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	Milutin Milanković - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Milankovitch) (May 28, 1879, Dalj near Osijek, (Austria-Hungary) – December 12, 1958, Belgrade) was a Serbian geophysicist, best known for his theory of ice ages, relating variations of the Earth's orbit and long-term climate change, now known as Milankovitch cycles.
		For the second textbook, Milanković wrote four sections developing and formulating his theory of the secular motion of the Earth's poles, and his theory of glacial periods (Milankovitch cycles), which was built on earlier work by James Croll.
		Milankovitch Cycles and the Shift of the Tropic of Cancer
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Milutin_Milankovitch (785 words)

	Ice Age Theories: A student web site at Pima Community College for Geology 102 - By Jennifer Sandretto (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Milankovitch is responsible for forming one of the most significant theories connecting the changing motions of the earth and the effect of long-term climate change.
		Milankovitch spent his the majority of his life forming a theory about the climate of the earth and the effects of variations in the seasonal solar radiation at different latitudes.
		Due to research done prior to the Milankovitch theory, there was a probability that in the past "the shape of the earths orbit and the inclination of its axis of rotation" would have been different than the orbit and rotation of the earth today.
	geology.wcedu.pima.edu /~jsandretto/iceagetheories-8.html (450 words)

	EO Library: Milutin Milankovitch Page 3
		Using these three orbital variations, Milankovitch was able to formulate a comprehensive mathematical model that calculated latitudinal differences in insolation and the corresponding surface temperature for 600,000 years prior to the year 1800.
		To do this, Milankovitch assumed that radiation changes in some latitudes and seasons are more important to ice sheet growth and decay than those in others.
		Specifically, the authors were able to extract the record of temperature change going back 450,000 years and found that major variations in climate were closely associated with changes in the geometry (eccentricity, obliquity, and precession) of Earth's orbit.
	eobglossary.gsfc.nasa.gov /Library/Giants/Milankovitch/milankovitch_3.html (341 words)

	EO Library: Milutin Milankovitch
		The Serbian astrophysicist Milutin Milankovitch is best known for developing one of the most significant theories relating Earth motions and long-term climate change.
		Born in the rural village of Dalj, Serbia, Milankovitch attended the Vienna Institute of Technology and graduated in 1904 with a doctorate in technical sciences.
		Milankovitch dedicated his career to developing a mathematical theory of climate based on the seasonal and latitudinal variations of solar radiation received by the Earth.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Library/Giants/Milankovitch (232 words)

	iqexpand.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Milankovitch cycles is the name given to the collective effect of changes in the Earth's movements upon its climate.
		Milankovitch Cycles in Paleoclimate Milankovich cycles are cycles in the Earth's orbit that influence the amount of solar radiation striking different parts of the Earth at different times of year...
		Milankovitch Cycles The orbital eccentricity, the obliquity and the precession of the equinoxes all affect the earth climate in regular predictable cycles which can often be detected in the...
	milankovitch_cycles.iqexpand.com (1451 words)

	Milutin Milankovic -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Milanković attended the Vienna Institute of Technology where he graduated in (The branch of engineering concerned with the design and construction of such public works as dams or bridges) Civil Engineering in 1902 and earned a (One of the highest academic degrees conferred by a university) doctorate in technical sciences in 1904.
		Milanković also published a three volume autobiography in (A member of a Slavic people who settled in Serbia and neighboring areas in the 6th and 7th centuries) Serbian, Recollection, Experiences and Vision, which never was translated.
		1605 Milankovitch - a (Any of numerous small celestial bodies composed of rock and metal that move around the sun (mainly between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter)) minor planet.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/mi/milutin_milankovic.htm (689 words)

	Ice Age Theories: A student web site at Pima Community College for Geology 102 - By Jennifer Sandretto (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Milankovitch's article provided evidence of the ice age by suggesting that variations in the "axial precision and orbital eccentricity" were great enough to cause changes in ice.
		In his book, Milankovitch provided a mathematical formula that suggested that the ice ages could have been partially due to astronomical variations such as changes in the seasonal and geographic distribution of the sun's light.
		Milankovitch changed the views of many scientists and laid the foundation for further study of the advance and retreat of ice ages in the near and distant past.
	geology.wcedu.pima.edu /~jsandretto/iceagetheories-9.html (492 words)

	Milankovitch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Milankovitch Cycle: In the early nineteen hundreds, Milutin Milankovitch linked glaciations to the variations of the Earth's movements.
		Milankovitch proposed that glacial periods, as well as interglacial periods are influenced by these irregularities of the Earth during its revolution and rotation about the Sun(Levin, 1991).
		Milankovitch cycles seem to coincide well with glacial advances, but there many have argued that it cannot only be these cycles causing glacial advancements.
	pbisotopes.ess.sunysb.edu /classes/oldclasses/cei542/Workgroups/atmosphere/vaughn/mil.htm (202 words)

	MS Thesis
		Documentation of orbitally-induced (Milankovitch) cyclicity in stratigraphic sequences is useful in establishing depositional rates and in documenting climatic control of biologic, sedimentologic, and hydrologic factors in lacustrine deposition.
		Milankovitch cyclicity was documented in Cretaceous fl shale sequences from Italy (Park and Herbert, 1987) and in Triassic lacustrine deposits in New York (Van Houten, 1964; Olsen, 1984).
		This result supports earlier studies of Milankovitch cyclicity, which report that the eccentricity variation is a major driving mechanism of climatic oscillation, and show that a nonlinear climate model must be invoked to produce 100 kyr power in geologic records (Hays and others, 1976, Prentice and Matthews, 1988).
	net.indra.com /~mbennett/thesis.html (12965 words)

	MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Ice Ages
		In the 1920s Yugoslav scientist Milutin Milankovitch proposed the Milankovitch Astronomical Theory, which states climatic fluctuations and the onset of glaciation can be caused by variations in Earth’s position relative to the Sun.
		Milankovitch calculated that this deviation of Earth’s orbit from its almost circular path occurs every 93,408 years.
		The theory is based on three variations in the position of Earth relative to the Sun: the eccentricity (elongation or circularity of the shape) of Earth's orbit, the tilt of Earth's axis toward or away from the Sun, and the degree of wobble of Earth's axis of rotation.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761570002___13/Ice_Ages.html (405 words)

	[No title]
		On the occasion of the 125th anniversary of the birth of Milutin Milankovitch, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts is organizing an international symposium aimed at reviewing the state-of-the-art of climate science as it relates to the scientific and professional work of Milankovitch.
		Milankovitch`s life and work, the colorful memories he has left of the events of his time, and his opus as a poetic science writer, will also be highlighted.
		Milutin Milankovic, the Serbian astronomer, calculated the slow changes in the earth's orbit by careful measurement of the position of the stars and using the gravitational pull of other planets and stars.
	www.teslasociety.com /milankovic.htm (2442 words)

	Milutin Milankovic
		Milankovitch) (May 28, 1879, Dalj near Osijek, (Austria-Hungary, today in Croatia) – December 12 1958, Belgrade) was a Serbian geophysicist, best known for his theory of ice ages, relating variations of the earths orbit and long-term climate change, now known as Milankovitch cycles.
		For the second textbook, Milankovic wrote four sections developing and formulating his theory of the secular motion of the Earth's poles and his theory of glacial periods (Milankovitch cycles), which was built on earlier work by James Croll.
		Fully aware that his theory of solar radiation had been successfully completed and that the papers dealing with this theory were dispersed in separate publications, he decided to collect and publish them under a single cover.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/milutin_milankovic (809 words)

	IGPP - Colloquia
		Milutin Milankovitch was a contemporary of Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) with whom he became acquainted through Vladimir Köppen (1846-1940), Wegener’s father in law.
		Milankovitch’s main contribution was to explore the solar irradiance at different latitudes and seasons in great detail, to compute its long-term variations from the orbital parameters and to relate them in turn with climate.
		Up to the 1960’s, the Milankovitch theory was disputed as a result of discussions based on fragmentary geological records and because the climate was considered too resilient to react to "such small changes" as observed in the caloric summer insolation.
	www.igpp.ucla.edu /colloquia/lectures/berger (4170 words)

	b33 The Milankovitch insolation hypothesis for climatic cycles
		What was missing from Croll's analysis an insolation theory, as developed by Milutin Milankovitch in the 1940s, finds by predicting the observed periodicity (but not the magnitude of the temperature variations).
		Milankovitch found that the tilt of Earth's axis is a key player in what may trigger an ice age.
		Milankovitch had used for his astronomical calculations the mathematical solution for the behavior of the planets published by Ludwig Pilgrim, in 1904.
	geowords.com /histbooknetscape/b33.htm (1950 words)

	g (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The Milankovitch theory, named after the, is the astronomical or orbital theory of climate variations.
		Milutin Milankovitch was a Serbian mathematician who specialized in astronomy and geophysics.
		During his lifetime, Milankovitch was a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences, the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts, the German Academy of Naturalists, the Leopoldine Halle, and the Italian Institute of Palentology.
	users.aber.ac.uk /gwt2 (192 words)

	Station Information - Milutin Milankovitch
		The Serbian astrophysicist Milutin Milankovitch (1879-1958) is best known for his theory, relating variations of the earths orbit and long-term climate change, now known as Milankovitch cycles.
		Milankovitch was able to advance on Crolls work partly by improved calculations of the earths orbit then recently published by Ludwig Pilgim in 1904.
		Born in the rural village of Dalj, Serbia
	www.stationinformation.com /encyclopedia/m/mi/milutin_milankovitch.html (154 words)

	NOAA Paleoclimatology Program - Orbital Variations and Milankovitch Theory
		The Milankovitch or astronomical theory of climate change is an explanation for changes in the seasons which result from changes in the earth's orbit around the sun.
		The theory is named for Serbian astronomer Milutin Milankovitch, who calculated the slow changes in the earth's orbit by careful measurements of the position of the stars, and through equations using the gravitational pull of other planets and stars.
		The seasons can also be accentuated or modified by the eccentricity (degree of roundness) of the orbital path around the sun, and the precession effect, the position of the solstices in the annual orbit.
	www.ncdc.noaa.gov /paleo/milankovitch.html (862 words)

	… Ice Age Theories
		The insolation theory of Croll was revived in the early 1900s by Milutin Milankovitch, a Serbian originally employed as an engineer, but who had become a professor at the University of Belgrade where he taught physics, mathematics, and astronomy.
		Milankovitch concluded, somewhat prematurely, that the problem was completely solved, and he devoted much of his time in later years to writing popular accounts of the ice ices, including a series of letters to a (presumably fictional) young girl.
		But Milankovitch’s theory was abandoned when precise age estimates, made possible by Willard Libby’s invention of radiocarbon dating, appeared to show that the timing of the ice ages were in conflict with Milankovitch’s detailed calculations.
	muller.lbl.gov /pages/IceAgeBook/IceAgeTheories.html (3044 words)

	Milutin - Lawyer Informatin and Resource Directory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Milutin Milankovic was born on May 28, 1879, at Dali near Osijek, in what was then Austria...
		Milutin Milankovitch: Seeking the Cause of the Ice Ages.
		Stephen Uros II Milutin of Serbia was king of Serbia from 1282 to 1321.He was youngest son king Stephen Uros...
	www.swbx.com /lawyer/index.php?k=milutin (782 words)

	EO Library: Milutin Milankovitch Page 3
		Then, at the suggestion of German Climatologist Vladimir Koppen, he chose summer insolation at 65 degrees North as the most important latitude and season to model, reasoning that great ice sheets grew near this latitude and that cooler summers might reduce summer snowmelt, leading to a positive annual snow budget and ice sheet growth.
		Indeed, ice ages had occurred when the Earth was going through different stages of orbital variation.
		Milankovitch noticed that these cycles of orbital mechanics correspond to many indicators of past climate change, such as Ice Ages.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Library/Giants/Milankovitch/milankovitch_3.html (341 words)

	The Seasons and the Earth's Orbit - Milankovitch Cycles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		We have all been taught that the seasons are caused by the tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation - the 23.4° offset of the axis from a direction perpendicular to the Earth's orbital plane.
		Milankovitch's work was an attempt at explaining the ice ages, and it built upon previous astronomical theories of climate variation postulated by Joseph Adhemar and James Croll in the 19th century.
		Although the Milankovitch theory is well-grounded astronomically, it remains controversial.
	aa.usno.navy.mil /faq/docs/seasons_orbit.html (1561 words)

	Views of the National Parks
		Milutin Milankovitch recognized that minor changes in Earth’s orbit around the sun and in the tilt of Earth’s axis causes slight but important variations in the amount of solar energy that reaches any given latitude on Earth’s surface.
		By reconstructing and dating the history of climatic variations over hundreds of thousands of years, scientists have shown that fluctuations of climate on glacial-interglacial time scales match the predictable cyclic changes in Earth’s orbit and axial tilt.
		In the case of the Milankovitch Cycles, orbit is used to describe the path the Earth follows as it circles the Sun.
	www2.nature.nps.gov /views/KCs/Milankovitch/ET_Milankovitch.htm (578 words)

	Part 15: Ice Ages Confirmed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Milankovitch used the existing calculations of variations in eccentricity, precession and tilt to calculate how much solar radiation strikes the surface of the earth during each season and at each latitude.
		Although it was true that the 18,000-year date for the last glacial maximum was 7000 years younger than the 25,000-year date calculated by Milankovitch for the last radiation minimum, such a discrepancy could easily be explained as the time needed for a sluggish ice sheet to respond to a change in the earth's radiation budget.
		Only if Milankovitch's shorter cycles could be related in some way to these 100,000-year periods could his astronomical theory be accepted as an explanation of the cause of the ice ages.
	www.geocities.com /osarsif/flood15.htm (9332 words)

	Milutin Milankovitch: Seeking the Cause of the Ice Ages
		Portrait of Milutin Milankovitch (1879-1958) by Paja Jovanovic, 1943.
		In 1911 a young Serbian mathematician, Milutin Milankovitch, decided to chart the ice ages of the Pleistocene.
		The challenges for Milankovitch were to understand when the three cycles were coincident with each other and how they worked together to influence insolation (the amount of solar radiation received by the Earth).
	www.amnh.org /education/resources/rfl/web/essaybooks/earth/p_milankovitch.html (706 words)

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