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Topic: Ming Empire

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	Ming Empire 1368-1644 by Sanderson Beck
		During the Ming era widows were encouraged to be faithful and not marry a second husband.
		During a struggle for power in Annam (northern Vietnam) a Ming army of 215,000 invaded in 1406, and it was declared a Chinese province; but a liberation movement began in 1408, accelerated in 1418, and was a problem Yongle left to his successors.
		Using cannons, the Ming army inflicted a major defeat on the Manchus in 1626; Nurhaci was wounded in battle and died at Shenyang, which he had renamed Mukden and made his capital.
	www.san.beck.org /3-7-MingEmpire.html (23715 words)

	Wikipedia: Ming Dynasty
		Zhu, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, was one of the only two dynastic founders who emerged from the peasant class.
		During Hongwu's reign, the early Ming dynasty was characterized by rapid and dramatic population growth, largely due to the increased food supply and Hongwu's agricultural reforms.
		This question is particularly poignant, considering the parallels between the commercialization of the Ming economy, the so-called age of "incipient capitalism" in China, and the rise of commercial capitalism in the West.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/m/mi/ming_dynasty.html (3334 words)

	Ming Dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ming dynasty emperors were members of the Zhu family.
		This question is particularly poignant, considering the parallels between the commercialization of the Míng economy, the so-called age of "incipient capitalism" in China, and the rise of commercial capitalism in the West.
		Under the brilliant commander, Yuan Chonghuan, the Ming were able to repeatedly fight off the Manchus, notably in 1626 at Ning-yuan and in 1628.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ming_Dynasty (4303 words)

	The Ricci Institute for Chinese-Western Cultural History at the University of San Francisco
		During the late Ming and early Qing dynasties (from roughly 1550-1800), the Jesuits were the primary agents of Sino-European scientific interchange.
		During the Yuan and early Ming dynasties, tools and techniques from Islamic countries entered China via the South China seas, and Chinese Muslim astronomers, who brought star-mapping skills from the Middle East and Arabia, were employed at court.
		After the suicide of the last Ming emperor in 1644, the year of the Manchu conquest, Adam Schall presented the reformed calendar to the new Manchu rulers and revised the stellar compendium as the Xiyang xinfa lishu 西洋新法曆書 (Calendar Compendium Following the New Western Method), and the system was promulgated in 1645.
	www.usfca.edu /ricci/exhibits/dragon_skies/index.htm (5718 words)

	[No title]
		The Ming are also the first to deal with Europeans arriving in ever increasing numbers; as a pre-modern pe riod, many of the issues and contentions of the modern period will have their precursors in the Ming dynasty.
		The first three Ming emperors threw themselves into the work, but later emperors, having been raised in the lap of luxury, were not disposed to this difficult schedule of hard work and began to transfer their responsibilities to others.
		The Chinese porcelains, marked by the Ming style of blue painting on a white c eramic background, became all the rage in Europe in the seventeenth century.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/TEXT/111/unit8.rtf (12524 words)

	Ming China: The Decline of the Ming Empire
		Ming China: The Decline of the Ming Empire
		The most immediate and direct cause of the fall of the Ming were the rebellions that racked the country in the seventeenth century and the aggressive military expansion of the Manchus.
		Despite this, the constant rebellions and fighting against the Manchus depleted the resources of the Ming so that by 1643 there was no money anywhere: all the treasuries in the country were bare.
	www.wsu.edu:8001 /~dee/MING/DECLINE.HTM (1363 words)

	CAEA - Center for the Art of East Asia
		Those members of collateral branches of the Ming imperial house who bore the title of wang, ‘king’, the sixty-two sons of ruling emperors other the crown prince, carried in that title explicit reference to the political structures of the ancient Zhou dynasty ‘golden age’.
		Established across the face of the Ming empire in great state, they are now strangely absent from accounts of Ming culture and society, and standard historical overviews either minimise their importance, or else draw on Republican nationalist and Marxist historiography to denigrate them as pointless and expensive drones, drains on the resources of the state.
		There is considerable evidence for the role of Ming regional kingly courts in antiquarian cultural projects designed to realise an ideal polity which instanced in the present the perfect patterns of the past.
	caea.uchicago.edu /events_publications/symposia/110306/abstracts/clunas.shtml (692 words)

	Ming Dynasty
		During the Ming Dynasty incredible advances in the sciences and arts were achieved giving the Chinese great pride and self confidence with the knowledge that that they had created the most advanced civilization on earth.
		In the closing years of the Ming, great military campaigns of conquest were launched, the long wars with the Mongols, repeated attacks on Chinese controlled Korea by the Japanese, and Japanese attacks on Chinese coastal cities greatly hurt the economy of the Ming.
		During the Ming Dynasty a popular fad was to wear ancient jade as it “connected” the wearer with the ancestors and brought great fortune.
	www.thejadetrade.com /ian/p8e.html (1056 words)

	The Ming
		The Ming have a very specific family structure. Ming couples mate for life, but Ming young are raised by a foster parent chosen to match the personality of the child and to raise the child to a specific occupation. These foster parents are called Forchukoi.
		The basic Ming philosophy may be summed by the phrase: "Purpose requires Strength." This is the axium upon which all Ming life is built. The Ming will vigorously pursue any objective deemed desirable. As long as an objective continues to seem desirable to the Ming, they will pursue that objective unflinchingly, regardless of the cost.
		The Ming Empire is an Empire in name only. Actually, government rests with the Assembly of Twenty, selected by the Assembly of Two Thousand. This latter is an elected body. The Ming have a War Leader, but his political role is symbolic and administrative rather than one of policy setting.
	www.inisfail.com /40k2/ming-desc.html (239 words)

	The History Cooperative \| Conference Proceedings \| Seascapes, Littoral Cultures, and Trans-Oceanic Exchanges \| ...
		Between the years 1661 and 1683, as the Ming dynasty fell and the Manchus conquered the mainland, the Zhengs were able to push the Dutch out of the East Asian trade routes between Japan and Taiwan, trading Chinese silks, cotton textiles, sugars and medicines for Japanese metals, silver, copper and iron.
		Were this coastal and island region politically independent from the agrarian empire, we might imagine its leaders turning to maritime trade as a source of income, to promote and develop the trade in order to expand its own resource base.
		Confucian precepts in the agrarian empire created a widely shared base of cultural, economic, and political practices—kinship relations, marriage and funeral customs, agricultural technologies, schools and granaries—that gave people throughout the empire elements of a shared social identity.
	www.historycooperative.org /proceedings/seascapes/wong.html (8713 words)

	Art of Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		In this type of empire, there might be one ruler, one culture, one language, and one unified region of the world.
		You could use empire to describe a single country and the regions that it has conquered in far-off places.
		Empire may also mean that there is a central ruler, but he or she doesn't necessarily directly control all of the empire's territory: other rulers might pay tribute to the central power, and become a part of that larger empire.
	newton.uor.edu /FacultyFolder/rebecca_brown/old/arth100/empire/emphome.html (231 words)

	6. The Qing Empire - All Empires
		The last native Chinese dynasty, the Ming, was in decline by the late 16th century.
		He was unopposed by the Ming garrison, most of whom had died or deserted.
		An empire that had lasted through over four thousand years of rich history and culture was destined to become a semi-colony, carved up by the Western powers, while corrupt officials gorged themselves on public funds and weak emperors sat on the Dragon Throne.
	www.allempires.com /article/index.php?q=The_Qing_Empire (6824 words)

	The Ming Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The beginning of the Míng Dynasty was marked by Ming Military Conquests as they sought to cement their hold on power.
		After the Míng army defeat at Battle of tumu and later raids by the Mongols under a new leader,Altan Khan, the Ming adopted a new strategy for dealing with the northern horsemen: a giant impregnable wall.
		With superior artillery the Ming were able to repeatedly fight off the Manchus, notably in 1623 and in 1628.
	www.personal.psu.edu /rjf5009/assignment7.html (3832 words)

	Qing Empire 1644-1799 by Sanderson Beck
		After the Ming emperor Chongzhen committed suicide at Beijing in April 1644, the Ming administration attempted to carry on in the south at Nanjing amid urban riots, strikes, raids, and insurrections.
		Ming forces hoped to stop Qing advances at the Yellow River, but the threat of Li Zicheng's fleeing army invading the Yangzi River valley provoked a mutiny in the Ming army.
		Just as the Chinese empire was ruled by the edicts of the emperor without a legislature, the local counties were under the jurisdiction of the magistrates, who acted as investigators, judges, and juries.
	www.san.beck.org /3-8-QingEmpire1644-1799.html (13185 words)

	Ming And Ottoman Empires
		To contrast these empires in order to predict their futures, it is necessary that I observe and analyze key factors such as leadership, military strengths and weaknesses, and morals among the people.
		The Ming Empire is led by brilliant philosophical scholars, “The man who is promoted to the higher degrees in this field prides himself on the fact that he has in truth attained to the pinnacle of Chinese happiness” (Andrea/Overfield 116).
		The Ming have not shown to be as savvy in war, and their polite but closed-minded empire is one that gives a critic ease in thinking that this type of empire will eventually demise.
	www.freeessays.cc /db/26/hmd60.shtml (1731 words)

	Chinese Cultural Studies: Concise Political History of China
		It is as if the Roman Empire had lasted from the time of the Caesars to the 20th century, and during that time had evolved a cultural system and written language shared by all the peoples of Europe.
		The Ch'in empire stretched from the Mongolian plateau in the north to Vietnam in the south.
		All of the Ch'ing empire's vast territories, including Mongolia in the north, Xinjiang in the northwest, and Tibet in the southwest, were incorporated into the expanding Chinese Empire during this period.
	academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu /core9/phalsall/texts/chinhist.html (16949 words)

	Banditry And The Subversion Of State Authority In China: The Capital Region During The Middle Ming Period - 1450-1525 ...
		Ming government was among the largest and most sophisticated in the world.
		Indeed, in his pioneering and widely-cited 1991 Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty, James Tong concluded that the overwhelming majority of outlaws were concentrated in southern China, far from the imperial capital.
		As the principal capital of the Ming dynasty, Beijing was at the center of the enormous political, ritual, military, and economic resources associated with the throne.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2005/is_3_33/ai_61372233 (856 words)

	Zheng Chenggong - Famous Ancient Chinese People - Chinese
		He heard the news that his father was preparing to surrender to the Qing court and hurried to Quanzhou to persuade him against this plan, but his father refused to listen and turned himself in.
		Not long afterwards the Qing army captured Quanzhou, and Koxinga's mother either committed suicide out of loyalty to the Ming Dynasty or was raped and killed by Qing troops (like many other aspects of Koxinga's life the facts seem to have been obscured by ulterior purposes).
		He has been considered a national hero by Chinese nationalists both in Mainland China and on Taiwan because he was a Ming loyalist and an anti-Manchu leader and for his role in expelling the Dutch from Taiwan which Chinese nationalists portray as establishing Chinese rule over the island.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Zheng_Chenggong (1183 words)

	y!Gallery :: Yaoi Gallery
		Ming didn’t want to know what the mercenaries thought when Sky ran out to meet him, and with a shout, picked him up and swung him around before planting a big, wet kiss on his lips.
		Ming was suddenly struck with a totally unreasonable sense of fear and loss.
		By the time the last of their children were grown, Ming was a very old man. The Water Dragon appeared to him as she had that first time in the caves beneath the school.
	yaoi.y-gallery.net /view/217589 (1175 words)

	Ming China: The Decline of the Ming Empire
		Ming China: The Decline of the Ming Empire
		The most immediate and direct cause of the fall of the Ming were the rebellions that racked the country in the seventeenth century and the aggressive military expansion of the Manchus.
		Despite this, the constant rebellions and fighting against the Manchus depleted the resources of the Ming so that by 1643 there was no money anywhere: all the treasuries in the country were bare.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/MING/DECLINE.HTM (1363 words)

	The Chinese Empirei’Ø’é‘j
		And when China is unified and formed powerful empire, east Asia was a region where the Chinese Empire was the summit of this region.
		The successive Chinese Empire strenuously intended to extend their influence beyond its borders by demanding other rulers send ambassadors to present tribute.
		Principally, the Chinese Empire prouded itself as the only supreme civilization, and considered all other countries and their people to be barbarous.
	members.aol.com /nishitatsu1234/zatsudan/chineseempire.htm (1534 words)

	Hou Ming (Long live the Qing) - Alternative History
		The Great Ming Empire (Da Ming), unofficially dubbed as the later Ming (Hou Ming) or Southern Chinese Empire (Nan Zhonghua Huangdiguo) was the short-lived Chinese state that arose after the Chinese Civil War.
		The Empire of Vietnam accepts was a vassal towards the Ming emperor, while he was de facto a colonial puppet, while Siamese and Khmer remained loyal to the Qing.
		A campaign sent to retaliate the damage inflicted by the "rebels" led to a swift end of the Ming dynasty; during the subsequent purges conducted by the Qing Army, thousands of "collaborateurs" were executed, including the Imperial Family (which turned out to be a peasant clan simply adopting the name of the Ming rulers).
	althistory.wikia.com /wiki/Hou_Ming (393 words)

	China History Forum, chinese history forum > Timur Lenk (Tamerlane) invading China?
		I am saying that the Ming Empire has ousted their Mongol overlords and were successful in engaging in campaigns against the remnants of the Mongol Empire.
		Comparing a decling Jin, whose soldiers are not experienced in northern steppe warfare for nearly half a century, and an empire succumbing to the rebellion of the red coats to construct a parallel with the Ming at its height hinges on the use of selective evidence.
		Ming under Emperor Yongle, with his ambition and ability to mobilize the overwhelming resources of the empire, would be very difficult for even accomplished leaders like Tamerlane, especially going into Ming’s domain.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /lofiversion/index.php/t1643.html (3934 words)

	World of Jade Empire - BioWare's Official Jade Empire Site
		Some people's hairstyles, such as Lu the Prodigy, or Furious Ming suggest that they simply resemble Republican era Chinese, ie 1920's, which is a modern period of Chinese history (although there are a few hairstyles that resemble the queue of the Qing era and the hairstyles of the scholars and officials resemble Ming era hairstyles).
		The Jinyi Wei was only unique to the Ming period, and similar organizations seems to have never existed in other periods of Chinese history before or after; it is a sign of the paranoia and uncouth ruthlessness of the peasant-turned emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of the Ming.
		While the Jade Empire scholars and philosophers are shown to have not given a damn about the Mirabelle, Ming China, on the other hand, took a very opposite stance in regards to Western firearms technology.
	jade.bioware.com /forums/viewtopic.html?topic=552322&forum=101&sp=0 (1616 words)

	what if the Ming defeated the Manchu invasion? - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		Unless the Ming consisted fought (and survied) enemies that believed themselves to be equal or superior to the Ming, there was little need to develop their military technology and more importantly the military's organization and flexibility.
		The Ming was deteriorate to a level that was unrecovered.
		The only great solution for Ming Empire survival was to move the capital city to Nanking and let the Li zhicheng and Manchu army fight among themself.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=5609 (806 words)

	Mongolian History Timeline
		His sons and grandsons create the world's biggest land empire.
		1267-1368 - Weakened by disunity, the empire implodes.
		Ming troops oust the Mongols from Dadu (Beijing).
	asiarecipe.com /monhistorytimeline.html (816 words)

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