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	China from the Mongols to the Ming
		The Mongols in China were ruling with a great variety of administrators, military personnel and hangers on - Turks, Arabs, a few Europeans, Ruzhen and Persians.
		China's Mongol emperor, Kubilai Khan, died in 1294 at the age of seventy-nine.
		China had the world's greatest navy, with an estimated 317 ships, some of them 440 feet long and 180 feet wide, ships with four to nine masts that were as high as ninety feet, and with crews as large as five hundred.
	www.fsmitha.com /h3/h12china.htm (1516 words)

	The Rise & Fall of 15th Century Chinese Seapower (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Ming China of the 15th century was beset by several threats.
		The debate within the Ming dynasty in the early 15th century was between the Confucian scholar officials and the eunuch administrators, with topics of domestic agriculturalism versus sea-borne trade, canal transport versus coastal transport, and cultural purity through isolationism versus cultural improvement through extensive foreign contacts.
		The reasons for the dramatic fall of the 15th century Ming navy were political centralization argument in the country that consistently dominated the region, the struggle in the Imperial court between the Confucian courtiers and the palace eunuchs, the internal policy struggle of ideologies between foreign trade and isolationism.
	www.cronab.demon.co.uk /china.htm (5914 words)

	japan invasion of Ming China - China History Forum, chinese history forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Ming China was simoultaneously fighting the Imjin war and a war in the southwest which was far more costly.
		Ming was already in decline and lets not forget that it was Ming generals who let the Manchus in.
		The only Ming troops that is perhaps comparable with the Japanese troops in quality is the southern armies that originally were trained by Qi Ji Guan, these troops later moved north and joined the Imjin war and their discipline greatly impressed the northern soldiers and was very effective in the war.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=2440 (1368 words)

	China from Ming to the Manchu
		China was doing well artistically, but there was little intellectual leadership advocating political and social reform.
		China's gentry, traditionally Confucianist and into both farming and government service, had become more alienated from government and had been turning more to Buddhism and to patronizing Buddhist monasteries.
		China's agriculture was advancing - with some new crops such as maize, sweet potatoes and peanuts from the Americas.
	www.fsmitha.com /h3/h24china.html (1959 words)

	mingchina.html
		Ming China (1368-1644) and Ch'ing China (1644-1911) were late traditional cultures, more static than Europe during the same period.
		Ming-Ch’ing China did experience the longest continuous period of good government in Chinese history — Ming rule was stable for longer than previous dynasties, and the transition period to the Ch'ing era was shorter and less destructive than was usually the case in Chinese history.
		Ming emperor were maritime expeditions which sailed to Southeast Asia, India, the Arabian Gulf, and East Africa between 1405 and 1433.
	www.loyno.edu /~seduffy/mingchina.html (5255 words)

	Ming Dynasty -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China
		Ming Emperor Taizu's emissary to Timur, i.e., Fu An, was detained in Central Asia.
		Ming China, at Macao, instituted officials in charge of customs inspection, pirate defence, coastline patrolling, imperial decree office and etc. In 1608, Xiangshan County magistrate Cai Shanji stipulated ten rules for managing Macao and in 1611 submitted the ten rule regulation to Governor Zhang Minggang.
		Ming China moved the garrison closer to Macao, from Yongbo to Qianshan, i.e., Qianshan-zai Garrison, and increased staff to 700 field soldiers and 1200 navy soldiers as well as allocated altogether 50 patrolling ships across all wharfs of Macao.
	www.republicanchina.org /ming.html (13412 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Asia-Pacific \| The Ming: China's 'obsolete sub'
		The Ming is essentially a modernised version of the Romeo class of boats - an old Soviet design, itself based on late-World War II German U-boats.
		The first three Ming class boats entered service during the 1970s - but there were problems and one was scrapped after a fire.
		China already operates four comparatively modern Russian Kilo class boats and last May it agreed with Moscow to purchase at least eight more.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/asia-pacific/2996955.stm (258 words)

	Gunpowder-based Military during Ming China - China History Forum, chinese history forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		However, as Imperial China did not have any significant military opponent for much of the time during the Ming, there was no pressure for the Chinese to further develop their firearm technology.
		There was, however, a brief revival of ancient Chinese firearm technology during the late Ming era, as at this time China faced multiple threats from the Manchus and the Mongols of the north, the Japanese pirates, and the growing pressure from European powers (Mainly Spain and Portugal) on the South Seas.
		As a result, the Chinese empire during the late Ming was one of the most advanced countries in terms of military technology and potentially China had the world's most powerful military, both in terms of quality and quantity.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=964 (2713 words)

	Ming Dynasty: Ancient China Dynasties
		The Ming reached their zenith of power during the first quarter of the fifteenth century.
		In the closing years of the Ming, due to the long wars with the Mongols, repeated attacks on Korea by the Japanese, and even Japanese attacks on Chinese coastal cities greatly hurt the economy of the Ming.
		While he was negotiating terms of a military surrender with Wu Sangui, commander of the last of the Ming army, Wu cast in his lot with the invading Manchu army leader, Dorgon.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /intro/history/ming.htm (776 words)

	Ming China: The Commercial Revolution
		The Ming introduced the use of Champa rice from southeast Asia; this rice, though less nutritious than Chinese rice, could be grown in a little over half the growing season of regular rice and produced much larger harvests.
		The most important innovation introduced in the Ming period was the practice of crop rotation, by which fields could be kept continuously in cultivation while still maintaining their fertility.
		The Chinese porcelains, marked by the Ming style of blue painting on a white ceramic background, became all the rage in Europe in the seventeenth century.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/MING/COMM.HTM (935 words)

	Chinese History
		The Ming dynasty(1368-1644) was founded by a Han Chinese peasant and former Buddhist monkturned rebel army leader ().
		The stability ofthe Ming dynasty, which was without major disruptions of the population(then around 100 million), economy, arts, society, or politics, promoteda belief among the Chinese that they had achieved the most satisfactorycivilization on earth and that nothing foreign was needed or welcome.
		Conservative scholars at court failed to see the importance of them.For the first time in history, China was turning inwards, clinging to anincorrect interpretation of an outmoded philosophy.
	www.china-inc.com /education/history/ming.html (1200 words)

	AP Wire \| 08/20/2006 \| U.S. rolls over Yao Ming, China 121-90 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Using a swarming defense and their huge advantage in depth to make life miserable for China and its All-Star center, the Americans rolled to a 121-90 victory Sunday night to remain unbeaten at the world championships.
		China (0-2) is tied with Senegal at the bottom.
		The 7-foot-5 center predicted China would advance out of pool play - he was quoted in a story in the China Daily before the tournament as saying, "China will enter the last 16, I promise." Then he scored 30 points in China's opening loss to Italy.
	www.ohio.com /mld/ohio/news/state/15319996.htm (759 words)

	Ming Dynasty:Zheng He and his Voyages
		In the early days of the Ming Dynasty, that is, early in the 15th century, China was, in economic progress, an advanced country in the world.
		Even today, people in Somalia and Tanzania look upon Ming China unearthed today as a symbol of the traditional friendship between their own country and China.
		While in China, these foreign emissaries were shown great hospitality by Emperor Chengzu of Ming.
	www.chinavoc.com /history/ming/zh.htm (1075 words)

	Ming Dynasty - China History - China
		Under Ming rule, a vast navy and army was built, with four masted ships displacing 1,500 tons and a standing army of one million troops.
		During Hongwu's reign, the early Ming dynasty was characterized by rapid and dramatic population growth, largely due to the increased food supply and Hongwu's agricultural reforms.
		This question is particularly poignant, considering the parallels between the commercialization of the Ming economy, the so-called age of "incipient capitalism" in China, and the rise of commercial capitalism in the West.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Ming_Dynasty (3435 words)

	Chinese History - Ming Dynasty (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		During the whole course of Ming Dynasty, there was always prevalent a deep mistrust between the scholarship elite, that occupied the governmental posts in the capital(s) and in the prefectures, and the central government, that was often deeply influenced by some high ranking eunuchs.
		The authoritarian and centralized politics of the Ming government lead to a status of immovability and orthodoxy.
		The Ming Dynasty is famous for the influence of the eunuchs on political affairs.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Ming/ming.html (404 words)

	Ming Dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Indeed, the Ming did produce capable commanders such as Yuan Chonghuan, Qi Jiguang, and others; who were able to turn this unfavourable sitation into a satisfising one.
		Economic historians such as Kenneth Pomeranz have argue that China was technologically and economically equal to Europe until the 1750's and that the divergence was due to global conditions such as access to natural resources from the new world.
		Under the brilliant commander, Yuan Chonghuan, the Ming were able to repeatedly fight off the Manchus, notably in 1623 (where Nurhaci himself was killed by a much smaller force commanded by Yuan.) and in 1628.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ming_Dynasty (4330 words)

	The Korea Times : Choe Pu’s Voyage to Ming China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		He was at first an unwelcome stranger in China since he had no official duties there and was suspected of being a pirate; thus, Choe endured all sorts of hardships.
		Although during Choe's explorations in China he was not an official Korean envoy, his outstanding diplomatic achievements enhanced Korean identity and pride; he was proof of contact from Korea with many high-ranking Chinese officials.
		His efforts to introduce Koreans to Ming China through his diaries shed light on many important ideas, some of which may even nowadays contribute to the internationalization of Korea.
	times.hankooki.com /lpage/opinion/200610/kt2006101819570554060.htm (848 words)

	Ming
		The Ming dynasty began in 1368, and lasted until 1644 A.D. Its founder was a peasant, the third of only three peasants ever to become an emperor in China.
		He is known as Hongwu Emperor, and led the revolt against the Mongols and the Yuan Dynasty.
		Dictionaries were also written; the one that had the most influence on the future was written in 1615 A.D. and reduced the number of signs for Chinese characters to 214, as opposed to the 540 plus signs of previous dictionaries.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/china/later_imperial_china/ming.html (908 words)

	Ching Ming,China Ching Ming Festival,Ching Ming Cultural Festival in China
		Ching Ming festival is also known as the Grave-sweeping or Spring Remembrance Day celebrated on April- 5.
		It is an ancestor worship festival native to China.
		Ching means ‘clear’ and Ming means ‘bright’, it is the day when Chinese families show their respect by visiting the graves of their ancestors, clear away weeds, touch up gravestone inscriptions and make offerings of wine and fruit.
	china.tourism-asia.net /ching-ming.html (363 words)

	InsideHoops.com - Book claims China bred Yao Ming for basketball
		A book by an experienced writer claims it was no accident Yao Ming became a basketball player; that the powers that be in China steadily pushed him and held him to that pursuit.
		Operation Yao Ming, published by Penguin Group and written by Brook Larmer, a former Newsweek and Christian Science Monitor journalist, says that Chinese officials spent many years anticipating Yao Ming's birth, literally waiting for him to exist because of who his parents were.
		The book claims that Yao Ming's parents were forced to become basketball players because of their size, and they were strongly "encouraged" to marry each other so that their children would be big like they were.
	www.insidehoops.com /yao-ming-china-011806.shtml (284 words)

	Asian Spirit - China - Ming Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		By the time the Ming Dynasty was in full swing, the world was trading with China through the Silk Road, the Yellow River, and many other arteries of transport as well.
		The classic Ming blue and white ware known the world over to this day was perfected during this Period as well.
		The classic floral and foliage figurines painted onto the Ming blue and white vases were painted over the glaze, using striking colors of enamel.
	asianspiritgallery.com /china_ming.html (319 words)

	Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 A.D.) \| Special Topics Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The early Ming dynasty was a period of cultural restoration and expansion.
		Painters recruited by the Ming court were instructed to return to didactic and realistic representation, in emulation of the styles of the earlier
		In Ming scholar-painting, as in calligraphy, each form is built up of a recognized set of brushstrokes, yet the execution of these forms is, each time, a unique personal performance.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/ming/hd_ming.htm (389 words)

	Chinese Mariner Zheng He [Cheng Ho] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Zheng He sailed from China to many places throughout South Pacific, Indian Ocean, Taiwan, Persian Gulf and distant Africa in seven epic voyages from 1405 to 1433,some 80 years before Columbus's voyages.
		Zheng He (1371-1435), or Cheng Ho, is arguably China's most famous navigator.
		Zheng He died in the tenth year of the reign of the Ming emperor Xuande (1435) and was buried in the southern outskirts of Bull's Head Hill (Niushou) in Nanjing.
	www.chinapage.com /zhenghe.html (367 words)

	InterBasket - Yao Ming, China -- Houston Rockets
		Yao Ming had one of the most exciting rookie years in NBA history.
		In the NBA, Yao Ming scored an average of 13.5 points, 8.2 rebounds, and 1.74 blocks per game, earning him unanimous NBA All-Rookie First Team honors.
		During the summer, he traveled back to China to play for the Chinese National Team and hosted a mutlinational telethon to raise funds to battle SARS.
	www.interbasket.net /players/yaoming.htm (1127 words)

	Yao Ming, China, 7-5, C
		If he's not the No. 1 pick, it's not going to be because of basketball stuff." Still, those who saw Ming work out in Chicago came away somewhat impressed.
		But in time, as he learns some tricks about low-post defense, he may not be as big a liability.
		Said a scout who watched him play in China last year: "He'll challenge a lot of shots.
	www.ibiblio.org /craig/draft/2002_draft/Players/ming.shtml (345 words)

	History of the Great Wall of China: Ming Dynasty
		In fact, it was during the Ming Dynasty that this great defensive project that had lasted over 1000 years was to reach final completion.
		To ensure the efficient control of the defences along the northern frontiers, the Ming authorities divided the entire Great Wall environs into nine zones and placed each under the control of a zhen (garrison headquarters) Two further garrison headquarters were added later.
		For over 200 years during the Ming Dynasty this project was never neglected or weakened and its importance and grandeur were without equal during any preceding period.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /china_great_wall/history/ming/index.htm (565 words)

	Internet East Asian History Sourcebook
		Massively larger than any of her neighbors, China may have developed its cultural forms in relative isolation, but since the advent of Buddhism has both absorbed outside influences and disseminated its own culture.
		The Monk of Kublai Khan, Emperor of China; or The History of the Life and Travels of Rabban Sawma, Envoy and Plenipotentiary of the Mongol Khans to the Kings of Europe and Markos who as Yahbh-Allaha III Became Patriarch of the Nestorian Church.
		Robert Bedrosian: China and the Chinese according to 5-13th Century Classical Armenian Sources, with extended excerpts.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/eastasia/eastasiasbook.html (4483 words)

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