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Topic: Millirem

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	Radiation Exposure Examples
		The millirem is a unit of absorbed radiation dose.
		You increase your dose by a millirem by:
		The risk of one millirem of radiation dose is a 1 in 8 million risk of dying of cancer if large dose effects extrapolate linearly to zero dose.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/nucene/radexp.html (417 words)

	Americans' Average Radiation Exposure - Fact Sheet
		A millirem is an extremely tiny amount of energy absorbed by tissues in the body.
		To put this dose in perspective, 660 millirem is somewhat higher than the 360 millirem national average on a yearly basis but well below levels received by people living in other parts of the United States.
		For example, people living in the northwest region of Washington state receive about 240 millirem per year, on average, from natural and man-made sources, whereas residents of the southeast region of Washington state receive about 630 millirem per year, on average, from natural and man-made sources.
	www.ocrwm.doe.gov /factsheets/doeymp0337.shtml (789 words)

	The Daily Californian
		The total radiation emission from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Tritium Labeling Facility for last year was 0.14 millirem - several orders of magnitude less than the radiation a person is exposed to in everyday life, including radon in the air, which subjects individuals to 200 millirem of radiation per year.
		When ingesting a potassium-rich banana, an individual takes in 0.01 millirem of radiation - one-tenth the amount emitted by the labeling facility in a year, according to a calculation done by Gordon Wozniak, the vice chair of the Community Environmental Advisory Commission.
		The agency states that the average person is exposed to 200 millirem per year simply by breathing air and another 40 millirem from eating and drinking.
	www.dailycal.org /article.php?id=2485 (470 words)

	[No title]
		It is important to understand that ionizing radiation from nuclear power plants is the same as ionizing radiation from other possible sources, such as cosmic radiation, medical treatments and the naturally occurring background radiation from the soil and building materials around us.
		We get another 28 millirem from the naturally occurring radioactive materials in building materials (usually bricks, stone and mortar) and the soil.
		There is an additional 200 millirem from the air we breathe, largely from radon.
	www.state.nj.us /njoem/documents/radper.doc (301 words)

	About Radiation
		It is known that whole-body radiation doses of more than 10,000 millirem over a short period of time can cause a slight increase in a person's risk of developing some types of cancer years after exposure.
		In other words, if you were to receive a short term exposure of 11,000 millirem (11 rem), your estimated risk of developing some type of cancer would increase by 0.05 percent.
		For doses expected to be greater than 1,000 millirem, protective actions such as evacuations or sheltering would be required.
	www.slocountyoes.com /emergencyplanning/radiation.html (605 words)

	LST part 2 page 5
		From the chart in Figure 4, it is seen that medical x rays contribute 40 millirem a year to the average exposure of individual in the public.
		In the meantime the average individual is being exposed to all those other radiations for a total of about 360 millirem in a year, and can do little or nothing to reduce that overall figure.
		Our discussions are concerned only with exposures from controlled sources that are likely to be encountered by the public, and should be less than 500 millirem in a year for individuals, and less than a fifth of that (100 millirem) a year for continuous exposure to the public at large.
	www.physics.isu.edu /radinf/lstpart2-5.htm (4039 words)

	SurfWax: News, Reviews and Articles On Millirem
		A millirem is one-thousandth of an REM (roentgen equivalent man).
		A millirem is a small amount of energy that produces the same biological effect as a similar unit of absorbed dose from ordinary X-rays...
		A millirem is a unit of radiation exposure...
	news.surfwax.com /physics/files/Millirem.html (2074 words)

	Health Physics Society: Natural Radioactivity Fact Sheet
		In fact, on average a person in the United States receives a radiation dose of about 300 millirem per year from natural sources compared to a dose of about 50 millirem per year from "artificially produced" sources such as medical x-rays.
		Natural radioactive material in rocks and soil account for about 28 millirem or 8% of the radiation dose a person typically receives in a year from all sources (including medical exposures).
		The millirem is the term used to describe the amount of radiation absorbed in the body, adjusting for radiation type.
	www.hps1.org /glossary/natural.htm (403 words)

	Las Vegas SUN: Nevada officials, scientists continue to spar over Yucca radiation
		He said a low-level radioactive waste dump has a 25 millirem limit out to peak dose -- the time the radiation levels would be at their highest.
		And while the proposed standard of 350 millirem for Yucca is more than three times the 100 millirem standard for nuclear power plants, the difference does not automatically translate into severe health problems, experts said.
		Nevada's Egan counters that a plant worker is there voluntarily, knows the risks and is compensated well for his or her work associated with that risk, while the EPA standard puts people involuntarily at risk.
	www.lasvegassun.com /sunbin/stories/text/2005/aug/11/519192130.html (1337 words)

	How Is Ionizing Radiation Measure? RER-23
		The equivalent dose is measured in rem or millirem.
		A millirem is one one-thousandth of a rem.
		Millirem is often abbreviated as mrem or sometimes as mr.
	ohioline.osu.edu /~rer/rerhtml/rer_23.html (926 words)

	The Scripps Research Institute
		50,000 millirem (50 rem) per year to the skin of the whole body.
		15,000 millirem (15 rem) per year to the lens of the eye.
		This exposure must be controlled in such a manner to assure that the radiation exposure to the embryo/fetus does not exceed 500 millirem.
	www.scripps.edu /researchservices/ehs/radiationsafety/exposurelimits.html (177 words)

	ATSDR-PUBLIC HEALTH ASSESSMENT ADDENDUM-STAUFFER CHEMICAL SUPERFUND SITE VICINITY PROPERTIES,TARPON SPRINGS AND ...
		To put this in perspective, the ICRP recommends that radiation doses to the public not exceed 500 millirem in any 5 year period and should be less than 100 millirem per year over a lifetime, excluding doses from background (i.e., natural sources like phosphate slag), diagnostic (e.g., x-rays) and other medical exposures(6).
		The lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) from ionizing radiation is from 10,000 to 50,000 millirem in one exposure and is seen as a slight decrease in blood cell count (7).
		The lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) from ionizing radiation is from 10,000 to 50,000 millirem in a short period of time (i.e., less than a week) and is seen as a slight decrease in blood cell count (7).
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /HAC/PHA/tarpon2/tar_p2.html (1741 words)

	RADIATION: THE MYTH OF THE MILLIREM - NIRS
		Since scientists do not truly know the specific impacts a given radionuclide may have on the organs and tissues of a specific person, the translation of the amount of radioactivity to which that person has been exposed (in curies or fractions of a curie) into a radiation dose (in rems or millirems) is basically speculation.
		Since dose in rems or millirems cannot be verified, our “legal protection standards” for workers and the public cannot be verified.
		Although in 1991 the NRC announced that it had lowered its maximum annual radiation dose for a worker and a member of the public, it actually increased the permissible levels of concentration --- in air and water --- of some radionuclides inside the workplace and in releases to our environment.
	www.nirs.org /factsheets/mythmiliremfctsht.htm (1292 words)

	Radioactivity
		In Kerala, India, this radioactivity from soil and rocks can be 3,000 millirem per year, and at a beach in Guarapari, Brazil, it is over 5 millirem in a single hour -- but only a few residents who use that beach receive doses in excess of 500 millirem per year.
		The average person in the United States receives a dose of about 360 millirem per year from these natural sources of radioactivity as well as from typical medical radiation exposures.
		In fact, effects seen when humans are exposed to 100,000 millirem over a short time period are temporary and reversible.
	www.sciencebyjones.com /RADIOACTIVITY.HTM (1718 words)

	Radiation
		The average person receives approximately 360 millirem per year from all sources of natural and man-made radiation.
		We are exposed to naturally occurring background radiation everyday of our lives from such things as the earth, cosmic rays, radon gas, naturally radioactive foods such as bananas, buildings made of naturally radioactive materials such as granite, and even each other.
		The greatest single source of background exposure (an average of 200 millirem per year) comes from radon gas (radon gas comes from uranium in the earths crust).
	www.connyankee.com /html/radiation.html (210 words)

	For Radiation, How Much Is Too Much?
		A standard chest X-ray, in comparison, gives about 10 millirem to the chest, which is equivalent to 1 or 2 millirem to the whole body.
		In contrast, the natural level of background radiation in the United States, on average, is about 350 millirem a year, and in some areas of the country it is many times higher than that.
		The report said that for groundwater, the cost of going from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's limits of 25 millirem a year to the level that the Environmental Protection Agency wants could be billions of dollars.
	www.shundahai.org /Radiation_How_Much.htm (1758 words)

	UC Davis - Office of Environmental Health & Safety
		Because of attenuation by the maternal tissues overlying the fetus, the dose to the fetus would be approximately 30% of the abdominal skin dose, or 15 millirem.
		The importance of the most recent study lies in the fact that investigators were able to show that the gestational age (i.e., age of the embryo/fetus after conception) at the time the children were exposed was a critical factor.
		For a radiation dose of 1000 millirems (10 mSv) at 4-7 weeks after conception, the excess cases of small head size was 5 per thousand; at 8-11 weeks, it was 9 per thousand.
	ehs.ucdavis.edu /hp/pregncy.cfm (2548 words)

	Summary of the Hanford Site 1996 Environmental Report
		The radiological dose to the population within 80 kilometers (50 miles) of the site, esti- mated to be 380,000 persons, from 1996 site operations was 0.2 person-rem (0.002 person-sievert), which is slightly less than the 1995 calculated population dose of 0.3 person-rem (0.003 person-sievert).
		The national average dose from background sources is 300 millirem per year (3 millisievert per year), and the current DOE radiological dose limit for a member of the public is 100 millirem per year (1 millisievert per year).
		The estimated average per capita dose to members of the public from Hanford sources is only approximately 0.0002% of the annual per capita dose (300 millirem) from natural background sources.
	www.hanford.gov /docs/annualrp96/potent.htm (1571 words)

	Coworker undergoing thyroid treatment
		Since no epidemiological studies have shown a link between bioeffects such as cancer or birth defects in high-background compared to low-background areas, it is assumed that doses of radiation that are the order of background radiation or even several times background are not hazardous.
		Some institutions hold patients until the dose rate at a meter is less than 7 millirem per hour.
		If this is the case, and if you don't sit within a meter of your coworker very often during a day, then the risks would be quite small.
	www.hps.org /publicinformation/ate/q712.html (803 words)

	The Million-Year Health Standard - New York Times
		For the first 10,000 years, a resident near Yucca could be exposed to no more than 15 millirem of radiation per year as a result of leaks from the burial site.
		From 10,000 years on out to a million years, the standard would be set at 350 millirem per year.
		Nuclear workers are theoretically allowed to receive up to 5,000 millirem per year, and while few come anywhere near that, more than 5,000 power plant workers got more than 500 millirem in 2003.
	www.nytimes.com /2005/11/25/opinion/25fri1.html?ex=1290574800&en=20d6123e7382edac&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss&pagewanted=print (798 words)

	About Radiation
		Nuclear radiation exposure is measured in units called "millirem." The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that the average U.S. resident receives about 300 millirem a year - essentially none of it from nuclear power plants.
		Denver residents are naturally exposed to 81 millirem a year; the average Massachusetts resident is exposed to 475 millirem a year due to radon.
		Natural radioactivity in the body amounts to 39 millirem per year; a single round-trip, coast-to-coast flight adds up to 3 millirem, and chest x-ray adds another 20 to 50 millirem.
	www.pge.com /education_training/about_energy/diablo_canyon/radiation (191 words)

	Letters
		The NRC level of 25 millirem over background, proposed to be left by Maine Yankee's Entergy managers, just happens to be the maximum under Maine State law for a low-level waste dump.
		In arguing for its 25 millirem standard, the NRC's representative stated that all clean up standards are based on models which are derived from the Hiroshima experience.
		He further stated that substantial assumptions are made when extrapolating from the very highest levels of radiation experienced when the bomb was dropped down to the lowest levels of residual radiation we will be left with in Wiscasset after the plant has been ``cleaned up''and the NRC has gone home.
	wiscassetnewspaper.maine.com /1999-07-29/letters.html (995 words)

	Rutland Herald
		The tests in Readsboro in February showed the wall was releasing one millirem of radioactivity a year above normal background levels of radioactivity exposure, which is estimated at 360 millirems a year, Sheehan said.
		A millirem is one-thousandth of a rem, which is a measure of biological damage caused by radiation.
		Bloch said that while the company, the state and the NRC all say only 1 millirem of radioactivity is coming from the wall, any increase is unnecessary.
	www.rutlandherald.com /apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050615/NEWS/506150393/1003&template=printart (1205 words)

	Envirowire News Feature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Robert Musil, speaking on behalf of Physicians for Social Responsibility, said the 350 millirem standard "does not meet minimal health and public health standards." He said exposure to such levels of radiation over a lifetime carries a 1 in 36 risk of developing cancers.
		According to EPA, the average U.S. citizen is exposed to 350 millirem of radiation a year, mostly from natural sources such as cosmic radiation and elements in the Earth's soil and atmosphere.
		Critics also noted that EPA used mean, or average, radiation doses to set its 15 millirem a year standard and median doses for the 350 millirem standard.
	www.awma.org /pubs/envirowire/article.asp?id=984 (936 words)

	Sacramento News and Review January 16, 2003
		In a person’s everyday life, he or she is exposed to about 300 millirem a year in naturally occurring background radiation, from cosmic rays and natural radioactivity from the earth itself.
		The agency said that low-level radioactive waste, even as high as 100 millirem, always had been allowed into landfills and other non-licensed facilities in the last couple of years (at levels of up to 500 millirem within the last decade).
		Although DHS previously has said that waste as high as 100 or even 500 millirem may have been placed in landfills in the past, there seems to be no evidence, so far, that it ever happened.
	www.newsreview.com /sacramento/Content?oid=oid:14030 (4177 words)

	Rad Safety Manual: App1 (Section H)
		5,000 millirem per year includes any dose from high energy x-ray, gamma rays, or neutrons, penetrating the body to a depth of at least 1 cm, and any dose from the internal deposition of radioactive materials.
		50,000 millirem per year - pertains to any external beta, low energy gamma, x-ray, and neutron dose to the skin (at a tissue depth of 0.007 cm).
		500 millirem per the entire gestation period of a declared pregnant woman (sum of the whole body dose to the declared pregnant woman and dose to the embryo/fetus from radionuclides in the embryo/fetus and radionuclides in the declared pregnant woman).
	radsafe.berkeley.edu /rsm0202app1j.html (761 words)

	EPA - About Yucca Mountain and the Standards (EPA's Radiation Protection Program - Yucca Mtn. Stds)
		The amendments add a limit of 350 millirem (3.5 millisieverts) per year from 10,000 years up to 1 million years.
		The standards limit an individual's annual radiation exposure from all pathways (ingestion, inhalation, physical contact, etc.) to no greater than 15 millirem (a measure of the actual biological effects of radiation absorbed in human tissue) per year--roughly the radiation dose from three chest x-rays per year up to 10,000 years after the repository closes.
		In both situations, the public must not be exposed to more than 15 millirem of radiation per year up to 10,000 years and to more than 350 millirem between 10,000 and 1 million years.
	www.epa.gov /radiation/yucca/about.htm (1823 words)

	[NukeNet] Yucca Mountain Items (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		It is not a legitimate analogy." And while the proposed standard of 350 millirem for Yucca is more than three times the 100 millirem standard for nuclear power plants, the difference does not automatically translate into severe health problems, experts said.
		Morin said a 100,000 millirem single exposure to the eyes could cause cataracts and 200,000 millirem single exposure would redden skin and make a person ill. Morin said international flight crews can receive more than 350 millirem in a year and some patients are exposed to that amount for certain procedures.
		EPA spokesman John Millett said the 350 millirem standard was an appropriate number given the uncertainties of calculating radiation standards so far into the future.
	www.energyjustice.net /pipermail/nukenet_energyjustice.net/2005-August/001044.html (4983 words)

	Berkeley Act Acts To Address Tritium Questions
		In his analysis of historical radiation doses at Berkeley Lab, Thomas relied on public laboratory reports that showed the maximum potential annual dose off-site reached 820 millirem in 1959 when the maximum federal public safety standard was 1,500 millirem per year.
		Largely due to added shielding around the Bevatron, maximum potential doses in subsequent years dropped significantly, even as the beam intensities of the accelerator were increasing.
		In 1999, site-wide, the Laboratory had a total maximum potential dose exposure at its perimeter for radiation from all sources of less than 1 millirem, which is substantially less than the effective dose equivalent received from a dental x-ray (10 millirem).
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Archive/tritium-may-00.html (979 words)

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