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Topic: Minimum alveolar concentration

	Large Concentrations of Nitrous Oxide Decrease the Isoflurane Minimum Alveolar Concentration Sparing Effect of ...
		Large Concentrations of Nitrous Oxide Decrease the Isoflurane Minimum Alveolar Concentration Sparing Effect of Morphine in the Rat -- Santos et al.
		MAC at the 0%, 30%, 50%, and 70% N
		Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane with and without nitrous oxide in patients of various ages.
	www.anesthesia-analgesia.org /cgi/content/full/100/2/404 (1898 words)

	Minimum alveolar concentration - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Minimum alveolar concentration or MAC is a concept anaesthetists use to compare the strengths of anaesthetic vapours; in simple terms, it is defined as the minimal concentration of the vapour in the lungs that is needed to prevent physical response to a noxious stimulus in 50% of subjects.
		The MAC is the concentration of the vapour (measured as a percentage at 1 atmosphere, i.e the partial pressure) that prevents the reaction to a standard surgical stimulus (traditionally a set depth and width of skin incisions) in 50% of subjects.
		This measurement is done at steady state (assuming a constant alveolar concentration for 15 minutes), under the assumption that this allows for an equilibration between the gasses in the alveoli, the blood and the brain.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Minimum_alveolar_concentration (242 words)

	Review Of Currently Used Inhalation Anesthetics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The blood/gas coefficient is 2.3 and the MAC in 100 percent oxygen is 0.74 and in 70 percent nitrous oxide 0.29.
		The blood/gas coefficient is 1.4 and the MAC in 100 percent oxygen is 1.15 and in 70 percent nitrous oxide 0.50.
		The blood/gas coefficient is 1.8 and the MAC in 100 percent oxygen is 1.68 and in 70 percent nitrous oxide 0.57.
	www.ispub.com /journals/IJA/Vol3N2/inhal1.htm (3795 words)

	ACVA 1997 Scientific Meeting Abstracts
		MAC was determined to be the ET desflurane concentration midway between that which allowed purposeful movement and that which did not.
		This investigation was undertaken to determine sevoflurane MAC in pregnant ewes and to evaluate the maternal and fetal cardiovascular effects of increasing sevoflurane concentrations.
		Increasing ET sevoflurane concentration decreased median maternal HR from 104 (101-120) at 1.0 MAC to 83 (76-101) beats/minute at 2.0 MAC, median MAP from 96 (87-99) at 1.0 MAC to 60 (47-67) mm Hg at 2.0 MAC, and median UBF from 274 (248-312) at 1.0 MAC to 173 (140-204) ml/minute at 2.0 MAC.
	www.acva.org /professional/abstracts/abstract97.html (9911 words)

	Data Sheet
		In children, surgical levels of anaesthesia may be maintained with concentrations of 5.2 to 10% SUPRANE with or without the concomitant use of nitrous oxide.
		Although concentrations of up to 18% desflurane have been administered for short periods of time, if high concentrations are used with nitrous oxide it is important to ensure that the inspired mixture contains a minimum of 25% oxygen.
		Concentrations of 1 to 4% SUPRANE in nitrous oxide/oxygen have been used in patients with chronic renal or hepatic impairment and during renal transplantation surgery.
	www.medsafe.govt.nz /Profs/datasheet/s/Supraneliq.htm (2215 words)

	University of Iowa Anesthesia Publications
		A focal cryogenic brain lesion does not reduce the minimum alveolar concentration for halothane in rats.
		To determine whether this was true with other anesthetics, the authors determined the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) for halothane in normothermic, normocarbic ventilated Sprague-Dawley rats previously subjected to a freezing injury of the parietal cortex.
		Minimum alveolar concentration was determined using a tail-clamp stimulus, combined with end-tidal anesthetic sampling.
	www.anesth.uiowa.edu /readabstract.asp?PMID=8342800 (260 words)

	Guidelines for Inhalant Anesthesia 1
		The magnitude of metabolism of inhalation anesthetic agents is determined by a variety of factors including the chemical structure of the agent, hepatic enzyme activity, blood concentration of the anesthetic, disease states of the patient, and genetic factors of the patient.
		MAC is defined as the minimum alveolar concentration of an anesthetic, at one atmosphere pressure, that produces immobility in 50% of the subjects exposed to a
		MAC is determined in healthy animals, under laboratory conditions, in the absence of other drugs/circumstances that may modify the requirements for anesthesia.
	vetmed.duhs.duke.edu /guidelines_for_inhalant_anesthesia_1.htm (1691 words)

	Philips, Patient Monitoring - MAC Values
		A MAC value of 1 is defined as the alveolar concentration at which 50% of a patient population does not respond with movement to a noxious stimulus, such as skin incision.
		MAC is a useful indicator of anesthetic potency in one normalized value since the required concentrations of different agents to achieve a MAC value of 1 varies widely.
		Alveolar Anesthetic Concentration, and Minimum Alveolar Anesthetic Concentration- Awake.
	www.medical.philips.com /au/products/patient_monitoring/products/mac_values/index.html (289 words)

	Effect of Epidural Morphine on Minimum Alveolar Concentration of Isoflurane in Humans Kashyap L, Pawar DK, Kaul HL, ...
		The isoflurane concentration was adjusted to maintain a pre-selected end-tidal concentration for 15 minutes before incision in an attempt to reach equilibrium between alveolar gas (end-tidal), arterial blood and brain.
		MAC for humans is defined as the alveolar anaesthetic concentration at which 50% of patients moved in response to a surgical incision.
		MAC of volatile anaesthetic agents is reduced by up to 60% by opioids given as pre-medication or as an intravenous administration prior to the induction of anaesthesia.
	www.jpgmonline.com /article.asp?issn=0022-3859;year=2003;volume=49;issue=3;spage=211;epage=213;aulast=Kashyap (1686 words)

	Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13
		The end tidal halothane concentration [P(E-Hal)] was monitored and 20 seconds of EEG were recorded at 0.8 per cent, 1.0 per cent and 1.2 per cent halothane, equivalent to the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), 1.25 MAC and 1.5 MAC.
		Concentrations of plasma progesterone and estradiol-17 beta in samples obtained from the abdominal portion of the aorta were similar to simultaneously obtained concentration in samples from the jugular vein before and after parturition.
		Anesthesia was induced with IV administration of xylazine and ketamine and maintained with halothane at a constant end-tidal concentration of 1.1 to 1.2% (1.25 to 1.3 minimal alveolar concentration).
	www.nal.usda.gov /awic/pubs/oldbib/qb9513.htm (17371 words)

	MedicineHouse.com
		After 30 minutes of administration, the ratio of alveolar concentrations to the inspired concentration is 0.85 compared with 0.9 for desflurane, 0.99 for nitrous oxide and 0.73 for isoflurane.
		After 5 minutes the ratio of the alveolar concentration relative to the concentration present at the conclusion of administration is 0.16 compared with 0.22 for isoflurane.
		In one study, the dose of submucosally injected epinephrine necessary to produce ventricular cardiac arrhythmias in 50% of patients anesthetized with a 1.3 MAC concentration of sevoflurane was 8.57 mcg/kg compared with 5.17 mcg/kg for enflurane and 9.81 mcg/kg for isoflurane.
	www.medicinehouse.com /cgi-bin/drug1.php?drug=sevoflurane (1122 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Permissible Exposure Levels for Selected Military Fuel Vapors (1996)
		MAC, expressed as percent of air in the alveolus, is the concentration necessary to produce anesthesia for the components of the vapor and their blood/air partition coefficients.
		In addition to knowing the concentration of vapor necessary to produce anesthesia, it is important to factor in the partition coefficient because it is directly related to the time necessary to establish anesthesia.
		The TWA exposure concentrations from one-time measurements of workers in different job categories were calculated to be 420 mg/m3 for component testers, 130 mg/m3 for engine testers, and 190-250 mg/m3 for mechanics.
	www.nap.edu /books/NI000048/html/56.html (3825 words)

	Minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration of fluorinated alkanols in rats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration of fluorinated alkanols in rats
		Minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration of fluorinated alkanols in rats: relevance to theories of narcosis.
		The Meyer-Overton hypothesis predicts that the potency of conventional inhaled anesthetics correlates inversely with lipophilicity: minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC) x the olive oil/gas partition coefficient equals a constant of approximately 1.82 +/- 0.56 atm (mean +/- SD), whereas MAC x the octanol/gas partition coefficient equals a constant of approximately 2.55 +/- 0.65 atm.
	exobiology.arc.nasa.gov /ssx/biomod/papers990823/anesth2.12/anesth2.12.html (271 words)

	Perfusion Line - Perfusion News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in a rat model of CPB.
		The MAC in the Sham group was unchanged (p = 0.5852, compared with baseline).
		The mechanism behind this reduction in MAC is not clear but may be related to CPB-induced cerebral injury.
	perfline.com /newseng/viewnews.cgi?id=1103052974 (255 words)

	E-Doc INTERACTIVE - General Anaesthesia: Induction and Maintenance
		surgical incision) is the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC).
		a mixture of 0.5 MAC of nitrous oxide (53%) and 0.5 MAC of halothane (0.37%) approximates the degree of central nervous depression of 1.0 MAC of isoflurane (1.2%).
		65% of nitrous oxide decreases the MAC of volatile anaesthetics by approximately 50%.
	www.edoc.co.za /modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=55 (4317 words)

	Age, Minimum Alveolar Anesthetic Concentration, and Minimum Alveolar Anesthetic Concentration-Awake -- Eger 93 (4): 947 ...
		Minimum alveolar concentrations of methoxyflurane, halothane, ether and cyclopropane in man: correlation with theories of anesthesia.
		LeDez KM, Lerman J. The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in preterm neonates.
		Reduction of the MAC of desflurane with fentanyl.
	www.anesthesia-analgesia.org /cgi/content/full/93/4/947 (3036 words)

	WSAVA 2001 - Feline Anesthesia in the New Millennium—SOTAL
		The concentrations required to eliminate a somatic motor response are higher than those necessary to induce unconsciousness and to eliminate perception of pain.
		Higher concentrations are required to suppress the respiratory response than the somatic motor response and autonomic responses, in the form of cardiovascular, sudomotor and metabolic responses, are the most difficult to suppress.
		The beneficial effect of opioids on MAC reduction, or lack of, was studied initially in cats by screening a number of drugs at both high and low doses.
	www.vin.com /VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00010.htm (2040 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		MAC for isoflurane was significantly decreased and the NMDA-induced increase in isoflurane MAC was attenuated in the PSD-95/SAP90 antisense-treated animals.
		The inspired isoflurane concentration was reduced to 2 %, and the animals breathed spontaneously until cannulation of a carotid artery and a jugular vein with PE-50 tubing was accomplished.
		The MAC was considered to be the concentration midway between the highest concentration that permitted movement in response to the stimulus and the lowest concentration that prevented movement.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/87285.011122&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (9429 words)

	Pharmacology
		Anesthetic Partition Minimum Alveolar Coefficient Concentration (MAC) 1.
		The blood:gas partition coefficient is the ratio of anesthetic concentration in blood compared to gas phase.
		The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) is the concentration of anesthetic at 1 atmosphere of pressure that produces immobility in 50% of patients exposed to a noxious stimulus.
	research.med.umkc.edu /pharm/tests/anesth.html (784 words)

	Inhalation Anesthetics - Minimum Alveolar Concentration MAC - - Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Forums
		Anesthetic potency of volatile anesthetics is measured by the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC).
		This value represents the alveolar concentration of an anesthetic (at one atmosphere) that prevents movement in 50 percent of the subjects in response to pain.
		The idea of measuring MAC is that after a short period of equilibration the alveolar concentration of the gas equals the blood concentration and a little later equals the brain concentration.
	www.nurse-anesthesia.org /showthread.php?t=52 (539 words)

	[No title]
		Minimum Alveolar Concentration - the concentration at which 50% of patients will not respond to standard stimulus.
		Alveolar gas concentration; dependent on uptake, ventilation, second gas effect, and concentration effect.
		Higher alveolar blood flow increases uptake, decreasing alveolar concentration and slowing induction.
	medicine.creighton.edu /medschool/2006/Review/Neuro/Inhaled_a.html (323 words)

	TITLE OF THE PAGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		MAC is the minimum alveolar concentration of an inhaled anaesthetic agent which prevents reflex movement in response to surgical incision in 50% of subjects.
		The rate at which MAC is attained may be increased by raising the inspired concentration and by avoidance of airway obstruction.
		Halothane in concentrations upto 4% or sevoflurance 8% provides rapid attainment of the necessary depth, which can be judged from the pattern of respiration with predominance of diaphragmatic breathing (a useful sign in children is the ‘dissociation’ of the thoracic and abdominal excursion).
	www.sunmed.org /conductanas.html (5924 words)

	SAMBA - Educational Content III
		The minimum dose of clonidine required to significantly prolong the duration of analgesia and anesthesia was, respectively, 0.1 and 0.5 microgram/kg.
		The time for recovery from drug effect is dependent on the concentration of the drug required during anesthesia, the concentration of the drug that will allow awakening and full recovery, and the disposition of the drug that allows drug concentration to decrease from that required during anesthesia to that required for awakening.
		The concentration required for anesthesia is dependent on the drug used and the sensitivity of the individual as well as concomitant drugs that are administered during the anesthetic.
	www.sambahq.org /professional-info/ed-4-NEW.html (11307 words)

	Effect of transdermally administered fentanyl on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in cats
		In each MAC study, cats were instrumented to allow collection of arterial blood and measurement of arterial blood pressure.
		After determination of MAC in studies 2 and 3, naloxone was administered as a bolus dose (0.1 mg kg(-1)) followed by an infusion (1 mg kg(-1) hour(-1)) and MAC redetermined.
		Isoflurane MAC determined during administration of fentanyl 25 mug hour(-1) and naloxone (1.44 +/- 0.16%) and fentanyl 50 mug hour(-1) and naloxone (1.51 +/- 0.19%) was not significantly different from baseline MAC (1.51 0.21%).
	repositories.cdlib.org /postprints/287 (417 words)

	Caudal anesthesia reduces the minimum alveolar concentration of enflurane for laryngeal mask airway removal in boys : ...
		Caudal anesthesia reduces the minimum alveolar concentration of enflurane for laryngeal mask airway removal in boys : [L'anesthesie caudale permet de reduire la concentration alveolaire minimale d'enflurane pendant le retrait du masque larynge chez des garcons] -- Xiao et al.
		the enflurane concentration was decreased by 0.1% in the subsequent
		The minimum alveolar concentration of enflurane for laryngeal mask airway extubation in deeply anesthetized children.
	www.cja-jca.org /cgi/content/full/49/2/194 (1851 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Anesthesia Works" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Technically, MAC is the alveolar partial pressure of a gas at which 50 percent of humans will not move to a painful stimulus (e.g.
		Injected liquid anesthetics have a "MAC equivalent" which is the blood concentration of the liquid anesthetic that provides the same effect.
		Using MAC as a guideline, the amount of anesthetic given to a patient depends on that particular patient's needs.
	health.howstuffworks.com /anesthesia2.htm (336 words)

	The Rate Of Decline Of Exhaled Concentrations Of Isoflurane With And Without Nitrous Oxide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This leaves a higher concentration of the second gas in the alveoli, causing a concentration gradient between the alveoli and blood.(3) The higher the gradient, the more quickly the gas crosses into the blood, despite a low solubility.
		The achievement and maintenance of minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) is important for adequate anesthesia levels in the patient undergoing surgery.
		Constant alveolar ventilation was indicated by maintaining the end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) at 35% for all patients.
	www.ispub.com /journals/IJA/Vol3N4/secondgas.htm (2904 words)

	Influence of sepsis on sevoflurane minimum alveolar concentration in a porcine model{{dagger}} -- Allaouchiche et al. ...
		Influence of sepsis on sevoflurane minimum alveolar concentration in a porcine model{{dagger}} -- Allaouchiche et al.
		stimulus, the response and the end-tidal anaesthetic concentrations.
		Minimum alveolar concentration of I-653 and isoflurane in pigs: definition of a supramaximal stimulus.
	bja.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/86/6/832 (1902 words)

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