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	Ministry of War of Japan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ministry of War of Japan (陸軍省 Rikugun shó) was established in the late 19th century, alongside many other Ministries, as part of the creation of the first modern Japanese government.
		The Chief of Press Relations Branch in Ministry of War was Lieutenant-General Masaharu Homma for certain period in wartimes.
		The Ministry was abolished in December of 1945 with the end of the war and the beginning of the American Occupation of Japan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ministry_of_War_of_Japan (473 words)

	The Ministry
		Japan's Ministry of Finance is headquartered in central Tokyo in a gray-tiled, six-story structure with all the architectural elegance of a prison block and the ambience of a Depression-era courthouse.
		By matching the ministry's elite officials with the daughters of politicians and industrialists, the secretariat has the ability to successfully forge feudal-style alliances between the aristocracy of the Okurasho and the political and industrial elites of Japan.
		Japan is an example of the opposite, having denied politicians any role in choosing even the top official of its national ministries, the vice minister of administrative affairs.
	partners.nytimes.com /books/first/h/hartcher-ministry.html (7465 words)

	Japan - Introduction
		Japan is in the unusual position of being a major world economic and political power, with an aggressive military tradition, resisting the development of strong armed forces.
		Japan's national defense policy has been based on maintaining the 1960 Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security with the United States, under which Japan assumed unilateral responsibility for its own internal security and the United States agreed to join in Japan's defense in the event that Japan or its territories were attacked.
		Japan's relationship with China is undermined by frequent visits by high-profile officials to the Yasukuni Shrine.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/japan/intro.htm (943 words)

	Japan Defense Agency / Self-Defense Force
		The law states that ground, maritime, and air forces are to preserve the peace and independence of the nation and to maintain national security by conducting operations on land, at sea, and in the air to defend the nation against direct and indirect aggression.
		To avoid the appearance of a revival of militarism, Japan's leaders emphasized constitutional guarantees of civilian control of the government and armed forces and used nonmilitary terms for the organization and functions of the forces.
		Following the start of war between Japan and the United States, the Ministry of War, the General Staff Headquarters, the Department of Military Education, and the army's Central Government Agency all moved from Miyakezaka to Ichigayadai.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/japan/jda.htm (3361 words)

	Propaganda of Japan and the U.S. During WW II
		World War II was one of the most monumental events in history and certainly one of the most significant events in the 20th century.
		Japan had to positively promote their ideas to the Chinese, Koreans, South and Southeast Asians that a unified Asia, under Japanese leadership, free from the capitalist and economic influence of the West, was inherently and naturally good.
		Japan tried to assimilate and negotiate with China as well, but as they saw that it would be an impossible feat to simply “get rid of” all the Chinese, they acquired their claims in parts taking Manchuria in 1931 and Manchukuo in 1939.
	www.msu.edu /~navarro6/srop.html (7668 words)

	Japan Defense Agency
		Japan is a major world economic and political power, with an aggressive military tradition, resisting the development of strong armed forces.
		Following World War II Japan’s Imperial Army and Navy were dissolved, and the old regime was replaced with a democratic government.
		Having renounced war, the possession of war potential, the right of belligerency, and the possession of nuclear weaponry, Japan held the view that it should possess only the minimum defense necessary to face external threats.
	www.fas.org /irp/world/japan/jda.htm (3282 words)

	World economic contingency plans for war
		The Bank of Japan has called an emergency policy board meeting on Tuesday to discuss the weak economy and the impact of war in Iraq.
		Japan is tightening immigration controls, strengthening steps to prevent aircraft hijackings and raising its guard against the threat of nuclear, biological and chemical attacks.
		European Monetary Affairs Commissioner Pedro Solbes said on March 20 the start of a war in Iraq was the kind of exceptional circumstance that allows EU states leeway on the rules in the Stability and Growth Pact, but urged fiscal discipline.
	www.rediff.com /money/2003/mar/24war2.htm (1327 words)

	Tokyo Lets Loose Lapdogs of War
		Japan may have regained its sovereignty in 1952, but the decision to dispatch Japanese troops to Iraq earlier this month has reminded many of its citizens just how little independence the country really has — and just how much control the United States retains.
		Article 9, a key part of Japan's post-World War II constitution, prohibits Japan from using force in the conduct of its foreign relations.
		Chalmers Johnson is president of the Japan Policy Research Institute and author of "The Sorrows of Empire: Militarism, Secrecy, and the End of the Republic" (Metropolitan Books, 2004).
	www.commondreams.org /views04/0218-08.htm (937 words)

	GI -- World War II Commemoration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		As head of the mobilization section of the war ministry, he played an important role in drafting the first general mobilization plans of the imperial army.
		Committed to the principle that Japan's military strength must be rooted in a developed industrial economy, Tojo urged in the early 1930's the reorganization of the army and, at the same time, the integration of the resources of Manchuria with the economy of Japan.
		He was appointed vice minister of war in May 1938 and director of military aviation in December.
	gi.grolier.com /wwii/wwii_tojo.html (311 words)

	Japan News : Japan gets first defence ministry since Second World War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Tokyo: Japan’s parliament enacted laws yesterday to create a full-fledged defence ministry and to instill patriotism at schools, breaking two taboos lingering since defeat in the Second World War.
		Abe, the first premier to be born after the war, has put a top priority on creating a defense ministry and eventually rewriting the US-imposed 1947 constitution that declared Japan a pacifist country.
		In a groundbreaking move, Japan sent troops on a reconstruction mission to Iraq, the first time since 1945 that it had deployed to a country where fighting was underway.
	www.keralanext.com /news/?id=923058 (585 words)

	Examining the Japanese History Textbook Controversies \| Japan Digest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Ministry offers the textbook companies opportunities to revise their drafts, and copies of the Ministry-approved manuscripts are then available for consideration by the local districts.
		Japan lost the war that is the center of the textbook controversy.
		Second, many Americans see Japan as a harmonious, one-dimensional society; the fact that teachers' brought this textbook controversy—which involved lawsuits supported by tens of thousands of Japanese people—to the attention of their students may help to break down that stereotype.
	www.indiana.edu /~japan/Digests/textbook.html (1790 words)

	Japan's Economy: 21st Century Challenges \| Japan Digest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This power was helpful when Japan was struggling to be competitive with a few countries such as the U.S. Now the Japanese must compete against the U.S., other already successful East Asian countries, and a host of newly emerging economic powerhouses such as the Peoples Republic of China, Thailand, and Vietnam.
		A recent survey of Japan's ten largest companies indicated that every one of these corporations reported significant numbers of workers who were no longer needed, but, were still retained because of "lifetime employment." The range of surplus workers in each company varied from a low of 5.4% to Nissan's whopping 26.7%.
		Japan could afford the luxury of unneeded employees when there was little international competition but, as mentioned earlier, the competitive situation has intensified significantly.
	www.indiana.edu /~japan/digest8.html (1824 words)

	Iraq Deployment Shows the East German Syndrome, by Tim Shorrock
		The best example of Japan's willingness to do the United States' bidding is the Middle East, where the cabinet of Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi agreed last week to deploy 1,000 soldiers from Japan's Self-Defence Forces (SDF) to Iraq at Washington's request.
		Koizumi went on to say that Japan was meeting its responsibility as a longtime US ally, as opposed to a sovereign nation with its own obligations to the world.
		Kanehara described Japan's current policies as a continuation of the national strategy its leaders adopted in 1952 at the height of the Korean War, when Japan agreed to keep US bases on its territory indefinitely.
	www.antiwar.com /ips/shorrock4.html (1114 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The concept of prisoners of war developed as the European state system emerged during the seventeenth century and as the Enlightenment fostered the idea of the dignity of the individual during the eighteenth century.
		Prisoners of War were brought into Slaidburn from a P.O.W. camp at Skipton to be used for working on the farms to replace men who had volunteered or been called up for active service.
		Early in the war these were principally Italians captured during the early stages of the African campaigns to drive the Italians out of their colonies of Tripolitania (modern day Libya) and Abyssinia (modern day Ethiopia).
	www.lycos.com /info/prisoners-of-war--camps.html (633 words)

	OneWorld U.S. Home - Worship of War Dead Rekindles Brutal Memories
		Japan plays a role in international peacekeeping, and currently has troops in Iraq, but its constitution limits its military's powers.
		Hayashi heads the Center on Japan's War Responsibility, one of the country's few research groups that focuses on digging up documents that reveal the actions of the defunct Imperial Army.
		But he says his research often runs into blank walls in Japan and reveals that most of his evidence of Japan's war-time role had been obtained from Britain and the United States where documents were more freely available to individuals.
	us.oneworld.net /article/view/91876/1 (856 words)

	Japan to Upgrade Defense Agency to Ministry
		Japan is preparing to upgrade its defense agency to a full-fledged ministry.
		Japan's Security Council and Cabinet, both led by Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi, on Thursday endorsed legislation to upgrade the Defense Agency to a Cabinet-level ministry.
		Japan's military, officially known as the Self Defense Forces, has been limited to non-combat missions outside the country because of the constitutional ban on the use of force to settle international disputes.
	www.voanews.com /english/2006-06-09-voa4.cfm (421 words)

	HyperWar: IMTFE [Annex A-6/D]
		The Laws and Customs of War are established partly by the practice of civilized nations, and partly by Conventions and Assurances, which are either directly binding upon the parties thereto, or evidence of the established and recognized rules.
		The more complete code of the Laws of War contemplated by the said Convention is contained, in relation to Prisoners of War, in the International Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, done at Geneva, on the 27th July, 1929, (hereinafter called "the Geneva Convention").
		Japan was a party to the said Convention, together with over forty other nations, which thus became part or evidence of the Laws and Customs of War.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/PTO/IMTFE/IMTFE-A6D.html (2230 words)

	Japan's Plans for Museum on World War II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		While everyone approves of a war museum in principle, the project has been delayed and shaken by bitter disputes about what it should exhibit.
		In Japan, as well, the ambitious plans for the history museum are being scaled back.
		Hosoya said he resigned when he concluded that the Government was trying to use the museum to justify Japan's entry into the war.
	www.exploratorium.edu /nagasaki/Library/ArtJapan.html (665 words)

	LancasterOnline.com: Japan to Pay Compensation to War Orphans
		The 65 plaintiffs claimed the government was responsible for their delayed return to Japan and upon their return, had failed to provide adequate support to help them reintegrate into Japanese society.
		Nearly 2,000 "war orphans" have sued the government in lawsuits that are pending at several local courts across Japan.
		The cases have drawn attention to the painful legacy of Japan's conquest and colonization of East Asia in the first half of the 20th century.
	ap.lancasteronline.com /4/japan_war_orphans (384 words)

	First World War.com - Primary Documents - '21 Demands' Made by Japan to China, 18 January 1915
		The two contracting Parties mutually agree that the term of the lease of Port Arthur and Dairen and the term respecting the South Manchuria Railway and the Antung-Mukden Railway shall be extended to a further period of 99 years respectively.
		Although China is fully aware that the unconditional restoration of Kiaochow and Japan's responsibility of indemnification for the unavoidable losses and damages can never be tolerated by Japan, yet she purposely advanced these demands and declared that this reply was final and decisive.
		Since Japan could not tolerate such demands the settlement of the other questions, however compromising it may be, would not be to her interest.
	www.firstworldwar.com /source/21demands.htm (1788 words)

	The Decline of Japan's Space Program
		In 1994, with the successful launch of the H 2 rocket, Japan appeared to be on track to achieving status as a major spacefaring nation.
		Japan’s space program might have remained a small, yet meritorious, science program but for Neil Armstrong's first step on the moon.
		Japan scored it first commercial success in the space industry with the H 2-A. It was to have vindicated Japan’s whole space program, pushing the cutting-edge of Japanese industrial technology into the new millennium.
	www.space.com /news/spaceagencies/japan_space_000627.html (1336 words)

	North Korea says Japanese sanctions would be “declaration of war”
		The outburst came after Japan said it would halt aid shipments to the impoverished Stalinist state in a dispute over the fate of Japanese nationals abducted by North Korean agents during the Cold war.
		However, the North Korean foreign ministry spokesman insisted that the human remains were those of Yokota and said Pyongyang suspected the test results were “cooked up” to serve a political purpose.
		Instead, elements in Japan were trying to revive a long-standing row over the abductions “because they needed a subterfuge to justify Japan’s militarisation, hold in check any improvement in the bilateral relations and step up their political and military interference in regional issues,” he said.
	www.prisonplanet.com /articles/december2004/151204declarationofwar.htm (598 words)

	Asia Times Online :: Japan News - Koizumi's last defiant gesture
		His latest visit immediately drew a barrage of criticism from Japan's Asian neighbors, especially China and South Korea, which are victims of Japan's wartime atrocities and regard the shrine as a symbol of Japan's past militarism.
		As well as the visits, Japan's relations with China and South Korea remain at their lowest points in decades because of rekindled territorial disputes, Tokyo's bid for a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council and the controversy over Japanese school textbooks authored by right-wing scholars.
		Abe said his desire to pay his respects to the war dead had not changed, but he refused to be drawn on his plans.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Japan/HH16Dh01.html (1260 words)

	Webguild Sentinel Ex-Comfort Women
		Japan has ignored the proceedings and U.S. President George W. Bush said last month that he would not support the comfort women's campaign.
		Because it followed strict international norms for such tribunals and had on its bench four highly respected jurists, the tribunal is expected to be influential in other courts, said Ninotchka Rosca, a novelist from the Philippines and media liaison for the tribunal.
		The Women's International War Crimes Tribunal heard the testimony of 35 survivors from China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Malaysia, The Philippines, Taiwan and Timor at the Tokyo hearings, which were held near to the Yasukuni shrine, a monument to Japan's war dead.
	www.webguild.com /sentinel/comfort_women.htm (1628 words)

	Lebanon: Deliberate destruction or "collateral damage"? Israeli attacks on civilian infrastructure - Amnesty ...
		Israeli attacks did not diminish, nor did their pattern appear to change, even when it became clear that the victims of the bombardment were predominantly civilians, which was the case from the first days of the conflict.
		While the use of civilians to shield a combatant from attack is a war crime, under international humanitarian law such use does not release the opposing party from its obligations towards the protection of the civilian population.
		If respect for rules of war is ever to be taken seriously, a proper investigation of their violation by both parties of the recent conflict is imperative.
	web.amnesty.org /library/Index/ENGMDE180072006 (7389 words)

	JURIST - Japan
		[JURIST] Japan's upper house of Parliament on Friday passed two bills lauded by proponents as bolstering national confidence, one elevating the Defense Agency [official website] to its pre-World War II status as a full ministry, and the other mandating....
		The plaintiffs - known as "war orphans" - alleged that....
		Japan court upholds death sentence for chemist in 1995 Tokyo nerve gas attack
	jurist.law.pitt.edu /countries/japan.php (731 words)

	Court Gives Ex-Comfort Women Symbolic Victory
		Though Japan has never apologized for using sex slaves for the Imperial Army, an international court has found the late emperor and generals guilty of crimes against humanity.
		The Women's International War Crimes Tribunal ruled on Tuesday in The Hague that Emperor Showa, his wartime prime minister, General Hideki Tojo, and eight other generals--all 10 of them now dead--were guilty of crimes against humanity during and before World War II.
		Japan only admitted in 1993 that the comfort stations had existed.
	www.womensenews.org /article.cfm/dyn/aid/747 (1751 words)

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