www.globaled.org /nyworld/materials/ottoman/turkish.html (1270 words)

	Ottoman Sephardic Genealogy: An Introduction
		For example, studies in Ottoman economic history often mention the interaction of Jewish merchants with European counterparts from the 17th through early 20th centuries.
		Arabic script is different from most alphabets in that some of the letters can take on as many as 4 different forms based on whether the letter appears at the front (initial) of a word, the middle or end of a word, or in an isolated position.
		Lists of Ottoman Vilayet/Sanjaks for the years 1831, 1872, 1874, 1877/78, 1881/82-1893, 1894, 1895,1896, 1897, 1899,1906/07, and 1914 are contained in Karput (1985).
	www.sephardicstudies.org /cal.html (2288 words)

	ottoman empire
		Ottoman Empire - Entry into WWI ("The Road to War")
		Sir William Eton: A Survey of the Turkish Empire, 1799
		The Young Turks: Proclamation for the Ottoman Empire, 1908
	www.findthelinks.com /countries/history/ottomans.htm (530 words)

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