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Topic: Minimum Viable Population

	tScholars.com \| Minimum Viable Population (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Typically, however, MVP is used to refer solely to a wild population, such as the red wolf.
		As a reference standard, MVP is usually given with a population survival probability of somewhere between ninety and ninety-five percent and calculated for between one hundred and one thousand years into the future.
		Thus the minimum viable population is (somewhat arbitrarily) sixty pandas.
	www.tscholars.com /encyclopedia/Minimum_Viable_Population (442 words)

	BOX 12 - MINIMUM LANDSCAPE REQUIREMENTS FOR VIABLE POPULATIONS
		Population models using realistic species data and a wide range of possible landscape structures have been used to show which kind of landscapes allow the population at least a 95 % chance of still being in existence in 100 years; these are the landscape standards for minimum viable populations (MVP).
		A single patch in the landscape is large enough to sustain a minimum viable population, regardless of the rest of the landscape.
		Because population densities tend to depend on habitat quality and geographical range, landscape standards are first expressed as a minimum population size for the species, and then minimum areas are estimated by dividing these figures by a locally appropriate estimate of density.
	www.nmw.ac.uk /ite/econet/box12.html (288 words)

	Human Overpopulation -- Ehrlich and Daily
		An optimum population size should be small enough to guarantee the minimal physical ingredients of a decent life to everyone (e.g., Ehrlich et al., 1993), even in the face of an inequitable distribution of wealth and resources and the uncertainty regarding rates of longterm, sustainable resource extraction and environmental impacts.
		For example, the population of the United States should be small enough to permit the availability of large tracts of wilderness for hikers and hermits, yet large enough to create vibrant cities that can support complex artistic, educational, and other cultural endeavors that lift the human spirit.
		Suppose population growth halted at 14 billion and everyone were satisfied with a per-capita energy use of 7.5 kilowatts (kW), the average in rich nations and about two thirds of that in the United States in the early 1990s.
	dieoff.org /page99.htm (2657 words)

	Improving Vertebrate Modeling in Gap Analyses
		Population Viability Analyses and Risk- For selected species at risk of extinction or local extirpation, where demographic parameters are available from previous studies, it is possible to incorporate population viability analyses (PVA) as part of the Gap Analysis process.
		Population viability analyses are particularly relevant to populations in fragmented habitat, where loss of functional connectivity may have serious consequences for population viability.
		Characterizing minimum critical areas in patch networks, functional connectivity across habitat patches, and metapopulation dynamics for key species will allow the identification of landscape patches key to the viability of target species, and thus the patches most critical for the conservation of viable populations.
	www.gap.uidaho.edu /Bulletins/11/Improving_vertebrate_Modeling.htm (1857 words)

	Approaches to Estimate Viable Populations of FKCCS Species of Concern
		By performing population viability analyses for species of concern, it may be possible to identify limiting conditions for these species and, in turn, estimate broader-based environmental thresholds for the ecosystems in which these species dwell.
		Population viability analysis (PVA) addresses the question: what is the likelihood that a given population will go extinct given the environmental conditions individuals may encounter (Shaffer 1981).
		Population viability is a function of initial population size, demography (i.e., age-related survival and reproductive rates), and external events such as natural disasters, disease and predation.
	www.saj.usace.army.mil /projects/pva1strev.htm (2620 words)

	Deer Hunting Levels--Modified Logistic Model
		Build a Stella model incorporating the idea of minimum viable population and verify that the model behaves in the expected way; that populations less than M decrease to oblivion, that populations between M and K increase to the carrying capacity and populations starting at levels greater than K decrease to K over time.
		Parameters used to determine this valve's setting are the instrinsic growth rate (a), the minimum viable population (M), the habitat's carrying capacity (K) and the annual hunt (H(t)).
		The hunting level is determined by a method that uses both the population target and a (delayed) estimate of the true herd population.
	www.stolaf.edu /people/mckelvey/envision.dir/modlog.dir/modlog.html (2030 words)

	Alliance for the Wild Rockies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		At a minimum Ne of 500, Montana?s share of an effective breeding population for longterm demographic and genetic viability should be in the range of 165-250, or approximately 83-125 breeding pairs, compared to the 10-20 breeding pairs the alternatives offer.
		Having a significant number of wolves is essential to retain genetic viability in the face of high mortality due to wolf/livestock interactions and the lack of contiguous habitat.
		The current population is not viable and cannot withstand these natural and human caused stresses, therefore claims of recovery are premature at this time.
	www.wildrockiesalliance.org /issues/wolves/take_action/mtplan_awrcomments.html (2101 words)

	Wisconsin Wolf Management Plan - Management Goal and Criteria for Determining Endangered, Threatened or Delisted Status ...
		We further examined population viability analysis by conducting analysis of the Wisconsin population (Appendix B).
		Population viability analysis provides a useful way of looking at the dynamics of a wildlife population, but needs to be cautiously interpreted and should not be used by itself to set management goals (Bessinger and Westphal 1998, Reed et.
		But at populations of 200 or more animals, risk of extinction or relisting declined drastically, and the risks for 300 to 500 animals were similar and relatively low for most categories.
	www.dnr.state.wi.us /org/land/er/publications/wolfplan/plan4.htm (1261 words)

	Conservation of the Genetic Resources of Fish: Problems and Recommendations
		The establishment of minimum viable population sizes is one of the principal goals of preservation genetics.
		The reason is that the effective population size is not a simple phenomenon and is affected greatly by variation in sex ratio, population size through time, by a non-random distribution of progeny among families, and other aspects of the breeding system.
		If the minimum population size is very small, due either to normal fluctuations or to an environmental changes or catastrophes, it is tantamount to squeezing the genetic variability of the source population through a very narrow channel and eliminating a significant amount of this variability.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/005/AD013E/AD013E04.htm (1949 words)

	Amazon forests
		Habitat fragmentation which may be either a deterministic factor (human population growth and demand) or a stochastic factor (catastrophic floodings or fires) which impact a small population size can be devastating.
		Lesson to be learned is that when a larger population is rapidly reduced in size suffers acute inbreeding occurs and presents a short term threat to survival but for a chronically small population population fluctuations up and down don't have the same consequences.
		This argues that the MVP must be decided on a case-by-case, species-by-species basis —The real concern is the possible interaction of destructive forces which might send a population into a tailspin, an extinction trajectory.
	paws.wcu.edu /dperlmutr/lctonline5-103.html (1992 words)

	Biological Diversity 9
		Population stability is often proceeded by a "crash" since the growing population eventually outstrips its available resources.
		Populations with more individuals aged at or before reproductive age have a pyramid-shaped age structure graph, and can expand rapidly as the young mature and breed.
		The 1987 population was estimated at a puny 5 billion.
	www.estrellamountain.edu /faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookpopecol.html (3271 words)

	Oops! I destroyed the world...again. \| Ask MetaFilter
		I ran across an abstract that is kind enough to mention that the MVP for mammals is estimated to be in the tens of thousands, and may be as high as a million.
		Pitcairn Island: fertility and population growth, 1790-1856 WF Refshauge and RJ Walsh (Annals of Human Biology) 1981:8 303-312 shows how a founding population of 28 people (15 men and 12 women of reproductive age) created a viable population, and reached population growth rates of 3%.
		Population expansion is usually limited by food supply, and for at least 10 to 20 years (and probably more like 50) there will be an enormous supply of canned and other food lying around.
	ask.metafilter.com /mefi/50835 (1597 words)

	Wildlife and Heritage Service: Black Bear Task Force - Recommended Goals and Strategies
		Development of bear population management objectives to meet the CCC are subjective and involve a combination of social, economic, political, and biological perspectives.
		The goal of maintaining or achieving long-term population viability in Maryland should be prioritized even when CCC is exceeded.
		Employ systematic monitoring of the bear population for regional abundances and sex and age composition to evaluate the impacts of a hunting program on the desired population objective i.e.
	www.dnr.state.md.us /wildlife/bbtfgoals.html (1366 words)

	Minimum Viable Populations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Definition: The MVP is the smallest isolated population having a [90% or 95%] chance of surviving for [100, 500, or 1000] years despite the foreseeable effects of demographic, environmental and genetic stochasticity, as well as natural catastrophes.
		The notion of setting a "hard target" for MVP has been viewed as too arbitrary, resulting in a transition to the use of Population Viability Analysis, or PVA, which attempts to identify the risks to small populations and set appropriate population estimates.
		It is an attempt to identify the factors that are important for the survival of a population, and concentrate on those that seem to be most critical to the population in question.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~dallan/nre220/outline13.htm (466 words)

	BIOLOGY 102 Lecture Notes. Population Dynamics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The field of ecology can viewed through several hierarchical "levels of organization." Populations can be defined as the collection of all the individuals of a given species that live together in a particular habitat.
		Population regulation may be almost entirely due to physical factors in some populations, biological interactions in others.
		The problem is that overexploitation may reduce the population below a minimum viable population (which may be close to the maximum sustainable yield) and the population cannnot recover.
	www.sp.uconn.edu /~bi102vc/102su00offline/populations.html (1053 words)

	SingaporeMoms - Parenting Encyclopedia - Minimum Viable Population (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The MVP or Minimum Viable Population is a term used in the branches of Biological Science, Ecology and Conservation_biology.
		The MVP can be calculated using computer simulations known as PVA (Population_viability_analysis), where populations are modelled and future population dynamics are projected.
		The Panda population is now large enough to recover from or buffer the effects of natural catastrophes and other stochastic events, so the population is able to survive more easily.
	www.singaporemoms.com /parenting/Minimum_Viable_Population (401 words)

	Population Viability Analysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In its early life population viability analyses were used in an attempt to identify the smallest population that would have a reasonable chance of survival for a reasonable period of time - the minimum viable population size (
		The idea of ``minimum'' emphasizes the idea that there are certain critical aspects of the interaction of a species with its environment.
		The first is the practical problem that if we identify the minimum size of a population that is sufficient for conservation purposes, that's all were likely to get.
	darwin.eeb.uconn.edu /eeb310/lecture-notes/pva/node2.html (662 words)

	Whale of an issue
		The answer was a concept called the "minimum viable population," or MVP, which often came to 500 animals, says Douglas DeMaster, director of the National Marine Mammal Laboratory in Seattle.
		For example, it was difficult to enter into MVP the probability that a coastline has a 10 percent chance of experiencing a hurricane that could kill off a rare species once in every 100 years.
		If populations were not really immune to extinction, the concept of "minimum viable population" lost meaning, and instead of looking for ironclad guarantees, conservation biologists spoke about probabilities of survival in "population viability analyses" that sounded vaguely like basketball wagers: "The wing-tipped attorneybird has an 80 percent chance of surviving for 500 years."
	whyfiles.org /shorties/whale.html (1015 words)

	Animal Info - Arabian Oryx
		Additional re-introduced populations now occur in Bahrain, Israel and Saudi Arabia, with a total reintroduced population in the wild of approximately 886 in 2003.
		Genetic analyses of the re-introduced Omani population of Arabian oryx in 1995 confirmed that the re-introduced population did not carry all of the genetic variation of the aboriginal population.
		The high rate of intrinsic growth of the Omani population suggested that simultaneous inbreeding and outbreeding were not major threats to population viability.
	www.animalinfo.org /species/artiperi/oryxleuc.htm (1446 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Removal of Potentilla robbinsiana (Robbins' ...
		The new Franconia population was established in 1988 with 61 plants transplanted over 2 years and an additional 108 plants through 1996, the date of the last transplant efforts.
		While the 1991 recovery plan calls for the establishment of four transplant populations, it also recognizes that suitable habitat may be a limiting factor, and requires only two of the four transplant populations to be viable.
		The locations of this population and the two transplant populations have been purposefully kept undisclosed and are presently out of the way of the average hiking public.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-SPECIES/2002/August/Day-27/e21704.htm (7148 words)

	ASSESSMENT OF THE STATUS OF THE COCONUT CRAB BIRGUS LATRO ON NIUE ISLAND WITH RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING AN APPROPRIATE ...
		For example, if a population based primarily on a closed system of recruitment is heavily over-exploited then as the number of sexually mature females is reduced through hunting, then so the total number of larvae release into the ocean by those females will also be reduced.
		As such populations dependent on open system recruitment are less susceptible to, and can sustain higher levels of, exploitation in that depletion of numbers of sexually mature females in the population will have no direct effect on the subsequent magnitude of possible recruitment into that population.
		Hence in terms of a minimum viable population (MVP) (defined here as the size and size frequency distribution of a population which has an acceptable probability of continuation in the long term) coconut crab populations must contain females at least 5 years older than the age at which sexual maturity is attained.
	www.fao.org /docrep/field/003/AC281E/AC281E06.htm (1166 words)

	Viable Populations for Conservation - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		MVP obviously varies with demographic, life history and environmental factors, but also depends upon genetic load and genetic variability.
		Minimum viable population size in the presence of catastrophes Warren J. Ewens, P. Brockwell, J. Gani and S. Resnick; 5.
		Minimum viable populations: coping with uncertainty Mark Shaffer; 6.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521336570 (359 words)

	MANAGEMENT GOAL AND CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING ENDANGERED, THREATENED OR DELISTED STATUS
		Although a population of 100 wolves would be considered a minimum viable population if connected to other populations or a large source population (Fritts and Carbyn 1995, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 1992), others have suggested that over 500 wolves would be necessary to maintain viability in isolated populations (Soulé 1980).
		Because the Wisconsin wolf population could become more isolated in the future, and the WDNR has no control on wolf management in adjacent states, the recommended delisting criteria of 300 wolves is higher than the federal standard.
		Although the federal guidelines would provide minimum levels for a viable population if Wisconsin's population of 100 wolves remain connected to other wolf populations (Fritts and Carbyn 1995; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1992); such a population may not be considered completely viable if it becomes isolated.
	www.timberwolfinformation.org /info/wolfmanplan/manage.htm (656 words)

	2002 Federal Register, 67 FR 54968; Centralized Library: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
		The purpose of this study, in part, was to determine a minimum viable population for the transplant populations centered on the survival of each life stage of the plant at the Monroe Flats population.
		Rather than ensuring additional viable subpopulations within Monroe Flats, the purpose of this task was to expand the population to its historical spatial extent where possible.
		Nevertheless, it is considered to be a reproducing population, with 11 individual plants consisting of 3 adults and 8 juveniles as of 2001, and is being monitored regularly by the Appalachian Mountain Club.
	www.fws.gov /policy/library/02fr54968.html (7152 words)

	Emigh Homepage
		My research involves a study of the use of effective population size and other population size and other population parameters to study the probability of extinction as related to minimum viable population size.
		There is considerable interest in developing criteria for the evaluation of the threat of extinction for endangered species as related to population size.
		Of particular interest is the maintenance of genetic variability in the population as a buffer to environmental change, and to ward off inbreeding depression.
	www.cals.ncsu.edu /genetics/emigh/emigh.html (348 words)

	2001 Federal Register, 66 FR 30860; Centralized Library: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
		Therefore, given that the discovery of additional suitable habitat for the establishment of new transplant attempts is unlikely, recent efforts have focused on ensuring viable populations at the two remaining transplant locations.
		Nevertheless, it is considered to be a reproducing population, with 18 individual plants consisting of 4 adults, 13 juveniles, and 1 seedling, as of 1999.
		Discovery of additional suitable habitat for the establishment of new transplant populations is unlikely, so recent efforts are focusing on maintaining viable populations at the two remaining transplant locations.
	www.fws.gov /policy/library/01fr30860.html (5557 words)

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