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Topic: Ministers of War of Estonia

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	Estonia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Estonia has land borders with its fellow Baltic state Latvia to the south and Russia to the east, and a maritime border with Finland to the north.
		Estonia regained its independence on August 20, 1991, with the Singing Revolution and the collapse of the Soviet Union.
		Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea on the level northwestern part of the rising east European platform between 57.3° and 59.5° N and 21.5° and 28.1° E. Average elevation reaches only 50 m, and the country's highest point is the Suur Munamägi in the southeast (318 m).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Estonia (1404 words)

	Estonia (01/07)
		Estonia has developed into a strong international actor, through its membership in the EU and NATO; it is a capable advocate and promoter of stability and democracy in the former Soviet Union and beyond.
		Estonia is a parliamentary democracy, with a 101-member parliament (the Riigikogu) and a president who is elected indirectly by parliament or, if no candidate wins a two-thirds majority in parliament, by an electoral college composed of members of parliament and of local government representatives.
		The National Defense Council, composed of the Chairman of the Parliament, the Prime Minister, the Chief of the Defense Forces, the Defense Minister, the Minister of Internal Affairs, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and the Chairman of the Parliamentary National Defense Committee, advise the President on national defense matters.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/5377.htm (4625 words)

	History of Estonia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Estonia was caught in a current of national awakening that began sweeping through Europe in the mid-1800s.
		Estonia underwent a number of economic, social, and political reforms necessary to come to terms with its new status as a sovereign state.
		During the August coup in the U.S.S.R., Estonia was able to maintain constant operation and control of its telecommunications facilities, thereby offering the West a clear view into the latest coup developments and serving as a conduit for swift Western support and recognition of Estonia's redeclaration of independence on August 20, 1991.
	www.free-download-soft.com /info/lesbian-hose-lesbian-pantie.html (2729 words)

	Comparative Criminology \| Europe - Estonia
		Many of Estonia’s present police officers are former members of the Soviet "militia" or other law enforcement agencies, and therefore received their training during the Soviet era in a manner appropriate to that society.
		Estonia is trying to adjust the sanctions and their enforcement practice in accordance with accepted European requirements.
		Estonia, which is party to the 1988 UN Drug Convention, and which enacted a strong law on narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances in 1997, likely will face growing difficulties controlling its expanding illegal drug market and trafficking.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /faculty/rwinslow/europe/estonia.html (6669 words)

	The Avalon Project : Convention Between the United States of America and Other Powers, Relating to Prisoners of War; ...
		SECTION I. Prisoners of war shall be evacuated within the shortest possible period after their capture, to spots located in a region far enough from the zone of combat for them to be out of danger.
		Ministers of a religion, prisoners of war, whatever their denomination, shall be allowed to minister fully to members of the same religion.
		Prisoners of war shall have the right to inform the military authorities in whose power they are of their requests with regard to the conditions of captivity to which they are subjected.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/geneva02.htm (8449 words)

	Interwar years concluded
		Mussolini soon discovered that Hitler was in fact preparing for war, but Italy’s army was nowhere near a suitable level for a large military operation, and estimated at least 3 years to develop his army enough.
		Sensing the impending war, they began to build up their military strength, but at that point it was far too late.
		They were also afraid of a two front war because Japan had attacked them earlier that year, and although they were repelled by the leadership of the Red Army’s General Zhukov, they knew they could not fight both Germany and Japan at the same time.
	www.angelfire.com /ct/ww2europe/prewar3.html (2140 words)

	Estonia - Atlapedia Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		It is bound by Latvia to the south, Russia to the east, the Baltic Sea to the west and the Gulf of Finland to the north.
		On Aug. 20, 1991 Estonia declared an end to the transitional period to independence and was officially recognized by the Soviet State Council on Sept. 6, 1991.
		On Sept. 17, 1991 Estonia was admitted to the UN and to the CSCE on Oct. 15, 1991.
	www.atlapedia.com /online/countries/estonia.htm (1494 words)

	Defense Ministers Reject Intervention in Colombia - by Kintto Lucas
		The ministers also called for clear definitions of the tasks and missions to be undertaken by their defense and security forces, and of the mechanisms to reach these goals.
		Argentine Minister José Pampuro said his country would lend all of the political support necessary to keep Colombia's problems from spreading further, because "this is a conflict that will also affect Argentina." Nevertheless, he remained firmly opposed to any form of foreign military intervention.
		Jorge Luis García Carneiro, the Venezuelan minister of defense, was emphatic in stating that his country's army was not prepared "to participate in a war outside its borders." Moreover, Venezuela is currently occupied with "carrying out an important process, forging unity between its armed forces and the people," he added.
	www.antiwar.com /ips/lucas.php?articleid=4020 (935 words)

	The Paradox of Imperialism - Mises Institute
		In wars of armies, the army does the fighting while the citizens who are not members of the army pursue their normal lives.
		The warring state which has formed, equipped, and maintained the army considers looting by the soldiers an offense; they were hired to fight, not to loot on their own.
		The influence of the spirit of nationality, that is of democracy, on war was profound, … [it] emotionalized war and, consequently, brutalized it; ….
	www.mises.org /story/2383 (3745 words)

	History of Estonia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		On the 24th of February, 1989, the blue-fl-white national flag of Estonia was flown from the tower of Pikk Hermann.
		A similar motif was transposed to the coat of arms of the Province of Estonia, which was adopted by Catherine II, Empress of Russia, on the 4th of October, 1788.
		The use of the historic coat of arms as the state coat of arms of the Republic of Estonia was re-adopted on the 7th of August, 1990.
	www.lisest.org /history.htm (2521 words)

	War! War! War! - by Charley Reese
		Wars do not arise spontaneously, nor are they instigated by the soldiers who have to fight them.
		The unjust wars that the United States has been involved in since 1945 are all rationalized as "in defense of freedom." That is a lie used so often that today people say it automatically.
		It is well and proper to remember the war dead, for they all died innocent of the sins of the politicians who put them in harm's way.
	www.antiwar.com /reese/?articleid=2770 (785 words)

	Background Notes: Estonia 09/97
		Estonia's strategic location has precipitated many wars that were fought on its territory between two other rival powers at its expense.
		Estonia's defense system is based upon the Swedish-Finnish concept of a rapid response force composed of a mobilization base and a small group of career professionals.
		Estonia joined the United Nations on September 18, 1991, and is a signatory to a number of UN organizations and other international agreements.
	www.umsl.edu /services/govdocs/backgroundnotes/60.htm (6083 words)

	SparkNotes: The Interwar Years (1919-1938): Eastern Europe During the Inter-War Years (1919-1938)
		The nations of Eastern Europe, which were dominated to a large extent by the major powers before World War I, found themselves in a period of unprecedented self-determination between the wars.
		Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania all struggled with democracy, and became ruled by dictatorships.
		After the disintegration of the Hapsburg Empire, Hungary declared itself independent, and the government came under the control of the liberal National Council, which was overthrown by communist forces in 1919, quickly followed by their ousting and the onset of chaos.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/interwaryears/section5.rhtml (1227 words)

	The President of the Republic of Estonia: Heads of State and Heads of Government of the Republic of Estonia
		By the Resolution of the Council of Elders of the Land Council from 12.11.1918, the membership of the Provisional Government, led by the Prime Minister and the Minister of Internal Affairs Konstantin Päts, was appointed (Riigi Teataja 1918/1919, No. 1).
		The responsibilities of the Elder of State were representing the Republic of Estonia, administration and co-ordination of the activities of the Government of the Republic, chairing the Government meetings; the Elder of State had the right to make inquiries about the activities of the Ministers (Section 62).
		In case both the Prime Minister and his Deputy were incapable of performing the duties of the Prime Minister, they were to be fulfilled by the eldest member of the Government.
	www.president.ee /en/estonia/heads.php (669 words)

	Estonia History \| iExplore.com
		War of the 1550s (Livonia was the area covering modern Latvia and the southern part of Estonia), a period that involved Denmark, Sweden, Poland and Russia in a disputed succession and rival territorial claims, Estonia was taken by the Swedish King Gustavus.
		Estonia was duly acquired by the Russians from Sweden, at the Treaty of Nystadt, in 1721.
		Estonia led the way among the Baltic States, assisted by the collaboration between nationalist groups and the Communist Party, who joined together in a People’s Front (analogous bodies emerged in Latvia and Lithuania) to orchestrate change.
	www.iexplore.com /dmap/Estonia/History (1169 words)

	THE KRONSTADT REBELLION
		People were angry because of declining economic conditions that were worsened by their involvement in World War I. Furthermore many did not understand why they were giving their lives to this war.
		Thousands were losing their lives in a war that the government gave them no moral or economic reason to fight.
		According to the treaty the Bolshevik regime was forced to cede virtually the entirety of its non-Russian territories in Europe: Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland in the north, Ukraine and the provinces of Transcaucasia (Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan) in the south (Keylor, 62).
	www.bu.edu /econ/faculty/kyn/newweb/economic_systems/NatIdentity/FSU/Russia/kronstad.html (1496 words)

	ESTONIA -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		A republic of northern Europe, Estonia borders the Baltic Sea on the west and north.
		Politics in Estonia in 1999 was dominated by parliamentary elections in March and municipal elections in October.
		Prime Minister Mart Siimann's ruling alliance suffered a resounding defeat in the parliamentary elections and was...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9111702 (845 words)

	The History Place - Triumph of Hitler
		Hitler and Nazi Foreign Minister Ribbentrop held several meetings with Poland's Ambassador to Germany, Josef Lipski, and with the Polish Foreign Minister, Józef Beck.
		In May 1939, Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov gave a speech hinting that the Western Allies should get busy and talk to Moscow soon or there might be some kind of agreement forthcoming between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany.
		The two Foreign Ministers, Ribbentrop and Molotov, thus signed the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact in a ceremony at the Kremlin building attended by Stalin himself.
	www.historyplace.com /worldwar2/triumph/tr-pact.htm (2001 words)

	GeographyIQ - World Atlas - Europe - Estonia - Historical Highlights
		Estonian government remained decentralized, with local political and administrative subdivisions emerging only during the first century A.D. By then, Estonia had a population of more than150,000 people and remained the last corner of medieval Europe to be Christianized.
		Northern Estonia submitted to Swedish control in 1561 during the Livonian Wars, and in 1582-83 southern Estonia (Livonia) became part of Poland's Duchy of Courland.
		Supporters of the Congress argued that the inter-war republic continued to exist de jure: Since Estonia was forcibly annexed by the U.S.S.R., only citizens of that republic and their descendants could decide Estonia's future.
	www.geographyiq.com /countries/en/Estonia_history_summary.htm (1982 words)

	Estonia
		The Patriarch, in his response, thanked the Prime Minister for his offer to register the church with the name suggested by the Moscow Patriarchate and also asked that the church be able to include canonical documents with its registration papers.
		The OSCE mission to Estonia, which was established in 1993, closed on December 31 following the OSCE Chairman-in-Office's announcement earlier in the month that Estonia was in full compliance with the recommendations the Chairman-in-Office had issued the previous year for closing the mission.
		While the OSCE and some other international organizations such as the Finnish Helsinki Committee have found the citizenship law to be satisfactory, some officials in the U.N., the Russian Government, and members of the local ethnic Russian community continued to criticize the Citizenship Law as discriminatory, notably for its Estonian language requirements.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/eur/8247.htm (5621 words)

	Female Foreign Ministers
		MINISTERS OF Apart from the women who have been Foreign Ministers a large number of women have been deputy ministers.
		She was married to the former Minister Bo Holmberg, who is Governor of Södermanland, and mother of two sons b.
		She was Mayor of Luxembourg Ville 1982-99, Member of the Bureau of Chamber des Deputées, President of the Parti Democratique 1994-2004, Chairperson of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe in 2002 and from 2004 Member of the European Parliament.
	www.guide2womenleaders.com /foreign_ministers.htm (2560 words)

	World Condemns Iraq War, Fears for Civilian Lives
		Russia and Germany, firmly aligned with Paris in the anti-war camp, denounced the outbreak of war.
		Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder called war a "defeat for politics" and said "a bad decision was taken," but in cautious comments he and top German ministers focused on post-war reconstruction of Iraq rather than heaping blame on Washington.
		Bush's decision to go to war with Iraq found strong backing among several eastern European states, which have been torn between their desire to join with EU neighbors to the west, and to back the US, thereby scoring points with the most influential member of the NATO.
	www.commondreams.org /headlines03/0321-02.htm (1125 words)

	Cold War
		Cold War is the term used to describe the intense rivalry that developed after World War II between groups of Communist and non-Communist nations.
		The struggle was called the Cold War because it did not actually lead to fighting, or "hot" war, on a wide scale.
		The Cold War was characterized by mutual distrust, suspicion, and misunderstandings by both the United States and the Soviet Union, and their allies.
	www.puhsd.k12.ca.us /chana/staffpages/eichman/Adult_School/world/spring/postwwii/2/cold_war.htm (2319 words)

	DefenseLINK News: Nordic, Baltic Ministers Discuss Security Cooperation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		TALLINN, Estonia, June 8, 2002 - Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld met here today with the defense ministers from the Nordic and Baltic nations to discuss security cooperation in the region, the war on terrorism and the Baltic states' NATO aspirations.
		Estonian Minister of Defense Sven Mikser said NATO membership wouldn't just be a boost to his country's security situation.
		From here, Rumsfeld travels to the Persian Gulf to meet with several countries aiding in the war on terrorism and then will visit with the leaders of India and Pakistan to further the Bush administration's efforts to encourage a peaceful solution to the disagreements between the two countries.
	www.defenselink.mil /news/Jun2002/n06082002_200206082.html (517 words)

	WORLD WAR II - up to 1941
		September 30 - Hitler is appeased by British Prime Minister Chamberlain at Munich.
		Under Secretary of the Navy, a new office, is established for the duration of the war.
		September 9 - Germany warns that all ships within war zones are subject to attack, regardless of nationality.
	www.blountweb.com /blountcountymilitary/wars/ww2/timelines/up_to_1941.htm (1904 words)

	Timeline Estonia
		In response Sweden seized the territory of Estonia with the major port of Reval.
		1940 Aug 25, The ‘parliaments’ of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania declared themselves ‘provisional Supreme Soviets’ and adopted new constitutions that were composed according to the example of the constitutions of already existing union republics of the USSR.
		1940 Aug, The Armies of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were reorganized as territorial rifle corps of the Red Army and placed under the control of the political leaders of the Red Army.
	timelines.ws /countries/ESTONIA.HTML (3149 words)

	Estonian Ministry of Defence
		Today is the second day of the informal meeting of EU defence ministers in Wiesbaden, Germany, where the main topics have included planned EU operations in Kosovo and Afghanistan, as well as co-operation with NATO and the UN.
		Estonia’s defence priorities for 2007 were announced today, 28th February, by the Minister of Defence, Mr.
		The Government of the Republic of Estonia authorised on 22 February 2007 the Minister of Defence to sign a contract for the procurement of a very short-range air defence missile system.
	www.mod.gov.ee /index.php?setlang=eng (389 words)

	Russia bristles at NATO expansion as Bush meets new members' heads
		The terse statement was issued hours before Bush was due to welcome in the White House the prime ministers of Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia.
		In a bid to relieve the tensions, NATO Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer was due to visit Moscow on April 7 to 8 for meetings with Russia's foreign and defense ministers, a source in the foreign ministry was quoted as saying by Interfax.
		Russia warned Monday that it may be forced to beef up its own defenses along the Baltic border in a move reminiscent of the Soviet Union's standoff with the US-led alliance.
	www.spacewar.com /2004/040329170941.8e175f08.html (636 words)

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