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	Minamata disease - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Minamata disease is a neurological syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning.
		Minamata was even dubbed as Chisso's "castle town", in reference to the capital cities of feudal lords who ruled Japan from the 16th to 19th century.
		The staple food of victims was invariably fish and shellfish from Minamata Bay and that the cats in the local area, who tended to eat scraps from the family table, had died with symptoms similar to those now discovered in humans.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Minamata_disease (3557 words)

	The Poisoning of Minamata
		The city and the adjacent Minamata Bay form a relatively closed ecosystem: the bay was a source of fish--and almost the city's exclusive source of protein--until the mid-1950s.
		The Minamata case is such a vivid example because the town and the bay where the mercury was dumped may be seen as a relatively closed system.
		Minamata is a paradigm for informing an environmental ethos that treading lightly is advisable where consequences are unknown.
	www1.umn.edu /ships/ethics/minamata.htm (3291 words)

	Minamata, Kumamoto - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Minamata (水俣市; -shi) is a city located in Kumamoto prefecture, Japan.
		It is on the west coast of Kyushu.
		As of 2003, the city has an estimated population of 30,080 and the density of 184.69 persons per km².
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Minamata (111 words)

	Chapter - 4 Minamata disease
		The Minamata complex, able to rebuild itself through the creativity of its personnel and the strength of its technology, stood in stark contrast to the old zaibatsu-supported chemical companies which, after the war, sought to revive their technological prowess through the purchase of foreign technology from the USA and other countries.
		The fish from Minamata Bay were poisoned to a much greater extent than fish taken from other locations, and all of the wastes from the chemical complex had been discharged into the bay for a very long period of time.
		In Minamata City the greatest concern of the people had turned to a long strike in which the labour union was fighting a Chisso company plan to rationalize operations, but the company was victorious in that it was able to divide the labour union into smaller groups.
	www.unu.edu /unupress/unupbooks/uu35ie/uu35ie0c.htm (5612 words)

	Mercury-poisoned waters of Minamata unleashed sickness of society's fabric
		A Minamata Disease patient herself, Sugimoto now is a leader in a movement urging her shattered community to reconcile.
		During all the years outsiders studied Minamata, she explains, they focused on the town's betrayal by industry and by Japan's government.
		What stopped Minamata Disease from spreading further were Chisso's halt on dumping 30 years ago and containment of the tainted sludge.
	www.chron.com /content/chronicle/page1/98/02/15/minamata.html (2357 words)

	Association for Asia Research- Getting over Minimata Disease
		Minamata Disease, said to be the result of the first definitive environmental pollution incident in modern Japan, had been officially discovered.
		Minamata City, with a population today of about 32,000, is located in southern Kumamoto Prefecture on the island of Kyushu, facing Minamata Bay in the Shiranui Sea, an inland sea bordered by mainland Kyushu and the Amakusa Islands.
		The Minamata issue was finally resolved in October 1996, 40 years after the official discovery of the disease in 1956, when five organizations representing the victims accepted a settlement proposed by the Japanese government.
	www.asianresearch.org /articles/2324.html (1475 words)

	Minamata: Real Life Horror Show by Mike Rogers
		Minamata is a very small fishing and farming town in Kumamoto, on Kyushu island in southern Japan.
		Minamata babies began to be born with grotesque deformities and massive brain damage.
		Minamata disease is one from which there is no possibility of recovery.
	www.lewrockwell.com /rogers/rogers111.html (959 words)

	Minamata Disaster
		In 1907 the villagers of Minamata convinced the founder of Chisso Corporation to build a factory in their town, hoping to benefit from the wealth of industrialization.
		Minamata Bay is a rich fishing and farming village.
		Minamata was known as a fishing town, and the ocean was their main environmental resource.
	www.american.edu /TED/MINAMATA.HTM (2169 words)

	Minamata Disease
		In the mid 1950s the people of Minamata, Japan, on the coast of the Shiranui Sea, began to notice something wrong with the cats in their town.
		A photographer, W. Eugene Smith, traveled to Minamata in the 1970s, and his series of photographs of the suffering of the people there were published and seen around the world.
		Researchers believe, however, that the criteria the government uses to diagnose Minamata disease is too strict, and that anyone who showed any impairment in his/her senses should be certified as a victim.
	www.malattiemetaboliche.it /articoli/minamata_disease.htm (616 words)

	Augusta Georgia: technology@ugusta: Mercury poison still haunts city 07/20/98
		MINAMATA, Japan -- Fading sunlight reddens the fumes billowing from the smokestacks at the sprawling Chisso chemical plant, the city's biggest employer and, to some, its worst affliction.
		In the village of Modo, Jinichi Hamatsuki, an 83-year-old Minamata disease victim, recalled scavenging for sweet potatoes to survive after the bay was closed to fishing.
		What Minamata's youths do know is that they are tarred with the same stigma as their elders.
	chronicle.augusta.com /stories/072098/tec_124-5932.shtml (889 words)

	Univ 113 Paper 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Minamata won the bid for the factory’s location through a favorable deal to Noguchi, in which the local government offered the old salt industry’s land at very low prices.
		Neither the government nor the residents of Minamata knew that the company was dumping lethal chemicals there because they focused primarily on the company’s success, not on how it earned that success or the dangers it posed.
		Such a government, which is the type that Minamata had, is not able to mediate public policy disputes between private industry and the community, which includes the industry’s workforce.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~claym/coll_writing/univ113p2.html (1601 words)

	ZNet \|Japan \| Minamata: The Irresponsibility of the Japanese State
		This was an action launched in 1982, preceded by a long and anguished course on the path of the plaintiffs, and in the twenty-two years that has passed since the suit was launched twenty-three of the fifty-nine died and the average age of the survivors came to be over seventy.
		While the Minamata health department was investigating it as an unexplained illness, 17 of the 54 sufferers had already died.
		The authorities in Minamata and some residents seemed to think that, even if a minority of people from the town had to be sacrificed to the disease, Chisso Corporation should be protected as the major employer in the town.
	www.zmag.org /content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=17&ItemID=6496 (1986 words)

	Minamata Disease and the Mercury Pollution of the Globe
		Masazumi Harada, M.D., Ph.D. Minamata Disease was discovered for the first time in the world at Minamata City, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan, in 1956 (Minamata Disease Research Group; 1968, Harada M; 1995), and for the next time at Niigata City, Niigata Prefecture, Japan, in 1965 (Tsubaki T and Irukayama K; 1977).
		The cases of organic mercury poisoning that had been known prior to Minamata Disease occurred as the result of the direct poisoning of those who were engaged in organic-mercury handling occupations or those who took it in accidentally (Hunter D et al; 1940, Lundgren KD et al; 1949).
		Tokuomi, sensory disturbance and constriction of the visual field were observed as an example of the typical symptoms of Minamata Disease among 100% of its patients, coordination disturbance among 93.5%, dysarthria among 88.2%, hearing disturbance among 85.3% and tremor among 75.8%.
	www.einap.org /envdis/Minamata.html (2263 words)

	Minimata Bay Mercury Victims Could Double Hans Grimel / AP 10oct01
		Minamata disease: methylmercury poisoning in Japan caused by environmental pollution.
		MR imaging of Minamata disease: qualitative and quantitative analysis.
		Transition of the pollution of Minamata Bay and its neighbourhood].
	www.mindfully.org /Pesticide/Minimata-Mercury-Victims.htm (3075 words)

	Minamata, timeline of the mercury disaster
		causative agents of Minamata disease are methyl mercury compound extracted from shellfish caught in the bay and taken from sludge from the SNC plant.
		Minamata City is designated one of the areas of the Regional Character Formation Project.
		The 5th Minamata Disease Memorial Service is held with about 1,000 people on the reclaimed land of Minamata Bay, and the director-general of Environment Agency and the president of Chisso participate for the first time.
	www.corrosion-doctors.org /Elements-Toxic/Minamata-2.htm (1211 words)

	Minamata and the Global Health Network
		Minamata city is now beginning a regional regeneration project which is built upon the lessons of Minamata disease, which was caused by industrial release of methyl mercury into Minamata Bay followed by the accumulation of methyl mercury in edible fish and shellfish in 1950s.
		In 1978, National Institute for Minamata disease (NIMD)was established to carry out multi-disciplinary studies on the disease to clarify the mechanism of methyl mercury poisoning and to improve medical care for the victims.
		From the scientific and epidemiological points of view, Minamata disease is the most significant incident of mercury pollution and the investigation of the incident has been the most thorough and are still in progress (22).
	www.pitt.edu /~japanese/minamata/text.html (2916 words)

	Chemicals - Transcript for Minamata Movie
		The Shinsui Greenbelt is a place for tourists and city residents to stroll along the sea and listen to the roar of the waves.
		It was built as a prayer and remembrance for those who suffered and died from Minamata disease, as a pledge never to allow the repetition of such disasters and to pass on the lessons of Minamata disease to future generations.
		Instead, they want the lessons of Minamata to help people understand how important the environment is, how difficult it is to maintain human health, and how much effort is required to protect both.
	science.education.nih.gov /supplements/nih2/chemicals/videos/act5/transcript-act5.htm (678 words)

	Sandra'z Environmental Stories Page
		By 1950, the fish in Minamata Bay began to float to the surface of the sea, shellfish began to perish, and some of the seaweed died.
		The cats of Minamata would stagger around as if they were drunk, slobbering, and then suddenly go into convulsions or impulsively whirling in violent circles.
		This deterioration became known as Minamata Disease, even though it is really chemical poisoning, and in fact, is not a disease at all.
	members.tripod.com /~Sandra_Justus/SandrazEnvironmentalStories_index.html (1258 words)

	Philippe Pons \| Minamata, Mercury Bay
		Children born mentally handicapped, adult victims who lose their sense of touch, have their visual field reduced, shake, or experience convulsions or paralysis: after a long and painful legal fight and then a political settlement in 1996, some 15,000 victims were acknowledged to have been affected to varying degrees.
		The judges ruled in favor of the plaintiffs and judged that neither the State nor the Prefecture in which Minamata is located had taken timely measures to reduce the spread of the illness.
		At the confluence of Minamata's currents, the tiny island has been decimated - a third of its nine hundred residents believe they are ill. "Even after they told us that the fish was polluted, we continued to eat it three times a day: we were poor and there wasn't anything else," the old man continues.
	www.truthout.org /cgi-bin/artman/exec/view.cgi/33/10171 (2033 words)

	UNSW Embryo- Mercury Poisoning Selected References
		In the cerebral cortex, the calcarine cortex was found to be involved in all cases of Minamata disease, particularly along the calcarine fissure.
		Abstract Minamata disease is methyl mercury intoxication from fish contaminated by a chemical factory in Minamata city.
		The characteristics of Minamata disease are discussed and compared to cases of methyl mercury poisoning in other parts of the world.
	embryology.med.unsw.edu.au /Refer/abnorm/mercury_select.htm (423 words)

	Minolta Photography - William Eugene Smith 1918-1978
		In this view and in some of the other photographs, William Eugene Smith, one of the world's greatest photographers, shows what can be done with what he calls the "difficult-to-use-intelligently" Minolta MF Rokkor 16mm f/2.8 Fisheye lens.
		Waste chemicals, dumped into the bay, worked their way up the food chain to the people of the city and caused what has come to be known as Minamata Disease.
		This image is a stark comparison to the photo of Tomoko Uemura being bathed by her mother above.
	www.geocities.com /minoltaphotographyw/williameugenesmith.html (1517 words)

	Making Up for Minamata, UCLA International Institute
		This was the first thing that the people of Minamata, Japan, observed in 1955—before their neighbors began acting erratically as well.
		These were the symptoms of what later came to be known as Minamata Disease, a neurological disorder caused my mercury poisoning from ingesting fish and shellfish with high mercury concentrations.
		Minamata's fishermen lost their way of life, unable to sell poisoned fish, if they were lucky enough to have escaped severe physical debilitation from the disease.
	www.isop.ucla.edu /article.asp?parentid=35030 (801 words)

	Mercury Poisoning: The Legacy of Minamata, Japan
		Minamata Disease is a severe neurological disorder that causes congenital and chronic effects in its victims.
		Since fish was the main food of many communities on Minamata Bay, people soon became contaminated with methylmercury.
		with Minamata Disease were found to have from 22 to 70 ppm mercury in their liver, from 21 to 140 ppm in their kidneys and from 3 to 25
	www2.hawaii.edu /~juliancl/mgt423.html (839 words)

	Corporate Crime and Violence
		It affected hundreds of residents of Minamata, Japan, a small, quiet fishing village and home of the Chisso Corporation, a petrochemical company and maker of plastics.
		She could not walk, her speech was incoherent, and she was in a state of severe delirium.
		More than 6,000 victims of the Minamata disease have yet to be officially certified, and many fear that if the company goes bankrupt they will be unable to get money to compensate them for their illness.
	multinationalmonitor.org /hyper/issues/1987/04/mercury.html (1430 words)

	ZNet \| Activism \| A Minamata Verdict and an Administrative Travesty
		Though the purpose of the discussion was ostensibly to give substance to the minister's apology, the officials argued that the Supreme Court decision was unrelated to the ministry's criteria for certifying victims of Minamata Disease and that they had no intention of revising the ministry's standing policies.
		During the fall, the director general of the agency, Kitagawa Ishimatsu, had told the victims' group that it was his intention to settle, and he had promised to come to Minamata.
		The Supreme Court found that restricting the recognition of Minamata Disease victims was a violation of justice.
	www.zmag.org /content/print_article.cfm?itemID=7162§ionID=1 (1304 words)

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