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Topic: Miniaturized satellite

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	Satellite - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		The general criterion for an object to be a satellite is that the center of mass of the two objects is inside the primary object.
		Navigation satellites are satellites which use radio time signals transmitted to enable mobile receivers on the ground to determine their exact location.
		Weather satellites are satellites that primarily are used to monitor the weather and/or climate of the Earth.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/s/a/t/Satellite.html (1198 words)

	Miniaturized satellite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Miniaturized satellites allow for cheaper designs as well as ease of mass production, although few satellites of any size other than 'communications constellations' where dozens of satellites are used to cover the globe, have been mass produced in practice.
		Larger satellites usually use monopropellants or bipropellant combustion rockets for propulsion and attitude control; these systems are complex and require a minimal amount of volume to surface area to dissipate heat.
		Tiny satellites such as nanosats and small microsats may lack the power supply or mass for large conventional radio transponders, and various miniaturized or innovative communications systems have been proposed, such a laser receivers, antenna arrays and satellite to satellite communication networks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Miniaturized_satellites (685 words)

	Satellite Telemetry
		Several satellites are necessary because they are constantly on the move and at least one must be in the right position to receive a signal.
		Miniaturized models are as small as a matchbox and weigh as little as 20 grams.
		Satellite telemetry holds great promise in identifying human impacts on species and ensuring their survival in the face of our expanding civilization.
	www.spaceforspecies.ca /space_tech/satellite_telemetry.htm (480 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		A miniaturized satellite is an earth-orbiting device having lower mass and smaller physical dimensions than a conventional satellite, such as a geostationary satellite.
		Miniaturized satellites are often placed in low earth orbits and are launched in groups called "swarms." In this type of system, each satellite operates in a manner similar to a repeater in a cellular communications system.
		Miniaturized satellites can be classified according to mass in kilograms (kg) or weight in pounds (lb).
	searchwebservices.techtarget.com /termParser/1,290913,sid9_gci1188208,00.html (229 words)

	Philly.com \| African Odyssey
		Four Inmarsat satellites are positioned around the earth, each covering about a third of the globe's surface.
		The satellites orbit the earth 22,223 in space -- a distance that allows the satellite remains to remain in "geosynchronous" orbit so that they are always in the same place in the sky.
		The top of the satellite telephone is an eight-by-eight inch antenna that, when pointed at the satellite, is able to send and receive voice or data transmissions.
	inquirer.philly.com /specials/2000/africa/tech.asp (459 words)

	Miniaturized HTS/Dielectric Multilayer Filters for Satellite Communications
		Current technology in typical satellite multiplexers use dual-mode cavity or dielectric resonator filters that are large (~25 to 125 in.
		Coupling between the dual orthogonal modes supported by these resonators is achieved by introducing a perturbation to the symmetry of the previously single-mode resonator at a location that is offset 45° from the axes of coupling to and from the resonator.
		Proof-of-concept of these miniaturized multilayer filters has already been demonstrated in our laboratory (ref. 3), and work is underway to optimize their performance through more detailed analysis, fabrication, and testing.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/RT1996/5000/5620m2.htm (503 words)

	New Satellite Propulsion System Has Mass Below 100 Grams
		It is a simple, miniaturized propulsion device designed for propulsive attitude control on present 100 kg small satellites, and for stationkeeping and primary propulsion on next-generation 25 kg-class microsatellites.
		Scientists fabricated the propellant assembly in a coaxial geometry with an inner conductive rod for the cathode, surrounded by an annulus of nonconductive propellant, and an outer conductive shell for the anode.
		Over the satellite lifetime, scientists can design the electrodes to ablate away with the propellant, or to ablate only the inner cathode by increasing the thickness of the outer anode, thus leaving an empty tubular shell.
	www.afrlhorizons.com /Briefs/Dec01/PR0109.html (1700 words)

	Towards Providing Network Connectivity Via Satellite
		Most existing satellite links were installed to address the communications needs of a specific institution, usually they are linked to one or several counterparts on the other end.
		Given a state of affairs in which technology for the various modes of communication is fairly mature, and that includes all of data, voice and video, the issue becomes one of appropriate system design, and of course that of funding.
		Choosing to use satellite communications interactively by definition means cooperation between a variety of organizations, user groups, institutions, and government agencies, all of which have at times divergent interests.
	www.friends-partners.org /oldfriends/telecomm/nato/barzemer.html (1547 words)

	[No title]
		These satellites were plagued by the lack of an architecture that allowed them to operate independently with any more than a very limited use.
		The large operational satellites for remote sensing are not accessible for experiment with new ideas and are not cost effective for specialized studies.
		The experiment is implemented with two small co-orbiting satellites, Pegasus/Scout II compatibles, flying in circular orbit at 400 km altitude and maneuvering to vary the distance between the two satellites.
	www.spie.org /web/abstracts/1400/1495.html (4528 words)

	Micro-Pulsed Plasma Thruster
		Multiple satellite constellations are the future, according to NASA, the Air Force, and commercial industry such as Iridium and Teledesic.
		One of the most important subsystems that must be miniaturized is the propulsion system because of its high percentage of satellite mass and power.
		The pulsed plasma thruster is excellent for multiple satellite constellations because of its small impulse bit and high specific impulse.
	www.mae.cornell.edu /campbell/mppt/mppt.htm (319 words)

	miniaturized satellite Definition: TechEncyclopedia from TechWeb (via CobWeb/3.1 planet03.csc.ncsu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		A communications satellite that is considerably smaller and lighter than the geostationary satellites that weigh several tons.
		Smaller satellites are less costly to manufacture and deploy and can be piggybacked on rockets with the launch of larger satellites.
		Miniaturized satellites are designated by their maximum weight, as follows:
	www.techweb.com.cob-web.org:8888 /encyclopedia/defineterm.jhtml?term=miniaturizedsatellite (163 words)

	Small Satellite Developments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The small satellites are designed to accommodate a wide range of missions through use of standard hardware and software adapted to various applications.
		The initial satellites are named "Clark" and "Lewis" for the leaders of the 19th century U.S. expedition to the Pacific northwest.
		The Lewis satellite is being developed under the team leadership of TRW Inc., Redondo Beach, California.
	www.sti.nasa.gov /tto/spinoff1996/17.html (594 words)

	First U.S. satellite launch 40th anniversary
		The intensive effort was accomplished by a team of experts from U.S. academia and the military, along with top World War II German rocket scientists such as Dr. Wernher von Braun, who emigrated to the U.S. in the postwar years to help lead development of American rocket capability.
		As the size of NASA's space missions take advantage of miniaturized electronics to shrink to fit the new "faster, better, cheaper" mold, some space science packages are about the size of that on tiny Explorer 1, Shirley said.
		"Miniaturization is allowing us to shrink down the brains of our spacecraft but still allow us to do more with them than we used to.
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /releases/98/expl1rel.html (721 words)

	NASA - NASA's Micro-Satellites Complete Technology Validation Mission
		The mission primarily focused on flight testing miniaturized satellites in the harsh environment of space and evaluating their ability to make research-quality scientific measurements.
		Each fully fueled satellite weighed approximately 55 pounds when launched and is about the size of a 13-inch television.
		The mission validation team demonstrated the sensitivity of miniature magnetometers, and suitability of the satellites for supporting scientific measurements.
	www.nasa.gov /home/hqnews/2006/jun/HQ_06254_microsatellites.html (563 words)

	NEPP - GLOSSARY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		a miniaturized gyroscope, a gyroscope is used to measure rotation
		miniaturized thruster delivering small impulse, expected to keep nanosatellites in their well defined orbits
		a miniaturized satellite, miniaturization is possible due to the use of MEMS devices
	nepp.nasa.gov /index_nasa.cfm/791 (342 words)

	FASTRAC: Formation Autonomy Spacecraft with Thrust, Relnav, Attitude, & Crosslink
		Early this morning, the FASTRAC student team loaded their finished twin satellites onto a 12 passenger van and headed to Reno, NV, where they will be judged as part of a 13 University competition for a free launch into space.
		The satellites are the product of a two year design, fabrication, and test effort that has been undertaken by more than 40 undergraduate and graduate students from several different academic backgrounds.
		The satellites are then subjected to alternating cycles of heat and cold to simulate the effects of exposure to direct sunlight and passing through the shadow of the Earth.
	fastrac.ae.utexas.edu /news/recent.php (2669 words)

	NASA - ST5 Spacecraft and Instruments
		Although small, the ST5 satellites are "full service," meaning they carry guidance, navigation and control, attitude control, propulsion, high bandwidth, and complex communication functions.
		ST5's objective is to demonstrate and space-test the ability of "smart" satellites to identify scientific events and implement cooperative data-taking strategies.
		The spinning motion is required to stabilize the spacecraft and allows for optimal use of sunlight by the solar array panels on the sides of the spacecraft.
	www.nasa.gov /mission_pages/st-5/spacecraft/index.html (311 words)

	Small Satellites May Play Big Role In Future Interplanetary Missions
		But some forward thinkers are already looking ahead to interplanetary missions and see small satellites as a good fit with the space exploration agendas outlined by the world’s spacefaring nations.
		Andy Phipps, a senior engineer at the British small satellite company Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd., said his team recently completed a so-called technology reference study funded by the European Space Agency to identify the technologies and design philosophy needed for the proposed Venus mission.
		The other orbiter would be packed with miniaturized instruments and would circle the planet at a lower altitude, imaging the planet and making scientific measurements.
	www.space.com /spacenews/businessmonday_050808.html (1008 words)

	Mini Microwave Thruster Has The Power
		University Park - October 18, 1999 - Penn State engineers have miniaturized a satellite propulsion system they originally built with parts from a microwave oven and produced a new thruster that draws only as much electricity as a light bulb, but puts out more thrust than any system in its class.
		He says electric propulsion thrusters currently used to position and maneuver satellites in space operate inefficiently or not at all in the 100-Watt range.
		The new mini microwave thruster has the potential not only to reduce on-board power requirements but also to extend a satellite's productive life since it requires only one third the amount of propellant used by other systems.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/thruster-99b.html (652 words)

	Anti-Satellite Weapons
		satellites that are impervious to interference from hostile forces, and a comprehensive antisatellite capability to deny the military use of space to future enemies."
		Launch vehicle, orbit maneuvering and transfer, and satellite station keeping applications are the focus of the technology developed under this project.
		The signatures of a satellite will be controlled to decrease the enemy's probability of satellite detection and mission identification so that all U.S. military satellites appear as a threat, and, thus, enemy counteractions become uneconomical.
	www.fas.org /spp/military/program/asat/overview.htm (5334 words)

	PC World - Hitting the Street With a Satellite TV Phone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		It wouldn't require a large dish antenna or set-top box receiver; the phone would be able to receive TV and radio signals broadcast from a satellite with nothing more than the built-in antenna and hardware.
		Crucial to making the phone possible were progress in digital electronics, which helped miniaturized the components needed, and a broadcasting platform that delivers a powerful signal at frequencies close to those used by 3G phones.
		All in all, the satellite service is very impressive and the gap filler network does its job well.
	www.pcworld.com /article/id,123078-page,1/article.html (938 words)

	eoPortal directory: OrbView-1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Successfully launched in April 1995 and now completed, ORBIMAGE s OrbView-1 was the world's first commercial imaging satellite.
		The satellite contained two atmospheric instruments that improved weather forecasting capabilities around the world.
		The satellite s miniaturized camera provided daily severe weather images and global lightning information during day and night operations.
	directory.eoportal.org /info_OrbView1.html (65 words)

	Sinah-1 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sinah-1 is the first Iranian artificial satellite, launched at 6:52 UTC October 28, 2005 on board a Cosmos-3M Russian launch vehicle from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome.
		The Iranian Space Agency had for many years said they were on the verge of sending their first satellite into orbit, finally leading to the launch of Sina 1, a satellite for telecommunications and research purposes.
		The miniaturized 160-kilogram reconnaissance satellite was put into a sun synchronous near-polar orbit and will image the surface with a 3-meter resolution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sina_1 (338 words)

	eoPortal directory: MightySat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		MightySat is a long-term, multi-mission, small satellite program (started in 1994) of the Space Experiments Directorate of Phillips Laboratory (USAF/PL) at Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, NM (as of 1998 designated as AFRL (Air Force Research Laboratory).
		The overall program objectives are to provide an environment for frequent, inexpensive, on-orbit demonstrations of emerging space system technologies and to accelerate their transition into operational use.
		Information and confirmation provided by Ernest Y. Robinson of The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA This description was provided by Herbert J. Kramer from his documentation of: "Observation of the Earth and Its Environment: Survey of Missions and Sensors" - comments and corrections to this article are welcomed by the author.
	directory.eoportal.org /pres_MightySat.html (3295 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| India launches satellite trio aboard one PSLV rocket
		The somewhat secretive Technology Experiment Satellite (TES) will be operated by the Indian Space Research Organization and will attempt to test new spacecraft bus and payload technologies, ranging from communications to remote sensing.
		The BIRD satellite, a 92-kg German spacecraft, is designed to evaluate new strategies and technologies in remote sensing and small satellite design.
		Most satellites currently require interaction between the ground and the spacecraft to carry out some of these activities.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /news/n0110/22pslv (689 words)

	AAG Remote Sensing Specialty Group
		Satellites that collected data in the past or did not function/obtain orbit.
		Scientists use Landsat satellites to gather remotely sensed images of the land surface and surrounding coastal regions for global change research, regional environmental change studies and other civil and commercial purposes.
		The SPOT satellites were designed by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales in France, and developed with the participation of Sweden and Belgium.
	www.aagrssg.org /systems.html (4982 words)

	[No title]
		If the satellite is a perfect mirror it can be levitated with a 10 kilowatt laser or microwave beam.
		It is not difficult to use the satellite for broadcasting: modulate the levitation beam, and make the satellite slightly curved so the reflection covers a wide footprint.
		Perhaps one could exploit nonlinear optical tricks to amplify weak laser beams, or sprinkle the satellite with miniaturized transponders powered by the levitation beam.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /afs/cs.cmu.edu/usr/mnr/st/std028 (2847 words)

	ScienceDaily: New Mini Microwave Thruster For Satellites Is Most Powerful In Its Class
		UCI Physicist Announces Plans For Satellite To Be "Boosted" Into Orbit By A Microwave Beam (November 7, 2002) -- UC Irvine physicist Gregory Benford will announce plans for the first known attempt to push a spacecraft into the Earth's orbit with energy beamed up from the...
		This is the range in which the sun and stars similar to it emit...
		Satellite television -- Satellite television is television delivered by way of communications satellites, as compared to conventional terrestrial television and cable...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/1999/10/991018080035.htm (1841 words)

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