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	Deterrence theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Deterrence theory is a defensive strategy developed after World War II and used throughout the Cold War.
		Deterrence in the Cold War was related to George P. Kennan's ideology of Containment and President Ronald Regan's arms build-up in the 1980's.
		The arms race during deterrence might escalate the risk of accidental deployment possibly leading to war.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Deterrence_theory (401 words)

	Deterrence, Defence and Development
		Deterrence, as rightly said, is "the exploitation of a threat without implementing it, or exploiting the existence of weapons without activating them".
		What is a minimal nuclear deterrence, is a national issue, a function of the political and military judgment, related to adversary's capability.
		Nuclear deterrence alone can not ensure security to Pakistan unless it is backed by an ideological propriety, aggressive diplomacy, and a viable conventional capability enjoying an optimum correlation of forces with India, and adjusted correctly to the required level of operational balance.
	www.defencejournal.com /jul99/deterrence.htm (2115 words)

	Mosquito Deterrent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Isn't deterrence the "primary theory" of all punis The history of public punishment informs us that the proposition that legal threats deter potential offenders and thereby limit crime is an ancient universal belief which is denied by five decades of published empirical evidence.
		The standard general deterrence proposition is founded upon at least five major assumptions,all of them falsified,and it fully satisfies only one of twelve presented objective deterrence criteria.
		It was demonstrated in 1970 that the orthodox deterrence premise is evidentially denied, intellectually bankrupt and scientifically unsustainable.
	www.blownspeakers.com /pages3/58/mosquito-deterrent.html (703 words)

	NATO Research Fellowships 1994-1996
		In the opinion of McNamara, deterrence could have effect, if the Soviet leadership was assured that 25 to 30 per cent of the USSR's population and 50 to 70 per cent of its industrial potential would perish in a US nuclear retaliatory strike.
		But the flews of the minimal deterrence doctrine became apparent to military experts as early as the second half of the 1970s.
		One could conventionally describe the current deterrence model as a sort of "mutual assured engagement", where the make-up and size of nuclear deterrence forces on the both sides was measured up to objective of crippling (actually destroying) the backbone of the enemy's military and military industrial potential with emphasize on the latter.
	www.nato.int /acad/fellow/94-96/sutyagin/03.htm (1315 words)

	Minimal, credible and nuclear from New Delhi Press File - August 23, 1999
		The two cornerstones of the doctrine are the concepts of minimum deterrence and credibility of the deterrence.
		The concept of minimum deterrence has been described as consisting of "sufficient, survivable and operationally prepared nuclear forces, a robust command and control system; effective intelligence and early warning capabilities, comprehensive planning and training for operations and political will to employ nuclear weapons".
		As a minimal posture, if we quantify our nuclear arsenal to be around 150 composed on 60 Agnis (maximum cost Rs 35 crore), 40 to 60 Prithvis and balance number to be air-delivered weapons, then the costs can be easily perceived.
	www.indianembassy.org /press/New_Delhi_Press/August_1999/Minimal_Credible_Nuclear_Aug_23_1999.html (1053 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Morality and Deterrence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		...deterrence policy in the di- rection of controlled, discriminate response, how can they reconcile even an ephemeral toleration of a nuclear-deterrent posture that, if ever translated into a war-fighting reality, would, in their opinion, inevitably escalate to all-out nu- clear war...
		Deterrence as identical with defense, or as a by-product of a realistic defense posture...
		...Criteria for deterrence like the later notion of "unacceptable damage" unfortunately suggest that there is some level of damage-say 20 percent to 25 percent of his population killed -which in an absolute sense is quite acceptable to him and that threatening a higher level of damage than that will invariably deter him...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V76I6P6-1.htm (17037 words)

	Concept & Nature of Conventional & Nuclear Deterrence
		Deterrence is the main component of nuclear strategy because since the development of nuclear capability by more than one state, the object of nuclear strategy has been to prevent the use of this capability.
		Deterrence cannot escape from preparedness for the eventuality of nuclear war.
		A factor to be considered is that for India the context of her nuclear deterrence is multilateral given her perceived Chinese threat and her global ambitions — as witnessed by her creation of a Far Eastern Command based on Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
	www.defencejournal.com /2000/nov/concept.htm (3976 words)

	FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The deterrent function of the exclusionary rule is therefore implicated as much by a revocation proceeding as by a conventional trial, and the exclusionary rule should be applied accordingly.
		Evans, 514 U.S. Only then can the deterrent value of applying the rule to a given class of proceedings be seen to outweigh its price, including "the loss of often probative evidence and all of the secondary costs that flow from the less accurate or more cumbersome adjudication that therefore occurs." INS v.
		United States, 232 U.S. (1914), the deterrent effect of the evidentiary limitation upon prosecution is a baseline for evaluating the degree (or incremental degree) of deterrence that could be expected from extending the exclusionary rule to other sorts of cases, see INS v.
	caselaw.lp.findlaw.com /cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=US&navby=case&vol=000&invol=97-581 (6567 words)

	Commentary Magazine - On Nuclear Morality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		...Nevertheless, whichever side of the intramural debate among deterrence advocates one takes, it seems to me that deterrence wins the debate with its opponents simply because it is a better means of achieving the ultimate moral aim of both sides -survival...
		...The moral anti-nuclear argument is based on the view that deterrence, the central strategic doctrine of the nuclear age, is ethically impermissible...
		...The popularly accepted notion of deterrence (often mistakenly assumed to be the only kind) is "countervalue" retaliation, an attack on industrial and population centers aimed at destroying the society of the aggressor...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V76I4P50-1.htm (3708 words)

	PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly - Spring 1997
		One of the most worrisome proposals--for a minimal US strategic stockpile--could actually interfere with nonproliferation[4] by withdrawing extended deterrence from nuclear-capable allies who might then be motivated to develop their own nuclear deterrents.
		Deterrence of war is one of the benefits of nuclear weapons discussed below; for now it is enough to assert that actions that undermine the credibility of our deterrent may make nuclear war more, rather than less, likely in the long run.
		Further, a minimal stockpile, minimal deterrence, or a doctrine of defensive last resort intended to deter only the use of nuclear weapons is not enough.
	carlisle-www.army.mil /usawc/Parameters/97spring/spulak.htm (4992 words)

	Proliferation Dynamics in Asia: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The simplest nuclear deterrent force is a minimal deterrent used against counter-value targets, such as an adversary’s population centers or industrial bases.
		A different way to define a “minimal deterrent” is to focus on the importance of a survivable second-strike capability that can impose unacceptable damage on an adversary.
		Nuclear sufficiency: the doctrine of minimal deterrence implies a policy of nuclear sufficiency—just enough of a nuclear force to meet the survivable second-strike requirements of minimal deterrence.
	www.isanet.org /archive/saunders.html (7287 words)

	Pugwash Workshop on Nuclear Forces: 9-10 July 1999, Como, Italy
		The minimal deterrence posture of China was emphasized together with the defensive - if not political - nature of its nuclear forces.
		Considered to be a necessary part of British defense strategy, the cost for maintaining this minimal deterrence amounts to three percent of the defense budget.
		Regarding "minimal deterrence," it was noted that enormous damage can be inflicted on a large city with even one nuclear warhead.
	www.pugwash.org /reports/nw/nw5.htm (2557 words)

	TNI Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The third premise is that the concept of nuclear deterrence must be categorically rejected on moral, political, legal and strategic grounds.
		Deterrence theory is a mere article of faith, an unfalsifiable, unverifiable dogma.
		Deterrence is unstable and quickly degenerates into an arms race, which has a profoundly irrational character.
	www.tni.org /archives/bidwai/citizen.htm (2078 words)

	[No title]
		Extended deterrence is a stricter variant of deterrence, which is used when narrow deterrence is insufficient.
		Nonetheless, their use for extended deterrence is hampered by a number of difficulties (penetrating the air defense system to reach the depth of defense).
		This deterrence scenario is supposed to be used against non-democratic regimes with a high threshold of pain.
	www.pircenter.org /board/article.php3?artid=219 (2480 words)

	Deterrence theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Deterrence theory is a strategy put forth during the Cold War that encouraged arms build ups to the point where the powers in question would be too scared to use their weapons.
		Revisiting Nuclear Deterrence Theory (http://www.abolishnukes.com/short_essays/deterrence_theory_whitmore.html) by Donald C. Whitmore - March 1, 1998
		Nuclear Deterrence, Missile Defenses, and Global Instability (http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/2001/04/00_krieger_nuclear-deterrence.htm) by David Krieger, April 2001
	www.sterlingheights.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Deterrence_theory (243 words)

	Getting the Point -- Up to a Point (washingtonpost.com)
		Deterrence is a creature of psychology and is therefore fragile.
		Traditional views of deterrence and the balance of terror are in your view obsolete.
		I think you can take the American public with you into a new doctrinal world based on minimal deterrence and a program of considered, slow and steady research on missile defense.
	www.nci.org /0new/bmd-oped-wp53101.htm (660 words)

	Deterrence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In other words, Pakistan’s security hinges on the overall operational balance achieved through conventional and minimal nuclear deterrence, which is the cheapest option.
		Contrary to the popular belief, our nuclear programme is not all costly, as from 1975 till 1990, the total cost did not exceed $ 250 millions, which is less than the cost of one naval submarine.
		These perceived capabilities of our armed forces, serve as a deterrence, and strikes fear into the hearts and minds of our enemies, thus achieving the ultimate objectives of the Quranic injunctions (Keep busy with your preparations and security).
	www.friends.org.pk /Beg/deterrence.htm (2226 words)

	FORGING A STRATEGY FOR THE ANTI-NUCLEAR MOVEMENT IN INDIA AND PAKISTAN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The first thing to note about the so-called theory of deterrence is that it is scarcely a theory in the scientific sense, but merely a doctrine legitimising the possession of nuclear weapons with the claim that they prevent nuclear war.
		'Moral deterrence' is more consistent with the limited evidence we have and based, moreover, on a more humane conception of human nature which does not have to assume that people would go around committing the most heinous crimes against helpless, innocent persons, were it not for the fear of punishment.
		According to proponents of deterrence, one would expect them to be the most strident in their demand that Japan should have a deterrent to prevent any repetition of the pain and horror they went through and, indeed, are still suffering.
	perso.wanadoo.fr /sacw/saan/RHantinuke.html (4463 words)

	Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis-The Region - A Punishing Debate: Does the Death Penalty Detr Homicide? (June 2002) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		At the heart of his argument was the concept of deterrence, the linchpin of economic theories of crime.
		Execution is a less effective deterrent than life imprisonment, according to Beccaria, because it exacts a lower cost from a lawbreaker.
		One possibility is simply that things have changed—a structural change in deterrence such that executions didn't impact homicide during the time period Katz, Levitt and Shustorovich examined (1950-1990) but did have an effect in the more recent years (1977-1997) that Mocan and Gittings studied.
	www.minneapolisfed.org /pubs/region/02-06/debate.cfm (3183 words)

	TalkLeft: Firing Squads to End in Utah
		Posted by Shawn at February 21, 2004 12:48 PM Public execution amplifies whatever minimal deterrence effect the death penalty has.
		Posted by Shawn at February 21, 2004 08:44 PM I assume your saying that there is zero deterrence effect caused by executions, but that implies there is not a single person who has thought about murdering someone who was deterred by the thought of being executed.
		Deterrence is a poor argument either for or against the death penalty.
	www.talkleft.com /new_archives/005376.html (639 words)

	The News Behind the News
		"Minimal self defense" by Israel has been in place since before 1948 and is now enshrined in the Oslo peace process.
		Minimal self restraint is nothing more or less than Israel's military doctrine: it is called Havlaga, restraint.
		Deterrence is not "excessive" or "too little." The wrong "amount" is what trades the safety of citizens for the freedom of their enemies to kill them.
	www.israeleconomy.org /nbn/nbn201.htm (422 words)

	China
		China's official position on nuclear deterrence, and nuclear weapons generally, is that it stands for total nuclear disarmament and the complete prohibition of nuclear weapons.
		China has also been especially critical of using nuclear deterrence against non-nuclear weapon states, and has repeatedly called on the nuclear weapon states to agree to a legally-binding, multilateral agreement under which they would pledge not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear weapon states (negative security assurances).
		"Limited deterrence" entails the capability to deter conventional, theater, and strategic nuclear war, and to control escalation in the event of a nuclear confrontation.
	www.nti.org /db/china/deterpos.htm (1884 words)

	Nuclear Parity and National Security In New Conditions
		This concept met the interests of nuclear deterrence but, evidently, the decision-making barrier for a total retaliatory strike was quite high, since one could hardly compare the damage from the first strike with the damage inflicted by the second strike.
		The concept of minimal deterrence envisages maintain a nuclear arsenal that would ensure the deterrence of any aggressor by inflicting assured unacceptable damage in a retaliatory strike.
		As we mentioned above, the strategic stability of nuclear deterrence is based on the certainty of each party in the capabilities of its own retaliatory strike and the retaliatory might of the enemy.
	www.armscontrol.ru /start/publications/dkp0731.htm (4120 words)

	53rd Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs: Advancing Human Security: The Role of Technology and Politics
		The Western alliance's concepts of nuclear deterrence and nuclear pre-emption must move away from the traditional notion of 'defending' against threats-such as strategic/tactical nuclear weapons, rogue states or terrorists-towards an emphasis on minimal deterrence-and eventually nuclear abolition.
		Curiously, the NATO allies continue to profess their reliance on the strategy of nuclear deterrence while the US moves toward a pre-emptive 'first-strike' strategy that promises to retaliate with nuclear weapons even in the event of a 'limited' chemical or biological attack.
		Since all the NATO allies depend on a relationship of 'extended deterrence' with the US (even if they profess to be nuclear-weapon free on their own soil), it is incumbent upon each of them to re-examine deterrence strategy with a view to generating a cornucopia of alternative strategies ranging from reassurance to coercion.
	www.pugwash.org /reports/pac/53/simpson.htm (5567 words)

	Italy 301 99 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Lack of deterrent civil damages: There are concerns that Article 2043 of the Italian Civil Code, with respect to how civil damages are measured, may not permit, in software end-user cases, damages which exceed the lost profit to the right holder -- a measure that is inadequate to deter infringers.
		The fines assessed were far too low to act as an effective deterrent, though the constant pressure by the police against the pirates resulting from the publicity generated by the anti-piracy bill and the more aggressive enforcement of the SIAE sticker program has kept the piracy level from rising.
		First, it is often difficult for the copyright owner to publicize information relating to the raid for maximum deterrence, particularly with respect to the location of the raid and the identity of the target.
	www.iipa.com /rbc/1999/rbc_italy_301_99.html (3612 words)

	Converted file jts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Court noted that because the exclusionary rule is only applicable where the deterrence benefits outweigh the substantial costs associated with the rule, it had repeatedly declined to extend the exclusionary rule to proceedings other than criminal trials.
		Therefore, because of the substantial costs and minimal deterrence effect, the Court concluded that the exclusionary rule does not bar the introduction of evidence seized in violation of a parolee’s Fourth Amendment rights at a parole revocation hearing.
		As in Scott, the costs associated with excluding Grubb’s statement are high while the deterrence effect on police misconduct of excluding the statement is minimal given the fact that the statement cannot be admitted against Grubb at a criminal trial on molestation charges.
	www.state.in.us /judiciary/opinions/archive/08210001.jts.html (1707 words)

	'Deterrence will not always work'
		While Pakistani and Indian hawks, who pose as 'strategic analysts' and 'experts', loudly trumpet that deterrence has been proven to work, events since 1998 have completely falsified their predictions.
		They had also predicted smaller expenditures on defence since minimal deterrence had been established.
		But, as we stand on the brink of a war and in the middle of a full-blown arms race, honesty should compel them to eat their words.
	www.flonnet.com /fl1912/19121250.htm (2097 words)

	nuclear (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Their nuclei are alligned in a chain and they excit...
		Minimal deterrence - Minimal deterrence involves the ability to response to a nuclear attack with a minimal nuclear counterstrike.
		Nuclear utilization target selection - Nuclear utilization target selection (NUTS) is a strategy for "winning" a nuclear war by destroying "enough" or all of the opponent's nuclear weapons...
	www.serebella.com /search/topic-nuclear.html (562 words)

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