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Topic: Minimum wage

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Living wage

National Minimum Wage Act

Efficiency wage hypothesis

List of minimum wages in Canada

Wage slave

Wage rate

Wage Regulation

Monopsony

Price floor

Wage slave

Wage

	U.S. Minimum Wage History
		The minimum wage increases in three $0.70 increments--to $5.85 in 2007, $6.55 in mid 2008, and to $7.25 in mid 2009.
		Minimum wages have never been sufficient to raise a family out of poverty, if only one member of the family works.
		The minimum wage has varied from a maximum of 90% of the poverty level in 1968 and has been between 53 and 62% since 1985.
	oregonstate.edu /instruct/anth484/minwage.html (309 words)

	Minimum wage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Minimum wage jobs rarely include health insurance coverage (as noted here and here), although that is changing in some parts of the USA where the cost of living is high, such as California, and at some companies.
		A minimum wage is usually different from the lowest wage determined by the forces of supply and demand in a free market, and therefore acts as a price floor, but it's not necessarily a living wage.
		Minimum wage laws have been shown to cause large amounts of unemployment, especially among low-income, unskilled, fl, and teenaged populations, as well as cause a host of other mal-effects, such as higher turnover, less training, and fewer fringe-benefits.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Minimum_wage (4010 words)

	DOL WHD: Minimum Wage Laws in the States
		Minimum wage rate and overtime provisions applicable to retail and service, commercial support service, food and beverage, and health and medical industries.
		Minimum wage is to be increased or decreased by a cost of living factor starting January 1, 2008 and every January 1 thereafter.
		Minimum wage is subject to a cost of living adjustment done by September 30 of each year and effective on January 1 of the following year.
	www.dol.gov /esa/minwage/america.htm (1723 words)

	U.S. Department of Labor - Find It By Topic - Wages - Minimum Wage
		The federal minimum wage for covered nonexempt employees is $5.85 per hour effective July 24, 2007.
		In cases where an employee is subject to both the state and federal minimum wage laws, the employee is entitled to the higher of the two minimum wages.
		A minimum wage of not less than $4.25 may be paid to employees under age 20 for their first 90 consecutive calendar days of employment, as long as their employment does not displace other workers.
	www.dol.gov /dol/topic/wages/minimumwage.htm (299 words)

	Minimum Wage - House Research
		According to state law, the state minimum wage is $5.15 per hour for employers who do at least $500,000 of business per year, and $4.90 per hour for employers who do less than $500,000 of business per year.
		The federal minimum wage is $5.15 per hour, with a provision for a "training wage" of $4.25 per hour for employees under age 20 for their first 90 days of work.
		Because the federal minimum wage is currently $5.15 for employers of all sizes, the only employees who would have the current state small-employer minimum wage of $4.90 as their lowest permissible wage are those employees who work for small employers and are covered by state law but not federal law.
	www.house.leg.state.mn.us /hrd/issinfo/minwage.htm (836 words)

	Minimum Wage -- It Just Doesn't Add Up
		The federal minimum wage, first enacted in 1938, was meant to put a firm floor under workers and their families, strengthen the depressed economy by increasing consumer purchasing power, create new jobs to meet rising demand and stop a "race to the bottom" of employers moving to cheaper labor states.
		The minimum wage would be $13.02 if had kept pace with domestic profits and $20.46 if it had risen with retail profits.
		After the last minimum wage increases in 1996-97, the economy boomed with extraordinarily high growth, low inflation, low unemployment and declining poverty rates--until the Federal Reserve purposefully slowed economic growth by raising interest rates, a mistaken course it has since reversed.
	www.commondreams.org /views01/0829-08.htm (900 words)

	Minimum Wages, by Linda Gorman: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and Liberty
		Minimum wage legislation in the United States has increased the federal minimum wage from $.25 per hour in 1938 to $5.15 in 2001, and expanded its coverage from 43.4 percent of all private, nonsupervisory, nonagricultural workers in 1938 to over 87 percent by 1990.
		In reality, minimum wage laws place additional obstacles in the path of the most unskilled workers who are struggling to reach the lowest rungs of the economic ladder.
		As minimum wage legislation expands to cover more occupations, however, the shrinking uncovered sector may not be able to absorb all of the people thrown out of work, and unemployment may increase.
	www.econlib.org /library/Enc/MinimumWages.html (2206 words)

	AWI - Resources - Minimum Wage
		The minimum wage applies to all employees in the state who are covered by the federal minimum wage.
		The current minimum wage represents a 1.85 percent change in the federal consumer price index for urban wage earners and clerical workers in the South Region for the 12-month period prior to September 1, 2007.
		The direct wage is calculated as equal to the minimum wage ($6.79) minus the 2003 tip credit ($3.02), or a direct hourly wage of $3.77 as of January 1, 2008.
	www.floridajobs.org /resources/fl_min_wage.html (487 words)

	Minimum Wage
		Minimum wage workers, who have gone more than a decade without a raise, saw the first of a three-step minimum wage increase go into effect on July 24.
		The effort to raise the federal minimum wage took many twists and turns before the bill was enacted.
		Finally, three weeks later, Congress passed the minimum wage increase (along with $4.8 billion in tax breaks) within an Iraq funding bill that the president was willing to sign.
	www.aflcio.org /issues/jobseconomy/livingwages/index.cfm (531 words)

	FRBSF: Economic Letter - The Minimum Wage (10/11/96)
		A key difficulty in devising a "quasi-experiment" to assess the effect of the minimum wage on employment is finding a control group that is relatively unaffected by the minimum wage, for which employment growth provides a suitable baseline for comparison.
		Alternatively, CK identify the effect of the 1990-1991 nationwide increase in the minimum wage by comparing its employment impact across states that vary in their share of affected workers, or by comparing the effects of the minimum wage across high-wage and low-wage establishments (which are differentially affected by the minimum wage increase).
		Assuming that the wages of those currently earning less than $4.25 are raised to preserve their relative distance from the minimum and that wages of those currently in the $5.15-$6.00 range also increase somewhat, this implies an increase in average economy-wide wage earnings of 0.40 percent.
	www.frbsf.org /econrsrch/wklyltr/el96-29.html (0 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Minimum wage
		The minimum wage is the minimum rate a worker can legally be paid (usually per hour) as opposed to wages that are determined by the forces of supply and demand in a free market.
		The costs and benefits arising from minimum wages are subject to considerable disagreement among economists, though the consensus among economics textbooks is that minimum wage laws should be avoided whenever possible as the costs exceed the benefits.
		The traditional view that minimum wages have significant negative effects on employment is straightforward if one assumes that labor markets for low-skill workers can be characterized as fitting the model of a perfectly competitive market, where the only role of wages is as a cost.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Minimum_wage (2958 words)

	Minimum Wage
		Washington’s minimum wage applies to workers in both agriculture and non-agricultural jobs, although 14- and 15-year-olds may be paid 85% of the minimum wage, or $6.86 an hour.
		Although there are some exemptions, most workers must be paid the minimum wage for all "hours worked" as required by state law.
		The effect of this dual coverage is that the employer must follow the higher standard, meaning the one most beneficial to the employee, when there are differing requirements in the laws.
	www.lni.wa.gov /WorkplaceRights/Wages/Minimum/default.asp (642 words)

	Ontario Minimum Wage Rate \| Increase in Minimum Wage
		Most employees are eligible for minimum wage, whether they are full-time, part-time, casual employees, or are paid an hourly rate, commission, piece rate, flat rate or salary.
		They get a minimum amount for working less than five consecutive hours in a day, and a different amount for working five hours or more in a day--whether or not the hours are consecutive.
		To ensure an employee is receiving the minimum wage, the total amount the employee earned in regular wages over a work week is divided by the number of hours the employee worked in that week.
	www.aurorainternational.net /Ontario_Minimum_Wage_Rate.htm (0 words)

	Employment Standards Fact Sheet - Minimum Wage \| Ontario Ministry of Labour
		To ensure an employee is receiving the minimum wage, the total amount the employee earned in regular wages over a work week is divided by the number of hours the employee worked in that week.
		In this case, the wages-after wages have been deemed paid for the provision of room and board but before any deductions are made-must be equal to or greater than the minimum wage less the maximum amounts set out above that can be deemed as wages for room and board.
		Beginning February 1, 2005, if the minimum wage rate changes during a pay period, the pay period will be treated as if it were two separate pay periods and the employee will be entitled to at least the minimum wage that applies in each of those periods.
	www.labour.gov.on.ca /english/es/factsheets/fs_wage.html (1371 words)

	The Minimum Wage: Washingtons Perennial Myth
		Members of Congress who support an increase in the minimum wage have all but monopolized the ethical high ground, using an appeal to simple economic justice as the single important justification for their position.
		A 1983 survey, "Time-Series Evidence of the Effect of the Minimum Wage on Youth Employment," found that studies conducted between 1973 and 1983 generally agreed that a 10 percent increase in the minimum wage would result in a 1 to 3 percent reduction in teenage employment.
		He predicts that a $1 increase in the minimum wage would eliminate very few jobs, and his "hunch is that a wage hike would provide a mild stimulus" to economic growth.
	www.cato.org /pubs/pas/pa106.html (0 words)

	Minimum Wage Escalation
		The presently proposed minimum wage legislation raises two major sets of issues: (1) the question of the real effects of minimum wages, as such, and (2) the effect of the new principle of automatically escalating minimum wage levels, tied to earnings elsewhere in the economy.
		The economic analysis which concludes that minimum wages increase the unemployment of low-wage workers rests essentially on the belief that labor is no exception to the general rule that less is demanded at a higher price than at a lower price.
		If higher wage rates lead to the substitution of capital for labor, then by definition there will be more output per unit of labor; but it is mere word play to call this more “efficiency” if the product now costs more to produce and society has to support unemployed workers as well.
	www.amatecon.com /etext/mwe/mwe.html (2647 words)

	Nine Years of Neglect: Federal Minimum Wage Remains Unchanged for Ninth Straight Year, Falls to Lowest Level in More ...
		Then from January 1981 to April 1990 the value of the minimum wage was frozen at $3.35 an hour, the longest period without an adjustment in the wage floor.
		One standard for assessing the value of the minimum wage is to track its buying power; that is, to adjust its value to take into account changes in the cost of living.
		The table indicates that the minimum wage was also 31 percent of the average private nonsupervisory wage in 1949, apparently the same as currently.
	www.cbpp.org /8-31-06mw.htm (1504 words)

	The Minimum Wage
		As the main objective of minimum wage regulation was the elimination of ‘sweating’, that is the payment of exceptionally low wages, its application was usually restricted to a limited number of particularly low-paying sectors or to selected categories of workers, such as home-workers, women, children and indigenous workers judged to be particularly vulnerable.
		In spite of impressive development of the minimum wage system in many countries, however, it should be noted that as with industrial relations, both the exact nature and the scope of minimum wage protection reflect the particular historical and institutional development of the country concerned.
		Regarding the effect of minimum wage on poverty, ILO analysis found that for a constant level of GDP per capita and average wage in manufacturing, in one locality, a higher minimum wage is associated with a lower national level of poverty.
	www.amrc.org.hk /4207.htm (2276 words)

	Parliamentary Brief--Minimum Wage
		It is, in a sense, a gesture of chivalry.
		This is the context of proposals for a minimum wage for Britain.
		To the extent that the minimum wage reaches an appreciable fraction of the average wage, it cannot hurt for it to be accompanied by other policy steps that boost employers' willngness to employ workers with relatively low skills.
	www.j-bradford-delong.net /OpEd/minimum_wage.html (1963 words)

	Project 21 Black Conservative New Visions Editorial: Minimum Wage Increase - Help or Hype?
		Likewise, those earning minimum wage are more likely to live in families with incomes three times the poverty line (teens working their first jobs).
		In fact, the EPI study notes, "70.7 percent of workers living in poor families [already] earn wage rates greater than $7.00 per hour." Real reasons for such poverty include the fact that many of the affected work less than full-time and family sizes are too large for such low hourly wages.
		In the end, over 60 percent of the benefits of a minimum wage increase would go to families with incomes twice the poverty line or more.
	www.nationalcenter.org /P21NVJeffersonWage1004.html (763 words)

	Minimum Wage and Tip Credit
		Many states have supported that principle by enacting minimum wage laws of their own which, in some cases, exceed the federal minimum.
		With 84 percent of the vote, I-518 passed and raised our state minimum wage from $2.30 an hour to $3.85 in 1989 and to $4.25 an hour in 1990.
		The 2002 state minimum wage is $6.90 an hour, and on Jan. 1, 2003, it will rise to $7.01 an hour.
	www.wslc.org /legis/miniwage.htm (728 words)

	Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers: 2004
		It should be noted that some states have minimum wage laws establishing minimum wage standards that exceed the Federal level of $5.15 per hour.
		Bureau of Labor Statistics' data on minimum wage earners are derived from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a nationwide sample survey of households that includes questions enabling the identification of hourly-paid workers and their hourly wage rate.
		The estimates of the numbers of minimum and subminimum wage workers presented in the accompanying tables pertain to workers paid at hourly rates; salaried and other non-hourly workers are excluded.
	www.bls.gov /cps/minwage2004.htm (915 words)

	Minimum Wage Issue Guide
		Figure 2: The minimum wage relative to the average wage, 1950-2006
		The who and why of the minimum wage: Raising the wage floor is an essential part of a strategy to support working families
		Information on state minimum wage levels that are higher than the federal minimum wage.
	www.epinet.org /content.cfm/issueguides_minwage (1060 words)

	Minimum Wage and Fairness [Mackinac Center for Public Policy]
		Minimum wage laws may very well be the most anti-poor laws envisioned by modern government policymakers.
		If a minimum wage is set by government at $5 an hour, but a worker's skills are valued by an employer at $3 an hour, the difference between the two is effectively an hourly bonus that many "mom and pop" shops simply can't afford.
		The result is that the people who are supposed to be helped by minimum wage laws (low-income, law abiding citizens) are instead hurt most by the elimination of the jobs they are talented enough to perform.
	www.mackinac.org /article.asp?ID=674 (0 words)

	TomPaine.com - Minimum Wage War
		The most recent attempts to increase the minimum wage have been either rejected by a majority of Republicans or have been attached to poison pills that Democrats could not in good conscience accept.
		Hoyer said Friday that if the minimum wage had been indexed to the rate of inflation, an estimated 7 million workers, including an estimated 760,000 working mothers, now earning the minimum wage would be receiving $9.05 an hour.
		It is appalling that Republicans would be eager to vote against the minimum wage at the same time that Republicans in the Senate are gearing up for yet another vote on eliminating the estate tax for millionaires.
	www.tompaine.com /articles/2006/06/16/minimum_wage_war.php (579 words)

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