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In the News (Tue 22 Dec 09)

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	Hands On Earth Science No. 08, Understanding Geologic Time
		One billion seconds from the beginning of 1996 would be the year 2029.
		For example, the student representing the beginning of life on Earth would pace off 194 yards from the present, and the student representing the first reptiles would pace off 18 yards from the present.
		I appeared 330 million years ago." Remember, the student representing the beginning of the Earth will have to shout very loudly, as they will be more than two football fields away from "the present"!
	www.dnr.state.oh.us /tabid/7928/default.aspx (1095 words)

	Study moves chimp-human split to 4 million years ago \| Science \| Reuters
		WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Chimpanzees and humans split from a common ancestor just 4 million years ago -- a much shorter time than current estimates of 5 million to 7 million years ago, according to a study published on Friday.
		Experts agree that humans split off from a common ancestor with chimpanzees several million years ago and that gorillas and orangutans split off much earlier.
		But it is difficult to date precisely when, although most recent studies have put the date at somewhere around 5 million to 7 million years ago.
	www.reuters.com /article/scienceNews/idUSN2330214620070224 (504 words)

	Global warming 55 million years ago caused migration to North America
		The climate had been warming for millions of years by this point, but deep ocean sediments from around the world show that there was a sudden shift in the relative abundance of carbon-12 at this time.
		In Wyoming, the plant record shows that the climate 55 million years ago was markedly different from today, said Peter Wilf, a paleobiologist at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. The Bitter Creek area today is arid, windy and often freezing cold in winter.
		Though a major wave of mammal immigration reached Wyoming 55 million years ago, the full effect of global warming was not reflected in plant species until 52 or 53 million years ago.
	www.post-gazette.com /healthscience/19990208warming2.asp (1299 words)

	NOVA Online/Cracking the Ice Age/The Big Chill
		Through a million year period, the average amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is affected by four fluxes: flux of carbon due to (1) metamorphic degassing, (2) weathering of organic carbon, (3) weathering of silicates, (4) burial of organic carbon.
		It has been suggested that the Eocene, the early warm trend 55 million years ago, was caused by elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and that a subsequent decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide led to the cooling trend over the past 52 million years.
		One mechanism proposed as a cause of this decrease in carbon dioxide is that mountain uplift lead to enhanced weathering of silicate rocks, and thus removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/ice/chill.html (1470 words)

	Hominid Species
		The time of the split between humans and living apes used to be thought to have occurred 15 to 20 million years ago, or even up to 30 or 40 million years ago.
		It is the oldest known hominid or near-hominid species, dated at between 6 and 7 million years old.
		About 40,000 years ago, with the appearance of the Cro-Magnon culture, tool kits started becoming markedly more sophisticated, using a wider variety of raw materials such as bone and antler, and containing new implements for making clothing, engraving and sculpting.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/homs/species.html (3114 words)

	Mass Extinction 200 Million Years Ago Was Swift
		A mass extinction about 200 million years ago which destroyed at least half of the species on Earth happened very quickly and is demonstrated in the fossil record by the collapse of one-celled organisms called protists, according to new research led by a University of Washington paleontologist.
		However, the suddenness of the event is similar to two better-known mass extinctions -- one 250 million years ago at the end of the Permian period that killed some 90 percent of all species, the other 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period that sent the dinosaurs into oblivion.
		The extinction 200 million years ago, at the boundary between the Triassic and Jurassic periods, killed the last of the mammal-like reptiles that once roamed the Earth and left mainly dinosaurs, Ward said.
	www.unisci.com /stories/20012/0511011.htm (691 words)

	The Great Dying
		Life was flourishing on the Earth about 250 million years ago, then during a brief window of geologic time nearly all of it was wiped out.
		But as their methods for dating the disappearance of species has improved, estimates of its duration have shrunk from millions of years to between 8,000 and 100,000 years.
		In a region that is now called Siberia, 1.5 million cubic kilometers of lava flowed from an awesome fissure in the crust.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2002/28jan_extinction.htm (0 words)

	Explore Antarctica \| Antarctica in the Past
		Millions of years ago Antarctica was an ice free continent.
		About 160 million years ago this giant land mass began to break apart and newly formed individual land masses gradually drifted to their present locations around the globe.
		Glaciers began to form there about 38 million years ago and the ice cap has buried the continent for the last 5 million years.
	www.mos.org /soti/explore/past.html (260 words)

	Geologic Time. Kentucky Geological Survey
		The Phanerozoic is divided into three eras: the Paleozoic (550 to 250 million years ago), the Mesozoic (250 to 65 million years ago), and the Cenozoic (65 million years ago to the present).
		The Paleogene is divided into three series: the Paleocene (65 to 53 million years ago), Oligocene (53 to 32 million years ago), and the Eocene (32 to 23 million years ago).
		The Quaternary is divided into two series: the Pleistocene (1.6 million to 10,000 years ago), and the Holocene or Recent (10,000 years ago to the present).
	www.uky.edu /KGS/fossils/time.htm (618 words)

	NOVA Online \| Everest \| Birth of the Himalaya
		What ultimately formed Mt. Everest, about 60 million years ago, was the rapid movement of India northward toward the continent of EuroAsia; Click here for a present-day map of the Indian subcontinent.
		However, by 25 million years ago the fast moving Indian continent had almost entirely closed over the intervening ocean, squeezing the sediments on the ocean foor.
		By 10 million years ago the two continents were in direct collision and the Indian continent, because of its enormous quantity of light quartz-rich rocks, was unable to descend along with the rest of the Indian plate.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/everest/earth/birth.html (874 words)

	Horse Evolution Over 55 Million Years
		Domesticated about 3,000 years ago, the horse had a profound impact on human history in areas such as migration, farming, warfare, sport, communication, and travel.
		We might be talking about 10 million years instead of one million: or perhaps 30 million instead of 3 million.
		The present is at the top, and 55 million years ago is at the bottom.
	chem.tufts.edu /science/evolution/HorseEvolution.htm (1204 words)

	The first human being in Ethiopia
		The Daka fossils show that as of one million years ago, Homo erectus was probably a single species with gene flow across its known range from Java to Italy to Ethiopia, concluded Henry Gilbert, one of the study's co-authors and a biologist at the University of California, Berkeley.
		The situation is comparable to a researcher, one million years from now, looking at a few fossil remains of an African pygmy and an NBA basketball player.
		The fossils were gathered during four years of demanding expeditions to a harsh and hostile Ethiopian scrubland where lions and cheetahs hunt at night and few people roam the semi-desert wilderness by day.
	www.selamta.net /Lucy.htm (2881 words)

	Terrestrial Impact Craters
		For example, recent studies of the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, which marks the abrupt demise of a large number of biological species including dinosaurs, revealed unusual enrichments of siderophile elements and shock metamorphic features that are markers of meteorite impact events.
		The impact of an asteroid or comet several hundred million years ago left scars in the landscape that are still visible in this spaceborne radar image of an area in the Sahara Desert of northern Chad.
		The green tones are related primarily to larger vegetation growing on sand soil, and the reddish tones are associated with thinly mantled limestone outcrops.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/tercrate.htm (2496 words)

	Climate Timeline Tool: Summary of Beyond
		Dominated by the Pleistocene Ice Ages, the past million years have seen the migration of hominids, mastering the use of fire and tracking now-extinct animals such as Mastodon and Woolly Mammoth.
		The entire Pleistocene Epoch, from 1.8 Ma (Million Years Ago) to 10,000 years ago is characterized by climatic oscillations and cycles of glaciation and melting.
		Around 34 million years ago, the Antarctic ice sheet began to form, and some 20 million years back, major modern mountain ranges such as the the Cordilleras, the Andes, and the Himalayan range were formed, with mammals becoming dominant.
	www.ngdc.noaa.gov /paleo/ctl/beyond.html (862 words)

	ATP AND BIOLOGICAL ENERGY
		Approximately 20 million years ago central and east Africa was densely forested.
		Until a few years ago, the ramapiths were thought to have given rise to the hominids.
		About 2 million years ago, after a long million year period of little change, as many as six hominid species evolved in response to climate changes associated with the beginning of the Ice Age.
	www.emc.maricopa.edu /faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookHumEvol.html (1877 words)

	Science Notes 2003:
		SIXTY-FIVE million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period, an asteroid impact brought an end to the dinosaurs and the Age of Reptiles.
		But by 55 million years ago, some of these diminutive beasts had grown to 6 feet tall or greater.
		The basin hosts a dazzling array of plant and animal remains from around 62 to 52 million years ago that were preserved as sediments slowly filled an ancient river valley.
	scicom.ucsc.edu /SciNotes/0301/warm/index.html (3540 words)

	Look who was talking \| Life \| Guardian Unlimited
		European cave paintings in Lascaux and Chauvet in France and carved figurines that have been dated to over 30,000 years ago are seen, according to this perspective, as the first stirrings of symbolic and abstract thought and also of language.
		Over the period from 2.5 to 1.5m years ago, it turns out brains were growing more rapidly than at any time since, within all the different human species and also in Paranthropus species.
		Around 2.5m years ago the weather took a decided turn for the worse, becoming more variable and colder and dryer.
	www.guardian.co.uk /life/lastword/story/0,13228,1013222,00.html (1148 words)

	Amazon.com: Extinction: How Life on Earth Nearly Ended 250 Million Years Ago: Books: Douglas H. Erwin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Looking back so many millions of years ago is not easy, and the picture is not as clear as that of the dinosaur extinction.
		Of course, a main one, borrowing from the success of the impact explanation of 65 million years ago, is an extraterrestrial impact.
		Until 20 years ago, the paleontological record there was unknown to the outside world.
	www.amazon.com /Extinction-Earth-Nearly-Ended-Million/dp/0691005249 (3630 words)

	Evolution of humanity began over 18 million years ago by Aart Jurriaanse, Share International Archives
		After a further lapse of 1.5 million years, or about 17 million years ago, it was decided that more effective results would be obtained if representatives of the Brotherhood were to function in dense material bodies on the physical plane, thus enabling them to serve as practical guides and leaders of the evolving race.
		After a protracted period of some 3 million years of slow development, the greater part of Lemuria was destroyed by volcanic action and disappeared below the seas, leaving only a number of smaller islands where once there had been a vast continent.
		About 98,000 years before our present time, the larger part of these islands were in their turn swallowed by the seas, leaving only one relatively small remnant `West of the Pillars of Gibraltar,' which Plato referred to as Poseidonis (or Atlantis).
	www.share-international.org /archives/AgelessWisdom/aw_ajevolution.htm (911 words)

	Impact from the Deep -- [ EARTH SCIENCE ]: Scientific American
		Over the ensuing two decades, the idea that a bolide from space could smite a significant segment of life on the earth was widely embraced--and many researchers eventually came to believe that cosmic detritus probably caused at least three more of the five largest mass extinctions.
		The second, 374 million years ago, was near the close of the Devonian.
		Worldwide death happened again 201 million years ago, ending the Triassic period, and the last major extinction, 65 million years ago, concluded the Cretaceous with the aforementioned big bang.
	www.sciam.com /article.cfm?chanID=sa006&colID=14&articleID=00037A5D-A938-150E-A93883414B7F0000 (716 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Arctic's tropical past uncovered
		Fifty-five million years ago the North Pole was an ice-free zone with tropical temperatures, according to research.
		The core revealed that before 55 million years ago, the surface waters of the Arctic Ocean were ice-free and as warm as 18C (64F).
		Although the data tells us how the world changed from one with greenhouse conditions to one with ice house conditions millions of years ago, it may also help scientists to predict what will result from the present changes in climate.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/5034026.stm (878 words)

	Hominid fossils from Ethiopia link ape-men to more distant human ancestors
		More primitive hominids in the genus Ardipithecus date from between 4.4 million and 7 million years ago and were much more ape-like, though they, too, walked on two legs.
		In all, teeth and jawbones of eight individuals were found at Asa Issie, all from about 4.1 million years ago as dated by paleomagnetic and argon-argon methods by a team led by geologist Paul Renne, UC Berkeley adjunct professor of earth and planetary science and director of the independent Berkeley Geochronology Center.
		A partial thigh bone and hand and foot bones were very similar to the Lucy bones found 60 kilometers away in Hadar and dating from 3 million to 3.4 million years ago.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-04/uoc--hff041106.php (960 words)

	Geotimes - December 2005 - Mammal growth spurt
		About 50 million years ago, mammals started to breathe easier — and also to grow more easily, paleontologists say.
		Falkowski and colleagues measured carbon isotopes in 500 deep-sea core samples that spanned more than 200 million years, which they used to determine oxygen levels in the atmosphere for timescales of millions of years, Falkowski says.
		The team’s measurements show a rise in oxygen from 10 percent of atmospheric gases at the time of the dinosaurs to 17 percent 50 million years ago during the early Eocene, and then to 23 percent 40 million years ago during the middle Eocene.
	www.agiweb.org /geotimes/dec05/NN_mammalsoxygen.html (594 words)

	Dinosaurs - What is a Dinosaur?- Enchanted Learning Software
		Millions of years ago, long before there were any people, there were dinosaurs.
		The dinosaurs dominated the Earth for over 165 million years during the Mesozoic Era, but mysteriously went extinct 65 million years ago.
		The dinosaurs went extinct about 65 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period, which was a time of high volcanic and tectonic activity.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/dinosaurs/allabout (614 words)

	Evidence for Life on Earth More Than 3850 Million Years Ago
		Some years ago, the remains of what were almost certainly microorganisms were discovered in the 3450-million-year-old Warrawoona sedimentary rocks of northwestern Australia (1).
		The Earth is known to have formed about 4550 million years ago--some 750 million years before the formation of the rocks at Isua, and probably not much less than 700 million years before the formation of the Akilia BIF.
		Large meteorite impacts, such as the impact that marked the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary 65 million years ago must have been common, and their rate of infall may not have subsided until about 3800 million years ago.
	cas.bellarmine.edu /tietjen/Evolution/Time/evidence_for_life_on_earth_more_.htm (1021 words)

	Forum
		The average age of the X chromosome in humans is about 1.2 million years "younger" than the rest of the chromosomes, and the final change occurred around 5.4 million years ago.
		This suggests that after the first speciation at 6.3 million years in the past, early human ancestors may have lived and reproduced with ancestral chimps to produce hybrid primates.
		Scientists can't say how long the hybridization carried on, but the final speciation occurred around 5.3 million years ago, possibly because the two species' genetic coded were too different to mix or the animals were simply physically unappealing to each other.
	www.foreignpolicy.com /resources/forum/viewtopic.php?t=2786&view=next&sid=0564165709162413203c932bbf4578e5 (893 words)

	The Loom: Dawn of the Leafy Age
		Plants had been growing on dry land for at least 75 million years, but they were little more than mosses and liverworts growing on damp ground, along with some primitive vascular plants with stems a few inches high.
		Geological evidence shows that 400 million years ago, the atmosphere was loaded with carbon dioxide--about ten times the level before humans began to drive it up in the 1800s.
		About 380 million years ago, however, carbon dioxide levels began to drop.
	www.corante.com /loom/archives/004766.html (815 words)

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