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France. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 The heart of France N of the Loire River is the province of Île-de-France, which occupies the greater part of the Paris basin, a fertile depression drained by the Seine and Marne rivers. In 1328, Philip VI (1328–50), of the house of Valois, a younger branch of the Capetians, succeeded to the throne. France was beset by a host of problems in 1995, including severe floods and terror bombings; the government faced international criticism for its nuclear testing in the South Pacific, which it resumed after a three-year moratorium; and the country was paralyzed late in the year by a long transportation workers strike. www.bartleby.com /65/fr/France.html   (6467 words)

[No title] France Thursday condemned Israeli army strikes on Lebanon as a "disproportionate act of war". The French foreign minister's reaction came after Israeli warplanes struck Beirut international airport and air raids, in which dozens of Lebanese civilians were killed in more than 50 Israeli air strikes across the country on Thursday, according to local police. She restated the EU's condemnation of the seizure of two Israeli soldiers by Hizbullah militants and expressed shock at the deaths of civilians in Israel's strikes in Lebanon. www.ynetnews.com /articles/0,7340,L-3275042,00.html   (562 words)

The World at War - Petain   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07) Born in Cauchy-ó-la-Tour in 1856, Pétain was educated at the Saint-Cyr military academy and the École Supérieure de Guerre (army war college) in Paris. In 1934 he was minister of war, and from 1939 to 1940 he was ambassador to Spain. Following the German invasion of France in 1940, Pétain - then 84 years old - was recalled to active military service as adviser to the minister of war. worldatwar.net /biography/p/petain   (372 words)

France at War - French Strategy and Doctrine: 1914 Composed of the President of the Republic, Premier, Minister of War, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Chief of the General Staff, the Superior Council was not a decision-making body, but the Premier, Joseph Caillaux, made it clear that French forces could not enter Belgium until after the Germans had violated its neutrality. Buoyed by his confidence in the value of the offensive, the vulnerability of the Germans to a two-front war, and the likelihood of the Germans making their main attack through Belgium, he awaited the right moment to unleash his decisive attack. By the end of the Champagne offensive, France had suffered more than 50% of the losses it would incur during the war and was vulnerable to Falkenhayn's 1916 attempt to bleed it white at Verdun. www.worldwar1.com /france/jpff1914.htm   (1909 words)

Hideki Tojo In July 1941 Tojo was appointed by Fumimaro Kondoye as minister of war. However, as the Sino-Japanese War dragged on, the only objectives that bore consideration were: (1) a swift peace between Japan and China; (2) the maintenance of international peace; and (3) the restoration of national power. War was decided upon at the Imperial Conference on December 1, 1941, and the shift to real operations was made at this point. www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /2WWtojo.htm   (1827 words)

CNN.com - France, Russia threaten war veto - Mar. 10, 2003 A war in Iraq would break up the international coalition against terrorism and help those who want to see a clash of civilisations and religions, Chirac said, adding that it could also increase tensions between Jews and Muslims in France. Fedotov said the "unity of position" between France and Russia as well as the "unacceptability of the Anglo-American draft resolution opening the way to the use of force" were confirmed. French Foreign Minister Dominique de Villepin was in Africa Monday on a high-stakes lobbying effort, attempting to persuade three nations on the U.N. Security Council to back the anti-war stance of Paris and Moscow. www.cnn.com /2003/WORLD/europe/03/10/sprj.irq.france.chirac/index.html   (656 words)

Defence minister - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Since the end of World War II, the change was made from war to defence, and also often involved putting the defence minister in charge of both land and sea warfare. Another common reform which occurred at the end of World War II was to place the defence minister in a National Security Council or inner cabinet which allows the head of government to coordinate both military and diplomatic activities. In the United States, the defence minister has been called the Secretary of Defense since 1947, when the once separate Department of War and Department of the Navy were merged (though the Secretary of the Navy exists to this day, it is no longer a Cabinet level position, being subordinate to the Secretary of Defense). en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Minister_of_War   (528 words)

GI -- World War II Commemoration When the outcome of war was regarded to be the judgment of heaven, or the vanquished were regarded as being abandoned by the gods, such doctrines were used as justification for the cruel treatment of the defeated. Although subsequently further refined by various international conventions--for example, the Geneva Prisoner of War Convention of 1929 and the Geneva conventions of 1949--the Hague Regulations of 1907 (as they are called for short) have continued to form the core of the law of war of the 20th century. War crimes can be punished, not only by the organs of the country of which the offender is a citizen--for example, a guard who tortures, or a camp commander who orders the torturing of, prisoners of war will in a civilized country be court-martialed by his own authorities--but also by the enemy. www.grolier.com /wwii/wwii_warcrimes.html   (4032 words)

Wikinfo | Minister   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07) In most Protestant churches, a minister is a member of the ordained clergy who leads a congregation; such a person may also be called a pastor, preacher, or elder. In the Catholic Church minister is not a title used by the ordained clergy nor is it a form of address for them. Senior ministers are members of the cabinet, usually led by a prime minister or president. www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=minister   (253 words)

Miquelon.org Stop the France Bashing   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07) The entry of France into the Thirty Years' War was the point of departure for a Franco-German traditional enmity, which was efficiently fomented during the late 19th century, while the Peace of Westphalia was interpreted as a visible sign of the inner conflicts and the powerlessness of the Reich. The wars had their roots in the Anglo-Dutch commercial rivalry, although the last of the three wars was a wider conflict in which French interests played a primary role. FACTS: The War of the Spanish Succession, also known as Marlborough's Wars, fought in Europe and on the Mediterranean, were the last and the bloodiest of the Wars between England and France under Louis XIV, and the first in which Britain played a major military role in European military affairs. www.miquelon.org /history-wars.html   (5915 words)

INS Scholarship 1998: Henri Clarke, Minister of War, and the Malet Conspiracy Henri Clarke, Minister of War, and the Malet Conspiracy Général Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke, Napoleon's Minister of War, was both a competent administrator and shrewd politician. It is the purpose of this paper to examine Clarke's development of the Ministry of War throughout the period May to December 1812 and to determine how Clarke used the Malet "conspiracy" to augment the function of the Ministry as well as the immediate consequences of his actions. www.napoleon-series.org /ins/scholarship98/c_clarke.html   (5045 words)

First World War.com - Who's Who - Georges Clemenceau Georges Clemenceau (1841-1929) was French prime minister twice, in 1906-09 and from November 1917-20. Having become prime minister for the second time he formed a coalition cabinet, serving as minister of war himself. Clemenceau worked to revive French morale in the country at large, and persuaded the Allies to agree to a unified military command under Ferdinand Foch; he energetically pursued the war until its conclusion in November 1918. www.firstworldwar.com /bio/clemenceau.htm   (417 words)

France pledges to block a UN resolution authorizing war President Jacques Chirac of France pledged Monday to veto a UN resolution authorizing the use of force in Iraq and said he was considering whether to fly to New York to plead the cause of peace personally before the council. Chirac said it might not be necessary to exercise France's veto if a majority on the council voted against the resolution, but he made it clear that France was determined to vote "no" if the resolution did get a majority. In Cameroon, the minister of state in the president's office, Elvis Ngole-Ngole, said that "Cameroon and France are old friends," and analysts said the government would probably follow the French position, if only because its currency is backed by the French Treasury. www.iht.com /articles/2003/03/11/france_ed3__.php   (817 words)

France rejects "war on terror" Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin, speaking in parliament, expressed these views on global terrorism, while President Jacques Chirac backed France's claims to the international front rank with a fresh defense of his country's nuclear arsenal. It is, as France has done for many years, a determined fight based on vigilance at all times and effective cooperation with our partners. Both France and the United States have played down splits opened by the Iraq war, pointing especially to cooperation on attempts by the West to contain Iran's nuclear ambitions. www.jonesreport.com /articles/070906_france_war_on_terror.html   (500 words)

CNN.com - France warns of 'illegitimate' war - Feb. 26, 2003 France has been the highest-profile country in the battle to give United Nations weapons inspectors in Iraq more time and says a proposed second resolution which could be the trigger for war is not yet necessary. Raffarin's remarks come after France, Germany and Russia submitted their own proposal at the U.N. for the step-by-step disarmament of Iraq. Throughout the current crisis over Iraq, France has tried to pressure the United States and its allies to take a softer line, but has not said whether it would be prepared to use its Security Council veto to scupper a second resolution. www.cnn.com /2003/WORLD/meast/02/26/sprj.irq.france.warn   (390 words)

France: History, Geography, Government, and Culture — FactMonster.com France was split into an occupied north and an unoccupied south, Vichy France, which became a totalitarian German puppet state with Pétain as its chief. Frances Foster - Frances Foster actress Born: 6/11/1924 Birthplace: Yonkers, New York An actress with the Negro... Frances Slocum - Frances Slocum Indian captive Born: 3/4/1773 Birthplace: Warwick, R.I. Frances Slocum was the... www.factmonster.com /ipka/A0107517.html   (2030 words)

The World at War - Reynaud   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07) After the war he entered politics and was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1919 as a member of the Radical Party from Vaucluse. In the turbulent years from 1925 to 1933 he served in several different Cabinets as minister of war, minister of public instruction, or minister of public works. When France fell to Germany in June of 1940, Daladier was one of those who sought to escape to French North Africa to set up a government-in-exile, but in Morocco he was arrested on Vichy orders and brought back to France. worldatwar.net /biography/d/daladier/index.html   (379 words)

Shimon Peres - The Eighth Prime Minister In 1969 Peres was appointed Minister of Absorption, and was assigned responsibility for the economic development of Judea and Samaria. Following the 1988 elections, a National Unity Government was re-established, and Peres was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance, posts which he held until the government's dissolution in 1990. In 1994, in recognition of his efforts in the pursuit of peace, Peres was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, along with Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PA Chairman Yasser Arafat. www.pmo.gov.il /PMOEng/History/FormerPrimeMinister/ShimonPeres.htm   (564 words)

Shimon Peres, Israel's eighth Prime Minister, 1923 - During the War of Independence he was responsible for arms purchases and recruitment; in 1948 he became head of the Israel Navy; in 1953 was appointed Director-General of the Ministry of Defense, a position he held until 1959. Elected to the Knesset in 1959, Peres was deputy Minister of Defense, 1959-1965. As Minister of Defense in the mid-1970s, he signed the Interim Agreement with Egypt in 1975, had ministerial responsibility for the Entebbe rescue operation (1976) and opened the Good Fence on Israel's northern border with Lebanon. www.jafi.org.il /education/100/people/bios/peres.html   (576 words)

FRANCE, the US and the Iraq war   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07) France sought to patch up relations after Paris infuriated Washington with its opposition to the Iraq war. However, Chirac stressed that France's support for a US-drafted resolution ending UN sanctions against Iraq did not mean Washington had got all it wanted with the measure. That makes no sense when they are the biggest military power, with France near the same level." Chirac said he was at odds with the US view of the world. www.stanford.edu /group/wais/France/france_theusandtheiraqwar52803.html   (222 words)

Quasi-War With France In an effort to resolve differences with France that had accumulated between the two nations since the Treaty of Alliance of 1778, President John Adams dispatched a commission of three men to meet with French Minister of Foreign Affairs Talleyrand in 1797. The American public was outraged at publication of the dispatches, and Congress enacted a series of measures to raise an army and authorize a Navy Department. Adams nominated a new representative to France despite public and Federalist disappointment that there would be no war, but conceded to Federalist demands and expanded the single nomination into a commission of three. www.state.gov /r/pa/ho/time/nr/16318.htm   (455 words)

Letter Signed ("Alex Berthier") as Minister of War, a certified true copy of a letter written by the prefect of the ... Letter Signed ("Alex Berthier") as Minister of War, a certified true copy of a letter written by the prefect of the Département of the Bouche du Rhône, Charles Delacroix, ordering the payment of 40... Letter Signed ("Alex Berthier") as Minister of War, informing Citizen Carnot, Brigadier General and Director of Fortifications, that he is to return to the the Corps of Engineers at the same rank as... In 1802 France was enjoying a rare, brief period of peace and a prosperity brought about in part by clever economic manipulation on the part of the First Consul. www.maggs.com /title/AU2981.asp   (560 words)

CNN.com - France seeks urgent Iraq rethink - Mar. 15, 2003 French Foreign Minister Dominique de Villepin said on Saturday he believed Washington was now working on the basis that war could start in Iraq in a matter of days, and urged a rapid rethink at U.N. level. "France is prepared to compromise, on the basis of a very tight timetable (for inspections), but not on an ultimatum and not on automatic recourse to force," he said on France 2 television. The statement was issued on the eve of a meeting in the Azores islands in the middle of the Atlantic between U.S President George W. Bush, Spanish Prime Minister Jose Maria Aznar and British Prime Minister Tony Blair. edition.cnn.com /2003/WORLD/europe/03/15/villepin/index.html   (376 words)

USATODAY.com - France announces new government   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07) PARIS (AP) — Foreign Minister Dominique de Villepin, a relentless critic of the U.S. war in Iraq, becomes Interior Ministry under a major French government shake-up announced Wednesday. Culture Minister Jean-Jacques Aillagon, who was unable to stop ongoing strikes by performing artists, was replaced by Renaud Donnedieu de Vabres, spokesman for Chirac's party, the Union for a Popular Movement. In its latest economic outlook, published Wednesday, France's official statistics institute Insee cut its growth forecast for the first and second quarters but said the economy was still on course to expand by 1.7% over the full year. www.usatoday.com /news/world/2004-03-31-france-shuffle_x.htm   (582 words)

German Foreign Minister on Declaration of War with USSR, June 22, 1941 The whole of the evidence proves irrefutably that Soviet Russia was engaged against Germany in the political, military and economic spheres in large-scale subversive activities, acts of sabotage, terror and espionage in preparation for war. In France, Belgium and Holland agitation was directed against the German armies of occupation. In the coming struggle the German people are fully aware that they are called upon not only to defend their native land but to save the entire civilized world from the deadly dangers of bolshevism and clear the way for true social progress in Europe. www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /documents/ussrwar2.htm   (5137 words)

France "shocked and offended" by Sharon comments: defence minister   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07) Defence Minister Michele Alliot-Marie said Friday that France was "shocked and offended" by accusations of anti-semitism against it from Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon. "We have been very surprised and shocked by the Israeli Prime Minister's declarations which seemed to us unjustified, excessive and out of place," she told a news conference as she wound up a visit to the Baltic states in Tallinn. Relations between France and Israel have plummetted in recent days after Sharon called on all French Jews to leave the country immediately to escape "wild" anti-Semitism. www.spacewar.com /2004/040723115541.qfohcpcd.html   (126 words)

Trenches on the Web - Timeline: Jul-1914: The July Crisis Austrian Foreign Minister Count Leopold von Berchtold's initial stance is one of moderation; dismiss Belgrade's minister of police, jail all suspected terrorists, and dissolve extremist groups. Berchtold recommends that Conrad and Minister of War, Baron Alexander von Krobatin, proceed with their vacation plans lest something be suspected. The French Chief of Staff, Joffre, and the French War Minister, Adolphe Messimy, express their hopes through the military attache in St. Petersburg that should war break out, the Russians would immediatly take the offensive in East Prussia. www.worldwar1.com /tlplot.htm   (2611 words)

[No title] Settlements on the Mediterranean coast, notably Marseilles, were established by Greek and Phoenician traders (c.600 BC), and Provence was colonized by Rome in the 2d cent. Turgot's reforms, instituted early in the reign of Louis XVI (1774–92), were cut short in 1776, when he was dismissed. Marshal Pétain became head of the Vichy government (see under Vichy) of unoccupied France (other Vichy leaders were Laval and Darlan), which became a German tool, while Gen. Charles de Gaulle proclaimed, from London, the continued resistance of the Free French. www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/world/countries/france.html?nav=el   (6744 words)

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