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Topic: Minidoka War Relocation Center

	Friends of Minidoka - WWII Internment -
		The Minidoka Relocation Center was on 33,000 acres of unused federal land in Jerome County, in south-central Idaho located on the north bank of the North Side Canal providing water diverted from the Snake River to vast irrigation tracts.
		When the first internees arrived at the Minidoka Center August 10, 1942, Morrison-Knudsen had not finished construction of the camp; there was no running water and the sewage system had not been installed.
		Minidoka functioned as a self-sustaining community that had two elementary schools, a high school(that when it opened in November 1942 had an enrollment of 1,225), a library, a 196-bed hospital, fire stations, a warehouse area consisting of 22 buildings, a newspaper, bands, choirs, orchestras and sports teams.
	www.minidoka.org /ww2internment.htm (1298 words)

	Japanese American internment
		The Japanese American Internment refers to the forcible relocation of approximately 112,000 to 120,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans, 62 percent of whom were United States citizens, from the west coast of the United States during World War II to hastily constructed housing facilities called War Relocation Camps in remote portions of the nation's interior.
		Those who believe relocation is a more appropriate term argue that (1) the official designation at the time was relocation center; (2) the camps were not, strictly speaking, prisons; and (3) an estimated 30,000 to 50,000 camp residents did eventually settle outside the exclusion area.
		For example, the Heart Mountain War Relocation Center in northwestern Wyoming was a barbed-wire-surrounded enclave with unpartioned toilets, cots for beds, and a budget of 45 cents daily per capita for food rations.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/j/ja/japanese_american_internment.html (4930 words)

	Minidoka Relocation Center
		The Minidoka Relocation Center, 15 miles north of Twin Falls and 150 miles southeast of Boise, was also referred to as the Hunt Camp.
		Minidoka was considered a model environment because of its relatively peaceful atmosphere and population that got along well with the administration.
		Minidoka was in operation from August 10, 1942 to October 28, 1945.
	www.javadc.org /minidoka_relocation_center.htm (1540 words)

	Educators and Students - Japanese Relocation During World War II
		Relocation centers were situated many miles inland, often in remote and desolate locales.
		As the war drew to a close, the relocation centers were slowly evacuated.
		Newly arrived evacuees from the assembly center at Puyallup, Washington, are registered and assigned barrack apartments at this War Relocation Authority center.
	www.archives.gov /education/lessons/japanese-relocation (1663 words)

	Japanese American Internment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Those who believe relocation is a more appropriate term argue that (1) the official designation at the time was relocation center; (2) the camps were not, strictly speaking, prisons; and (3) an estimated 30,000 to 50,000 camp residents did eventually settle outside the exclusion area.
		Some of those who did report to the civilian assembly centers were not sent to relocation centers, but were released upon condition that they remain outside the prohibited zone until the military orders were modified or lifted.
		Some estimate that by the time the last relocation camps (except Tule Lake) closed on December 1, 1945, the Japanese Americans had lost homes and businesses estimated to be worth, in 1999 values, 4 to 5 billion dollars, and that deleterious effects on Japanese American individuals, their families, and their communities, went beyond monetary damages.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/japanese_american_internment (3505 words)

	idaho mountain express : Camp proves value of history — WWII Japanese Americans detainees return to Minidoka for ...
		Returning to visit a preserved barrack from the World War II Minidoka Relocation Center near Twin Falls last weekend, one thing Hirasawa brought with her was that same doll.
		During World War II Japanese were also trying to "prove up" and show their patriotism and love of America, said Mary Matsuda Gruenewald, 79, who like other internees at Minidoka has struggled with the impact of the legacy on her life.
		At Minidoka, behind what was a guard house, a patch of earth, where an honor roll recognizing Japanese American soldiers who fought in the war once stood, is flanked by the remnants of a garden that was planted in the shape of a V for Victory, it is believed.
	www.mtexpress.com /2004/04-06-30/04-06-30minidoka.htm (1334 words)

	Encyclopedia: War Relocation Authority (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The War Relocation Authority (WRA) was U.S. civilian agency responsible for the relocation and internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.
		The WRA was responsible for 10 relocation centers, most located on the West Coast.
		World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human sacrifice, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weaponsâ€”the atom bomb being the ultimate.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/War-Relocation-Authority (518 words)

	Muller, Free to Die for their Country, excerpt
		Minidoka was one of the ten concentration camps that the federal War Relocation Authority ("WRA") set up in 1942 to house the nearly 120,000 Nikkei—people of Japanese descent—that the government had deported from the west coast on suspicion of disloyalty in the wake of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
		A Minidoka administrator took Harrington aside after his speech and pointed out the lieutenant's errors: the Nisei draftees were Americans, not Japanese; they were leaving the camp to fight for their country, not against it; and the U.S. Army was as much theirs as it was Lieutenant Harrington's.
		The America that entered the Second World War was a nation that had long cherished the image of the patriotic resister: a colonist heaving tea into the waters of Boston Harbor, Patrick Henry rising to demand his freedom or his death, Thomas Jefferson penning the list of the Crown's offenses in the Declaration of Independence.
	www.press.uchicago.edu /Misc/Chicago/548228.html (2701 words)

	Japanese American internment at AllExperts
		Japanese American Internment refers to the forcible relocation of approximately 120,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans, 62 percent of whom were United States citizens, from the West Coast during World War II to hastily constructed housing facilities called "War Relocation Camps" in remote portions of the nation's interior.
		Assembly Centers were temporary facilities that were first setup in fairgrounds and other large public meeting places to assemble and organize evacuated residents before they were transported to Relocation Centers by bus or train.
		Relocation Centers were camps that housed evacuated residents for the duration of the war, or until they decided to relocate other parts of America outside the exclusion zone.
	en.allexperts.com /e/j/ja/japanese_american_internment.htm (6018 words)

	Minidoka Internment NM: Expanded Website
		Minidoka Internment National Monument was established in 2001 as the 385th unit of the National Park System to commemorate the hardships and sacrifices of Japanese Americans interned there during World War II.
		The relocation centers were subject to the same wartime rationing as the rest of the country.
		Minidoka Relocation Center display at the Jerome County Museum and the "restored" barracks building at the Idaho Farm and Ranch Museum (IFARM).
	www.nps.gov /miin/home.htm (1691 words)

	Camp Harmony Exhibit - Minidoka (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		By next year several thousand acres would be under cultivation and producing most of the food needed for the evacuee community and perhaps a surplus for other relocation centers.
		Known as the Minidoka Relocation Center, the Idaho camp has been under construction for some months near Eden, Jerome County, about 15 miles southeast of Twin Falls and 150 miles southeast of Boise.
		New arrivals at the Minidoka War Relocation Authority Project will first register and be assigned to apartments which have been constructed for use as your homes.
	www.lib.washington.edu /exhibits/harmony/exhibit/minidoka.html (1117 words)

	National Park Service: Confinement and Ethnicity (Chapter 9)
		The Minidoka Relocation Center was located in Jerome County, Idaho, 15 miles east of Jerome and 15 miles north of Twin Falls.
		The relocation center was also known as Hunt, after the official Post Office designation for the area, since there was already a town of Minidoka in Idaho, 50 miles east.
		Five miles of barbed wire fencing and eight watch towers surrounded the administrative and residential portions of the relocation center, which was located on 950 acres in the west-central portion of the reserve.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/anthropology74/ce9.htm (317 words)

	Japanese American internment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		According to a 1943 War Relocation Authority report, internees were housed in "tar paper-covered barracks of simple frame construction without plumbing or cooking facilities of any kind." Most camps were built quickly by civilian contractors during the summer of 1942 based on designs for military barracks and were thus poorly equipped for cramped family living.
		For example, the Heart Mountain War Relocation Center in northwestern Wyoming was a barbed-wire-surrounded enclave with unpartioned toilets, cots for beds, and a budget of 45 cents daily per capita for food rations.
		As early as 1939, when war broke out in Europe and while armed conflict began to rage in East Asia, the FBI and branches of the Department of Justice and the armed forces began to collect information and surveillance on influential members of the Japanese community in the United States.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Japanese_American_Internment (2479 words)

	Minidoka Internment NM, ID Minidoka Internment National Mon GMP - Superintendent's Note
		The Minidoka Internment National Monument, in Jerome County, Idaho, is one of the newest additions to the system of parks managed by the National Park Service.
		The purpose of the Minidoka Internment National Monument is to provide opportunities for public education and interpretation about the internment and incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II.
		The Minidoka camp was a densely populated, hastily constructed, large-scale, temporary facility that housed over 13,000 Japanese Americans from its inception to its closing.
	planning.nps.gov /parkweb/purpose.cfm?RecordID=146 (231 words)

	ERBzine 0753: Minidoka C.H.A.S.E.R
		Minidoka is a captivating, humorous, satirical, and highly imaginative fairy story that presages the ERB talent that was to flower ten years later.
		Minidoka County is located in the fertile Snake River Plain of Southern Idaho approximately 160 miles east of Boise, 160 miles northwest of Salt Lake City, Utah and 90 miles west of Pocatello.
		Minidoka Village, established in 1884, was the first permanent settlement and served as a railroad siding.
	www.erbzine.com /mag7/0753.html (1324 words)

	Minidoka War Relocation Center - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Search for Minidoka War Relocation Center in other articles.
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		Look for Minidoka War Relocation Center in the Commons, our repository for free images, music, sound, and video.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Minidoka_War_Relocation_Center (146 words)

	Friends of Minidoka - Minidoka Internment National Monument -
		The Minidoka Relocation Center, also referred to as the Hunt Camp, was authorized in August 1942 and operated by the War Relocation Authority until October 1945.
		The Minidoka Relocation Center had a peak population of approximately 9397 Japanese Americans from Washington State, Oregon and Alaska.
		The Minidoka Internment National Monument encompasses the former entrance area, remnants of a Japanese-style rock garden, portions of the motor pool parking area, features and remnants of the Center's Administrative area, staff housing area, warehouse area, swimming hole, root cellar and beach area along the North Side Canal.
	www.minidoka.org /minm.htm (330 words)

	Japanese American internment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The WRA Relocation Centers were camps that housed persons removed from the exclusion zone after March 1942, or until they were able to relocate elsewhere in America outside the exclusion zone.
		The War Relocation Authority (WRA) was the U.S. civilian agency responsible for the relocation and detention.
		Some estimate that by the time the last of the relocation camps closed on December 1, 1945, Japanese-Americans lost homes and businesses estimated to be worth, in 1999 values, 4 to 5 billion dollars, and that deleterious effects on Japanese-American individuals, their families and their communities went beyond monetary damages.
	www.photonicsindustry.com /search/Japanese_American_internment (7755 words)

	Minidoka
		The baggage of approximately six hundred evacuees from the assembly center at Puyallup, Washington, is taken from the train by truck to their new homes at the Minidoka War Relocation Authority Center.
		Busses, used to transport these people to the Minidoka War Relocation Authority center, are waiting at the siding.
		The center was in operation from August 10, 1942 to October 28, 1945 with a maximum population of over 7,000.
	www.bookmice.net /darkchilde/japan/minidoka.html (737 words)

	The Camps
		Of these 120,313: 54,127 returned to the West Coast after their incarceration; 52,798 relocated to the interior; 4724 moved (or were moved) to Japan; 3121 were sent to INS internment camps; 2355 joined the armed forces; 1862 died during imprisonment; 1322 were sent to institutions; and 4 were classified as "unauthorized departures."
		After the war, 1400 were not allowed to return to their former countries (ie.
		War Relocation Authority Penal Colonies for U.S. citizens.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/8420/camps.html (952 words)

	Moving to Idaho
		The subject of relocating, or relocation can be intimidating to some folks who have to move for one reason or another.
		Coeur d'Alene, with a population of 31,076, is a center for tourism and commerce in the Panhandle.
		In 1992 Idaho was the center of a national controversy when Randy Weaver, a white separatist living in the state, failed to appear in court for a federal weapons trial.
	www.abcmovex.com /states/IDAHO.html (11662 words)

	The Ultimate Japanese American internment - American History Information Guide and Reference
		Also, many other things besides both internment and relocation are involved, among them: individual and group exclusion from "military" zones, deportation, illegal detainment, de-naturalization, alien enemy registration requirements, curfews, travel restrictions, and property confiscation (including seizures, freezing, bond seizure, and restrictions) for those of foreign birth and/or of "enemy" ancestry.
		The fact that this occurred long before the Japanese surrender (see V-J day), while the war was arguably at its most vicious, weighs heavily against the claim that the relocation was an essential security measure.
		According to a 1943 War Relocation Authority report, internees were housed in "tar paper-covered barracks of simple frame construction without plumbing or cooking facilities of any kind." Most camps were built quickly by civilian contractors during the summer of 1942 based on designs for military barracks and were thus poorly equipped for cramped family living.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Japanese_American_Internment (4020 words)

	Internment of Americans of Japanese Ancestry in Oregon, 1942
		As war industries paid premium wages, farm work went begging, and according to Governor Sprague's biographer, it was his secretary George Aiken who suggested using CCC camps to house slave labor for the sugar beet industry when needed, and road work at other times.
		The calligraphy was done in Minidoka and in other centers; the inscription in Japanese on the fan-shaped piece of wood on one of the shelves is 'Patience'.
		Left: One of the last remaining traces of Minidoka concentration camp is the concrete slab for the searchlight, at left, used to control the camp.
	www.corvalliscommunitypages.com /handcraftsallnew14.htm (4974 words)

	Manzanar NHS: Historic Resource Study/Special History Study (Chapter 14)
		While Nisei evacuees in war relocation centers were officially prohibited from serving in the U.S. Army on June 17, 1942, an all-Nisei infantry battalion was activated in Hawaii on June 10.
		By late 1944 the servicemen had been coming and going from the relocation centers for more than a year, returning to the relocation centers on furlough for visits with their families and friends.
		The recurring farewells became an increasingly prominent feature of relocation center life, and to a greater extent than in outside towns of similar size the whole community began to be affected and to give some recognition to the departing young men.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/manz/hrs14a.htm (2236 words)

	Minidoka Internment National Monument - Frequently Asked Questions (U.S. National Park Service) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		After the war, the camp’s buildings were dismantled or relocated.
		Former Minidoka War Relocation Center buildings can be found throughout the Twin Falls area and beyond.
		All war rationing applied to U.S. civilians were also practiced in relocation centers.
	www.nps.gov /miin/faqs.htm (338 words)

	Japanese American internment information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		During the war, an appeal contesting the government's authority to intern people based on their ancestry reached the Supreme Court, but the court upheld the government's right to intern.
		The official apology admitted that the relocation was based on "race prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of political leadership", and beginning in 1990, the government paid reparations to surviving internees.
		Thus, while they were de facto concentration camps and prison camps, calling them relocation centers or internment camps is no longer considered a dilution of their true nature.
	www.search.com /reference/Japanese_American_internment (5729 words)

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