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Topic: Minoan language

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	Minoan civilization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Minoan sacred symbols include the bull and its horns of consecration, the labrys (double-headed axe), the pillar, the serpent, the sun-disk, and the tree.
		The Minoans raised cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, and grew wheat, barley, vetch, chickpeas, cultivated grapes, figs, olives, and grew poppies, for poppyseed and perhaps opium.
		The Minoans domesticated bees, and adopted pomegranates and quinces from the Near East, though not lemons and oranges as is often imagined.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Minoan_Civilization (4822 words)

	Minoan Culture
		As evidence in the art of the period, the Minoans deified the natural world and found in it a logical order that allowed man to live in harmony with the natural environment.
		Through their interaction with other civilizations of the middle east, the Minoans were aware and utilized the art of metalworking Their skillful jewelry creations adorned the collections of noble palace inhabitants and were even exported around the Mediterranean.
		The art of the minoans speak of a society of joyous disposition, in touch with their environment, and in awe of the logical order of the natural world.
	www.ancient-greece.org /culture/minoan-cult.html (529 words)

	Minoan Culture, a Discussion by Frederick John Kluth of Kent, Ohio
		In the Minoan culture it was the priestesses that held sway.
		Minoan civilization is not documented in Greek myth and it is for that reason that the work of Sir Arthur Evans in Crete brought such a surprise.
		The term "Minoan" comes from the semi-legendary king Minos of Knossos, who is said to have built the first Cretan fleet, cleared the seas of pirates, won command of the Aegean, and colonized the Cyclades (the Aegean islands north of Crete), installing his sons to rule over them.
	www.fjkluth.com /minoan.html (10492 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - The Minoan Civilisation of Crete
		However, the Minoans were at the height of their power, so this destruction does not seem to have deterred them.
		The Minoans seem to have worshipped a Mother Goddess, as was common with many religions of the time.
		It appears that they adapted the Linear A alphabet to allow them to write down their own language, and that the language spoken in Crete at least by the rulers and their officials after 1450 BC was Greek, lending further credence to the theory that the island was conquered by the Mycenaeans.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A765146-54 (1841 words)

	chronology of boys' clothing : ancient civilizations -- Minoans
		The Minoan civilization is one of the earliest important civilizations not founded on a river valley.
		The Minoan language was still used at this time and continued to be used for some time.
		Minoan boys until puberty probably did not wear a lot of clothes as it was a warm climate.
	histclo.com /chron/ancient/ac-min.html (1763 words)

	----- MINOAN CIVILIZATION, BRONZE AGE CULTURE IN CRETE, GREECE -----
		Very little was known about Minoan Crete before the great excavations of Greek and foreign archaeologists that began about 1900, and the discovery of the palaces of Knossos and Phaestos, with their astonishing architecture and wonderful finds.
		Their language is not known, for the written texts have not yet been deciphered, but it appears to have belonged to a separate category of the Mediterranean languages.
		The deities were worshipped in sanctuaries in the palaces, houses or countryside, in the peak sanctuaries and in sacred caves.
	www.dilos.com /region/crete/min_cul.html (2904 words)

	ANISTORITON Journal of History, Archaeology, ArtHistory: Internet Messages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The identification of the language spoken by the Minoans from Crete depends to a significant extent on two difficult aspects, the correct decipherment of the script and the correct identification of the words found on Linear A tablets.
		Languages that have the highest rate of cognates are the most closely related and the most recent to diverge from a common origin language, called a proto-language.
		The language of the Linear A tablets appears to be a highly inflected Indo-European tongue closely connected in vocabulary and grammar with the Old Italic group of languages.
	www.anistor.co.hol.gr /english/enback/m034.htm (1013 words)

	ANISTORITON: An Essay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		This connection between female reproductivity and the sun is recognized most clearly in the person of the Minoan Athena herself, who may well be represented by all of these frying pans, in her duties as Kore, mistress of the Underworld, attested as A-ta-no-dju-de-ka on Za Z3, dekan being cognate with Hittite tekan (earth).
		In several Minoan religious inscriptions, Athena appears to be bemoaning her separation from another goddess, Ida. This story lives on in the myths about Demeter and Persephone (also known as Kore).
		The Minoan Athena is referred to in various inscriptions as I-na-ja Pa-qa, meaning strong goddess; inaja is related to Luwian enaja (or Hurrian eni) and paqa is later Greek pege.
	www.anistor.co.hol.gr /english/enback/e023 (2699 words)

	Craig Welch: Phaistos disk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		A resident people from the Caucassus, the Mycenaeans (so named after their chief citidel) speak a language which we later know from their records in Linear B. Linear B itself is an adaptation of an earlier syllabic script in use at the time of the Minoan overlords and found in their cities.
		The Mycenaean language deciphered from Linear B by Michael Ventris and John Chadwick is a Greek dialect with traces of the Aeolic and Arcadian dialects and apparently precedes the traditional arrival of the Dorians.
		The strong argument against a Minoan origin of the disk however is symbol 06 (a6), the female figure whose flounced skirt and bare breast is of Minoan style, but even the smallest and most delicate Minoan seal rings show the female figure with a narrow 'wasp waist'.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~artsfx/notes2.html (1633 words)

	Minoan Religion and the Minotaur, A Question by F. John Kluth of Kent, Ohio
		The goddess is primary in Minoan religion and this primacy was defeated at the time of Theseus by the heirachy of Zeus, yet the goddess came from Crete, not as Aphrodite, Not as Atemis or Hera, but as Athena.
		The bull in the fresco was caonnected to the symbol of the bull for the Minoan religion.
		The Minoans were seen to encourage this sport because the playful attitude of the youth appears to dominate the bull in the same way that the Minoans needed to dominate nature.
	www.fjkluth.com /minos.html (9368 words)

	Minoans: History
		Splendid as they are, with their remarkable architectural logic, their hypnotic art, and the richness of cultural artifacts, they spoke a language we don't understand and they wrote in a script which we can't read.
		The Minoans were, after all, a great mercantile people and they kept profoundly accurate records of their transactions.
		This group persists as an independent group until around 140 BC; their language, Eteo-Cretan, was probably a near relative of the language of the Minoans.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/MINOA/HISTORY.HTM (1517 words)

	Temple of the Sacred Spiral - Cretan Civilization
		I. The Minoan civilization on the island of Crete was the historical predecessor of Greek Mycenean culture.
		Many changes were made in the arrangement of the palaces, and it is to this period that the "throne room" belongs, as does the final form and decoration (with frescoes) of the "Corridor of the Procession", and most of the other surviving frescoes.
		A survey of the representational art which illustrates Minoan religious activities clearly indicates that those figures which are plausibly to be identified as divinities rather than as mortals are overwhelmingly of the female sex.
	www.fortunecity.com /victorian/palette/187/crete.html (13179 words)

	Greek Historical Schema
		Minoan Times: this refers to the time up until about 1450BCE when fire and volcanic eruptions led to the demise of this civilization, which was centered on Crete.
		The Minoan language is not understandable, although we think we know its sounds roughly (from writing called Linear A and Linear B: more on that under "Mycenaeans").
		The Minoans built up a sea empire, or "thalassocracy" with important colonies at Thera, Kythera, Melos, Keos, Aigina, Rhodes, and Miletus (all in the area of the Aegean sea nearest to Crete).
	www.uvm.edu /~jbailly/courses/clas21/notes/histschema.html (638 words)

	Lesson 10 Bibliography:
		the Minoan Language, and the Identity of the Minoans
		Finkelberg, "Anatolian Languages and Indo-European Migrations," CW 91(1997) 3-20.
		Owens, "The Structure of the Minoan Language," JIES 27(1999) 15-55.
	projectsx.dartmouth.edu /classics/history/bronze_age/lessons/bib/10bib.html (8135 words)

	KryssTal : Borrowed Words in English: Minoan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Minoan is the extinct Pre-Hellenic language spoken in
		A short history of the world's most widespread language from its Anglo Saxon origins via Norman and Latin influences to Modern English.
		There are over 100 language families in the world.
	www.krysstal.com /borrow_minoan.html (66 words)

	Alan Petersen: Minoan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Images such as these make it easy to imagine that the Minoans lived a life in harmony with nature and the sea that surrounded them.
		Minoan painting is light and airy like the atmosphere of the palace and the Cretan countryside and the sea
		Because the Minoan written language hasn't yet been deciphered dating of Minoan sites has been done using their pottery which has been found around the Mediterranean at other sites including Egyptian sites.
	www.coco.cc.az.us /apetersen/_ART201/minoan.htm (614 words)

	Art 100 - History & Appreciation of Art Prior to the Renaissance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Little is known of the Minoan religious beliefs because scholars have been unable to decipher much of the Minoan language.
		Minoan language and Linear B predates Greek by 1000 years
		Besides the Minoan-style column, the two lions are placing their paws on a concave Minoan altar.
	mil.ccc.cccd.edu /classes/art100/module4.htm (1257 words)

	Epiphany and Renewal: The Goddess and Her Birds in Minoan Art
		"Iconography is a cultural notation, a language through which the culture codifies its responses to the natural world through a system of associations," Morgan writes in her 1985 article on the subject.
		The half-dozen sherds came from an area within the Minoan city of Paleakastro, in easternmost Crete, that was directly adjacent to the most important known shrine there -- that of the kouros, the young god.
		MacGillivray has postulated that the Minoan horns of consecration may have represented the path of the sun's journey from solstice to solstice, thereby delineating the key agricultural and ritual seasons.
	www.widdershins.org /vol8iss7/05.htm (3658 words)

	KRITI NET - MINOAN CIVILIZATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		It was the crossroads linking three continents, and the racial elements and cultural strands of Asia, Africa and Europe met and mingled here to produce a new way of life, a new philosophy of the world and an exceptionally fine art that still strikes one today with its freshness, charm, variety, and mobility.
		heir language is not known, for the written texts have not yet been deciphered, but it appears to have belonged to a separate category of the Mediterranean languages.
		This is the language that may be read in the Linear B texts deciphered by VENTRIS.
	www.kriti.net /minoan.htm (705 words)

	Bronze and Iron Age Greece
		The problem with understanding the Minoan Civilization is that despite the buildings and artifacts that have been left behind we have no written history or literature of the inhabitants of Crete in the Second Millenium.
		Ventris discovered that the language actually was Greek which proved that at least the later period of Minoan civilization came from the Myceneans.
		If the lack of fortifications around the Minoan cities suggests that their walls were their fleets which ruled the seas, maybe the eruption of Thira which caused great damage to their cities with its tsunami, also destroyed their ships.
	www.ahistoryofgreece.com /bronzeage.htm (2107 words)

	Linear B
		The language represented by this script is called Mycenaean and is thought to be an early form of Greek.
		It is likely that Greek speakers who settled Crete after the disaster adapted the Minoan script (Linear A) to meet the needs of writing their own language.
		This adaptation may also have been done by Minoan scribes who survived the catastrophe, as they sought to adapt to the new Greek-dominated society which came quickly to replace their own.
	www.greek-language.com /historyofgreek/linear_b.html (363 words)

	Linear B Language
		He was also convinced that the language represented by Linear B was not Greek but an unrelated language which he called 'Minoan'.
		Evans also discovered a number of parallels between the Cypriot script, which had been deciphered, and Linear B. This indicated that the language represented by Linear B was an ancient form of Greek, but he wasn't prepared to accept this, being convinced that Linear B was used to write Minoan, a language unrelated to Greek.
		For the next 17 years, Ventris struggled to understand Linear B. At first, he was sceptical that the language of Linear B was Greek, even though many of the deciphered words resembled a form of Ancient Greek.
	www.crystalinks.com /linearb.html (414 words)

	Ancient Road Publications
		Although it was written primarily with a cuneiform alphabetic script a few tablets written in syllabic cuneiform have shed a great deal of light upon the early vocalization of the language.
		Linear B is the name given to the second of two syllabic scripts discovered by Sir Arthur Evans in his excavations on the island of Crete.
		Developed from the earlier script known as Linear A, the language associated with Linear B was identified in the 1950’s as the earliest form of Ancient Greek known.
	home.att.net /~kmpope/AncientRoad-Language2.html (679 words)

	Pelasgian Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Pelasgian language was Western Niger-Congo, a language related to Bantu.
		Plurals are formed by -RE, -RI, -NE, -NI in Minoan as in Western Niger-Congo.
		At least 100 Minoan words can be identified as Niger-Congo.
	home.clear.net.nz /pages/gc_dunn/language.html (211 words)

	Greek - Keyboard Map for Linear B Font
		Linear B evidently represents a borrowing from the Minoan civilization of Crete, which was written in a syllabary called Linear A. The Minoan language is unknown and the Linear A inscriptions untranslated, although there is enough similarity between Linear A and Linear B that some of the syllabic values can be inferred.
		Linear B does not appear until after the collapse of Minoan civilization following the catastrophic eruption of the volcanic island Thera, and it was used primarily for lists of goods.
		It seems most likely that the Greeks borrowed the Minoan syllabary (or it was used by surviving Minoan scribes) for specific uses that were not especially hampered by its unsuitability to the Greek language.
	www.drshirley.org /fonts/LinearB.html (568 words)

	Linear B Deciphered
		Texts in the Minoan (Linear B) script were found years ago on Crete and in Mycenae and in several other places on the Greek mainland.
		Ventris as a boy attended a lecture by Sir Arthur Evans on the Minoan tablets with unread scripts and, like Schliemann who since boyhood was determined to find Troy and the tomb of Agamemnon, was intrigued to decipher the script of which he heard Evans speak.
		Nor did the possibility that the Linear B tablets concealed the Greek language occur to Michael Ventris.” He “guessed that the language was related to Etruscan.
	www.varchive.org /dag/decipher.htm (1179 words)

	Amazon.com: The Decipherment of Linear B (Canto): Books: John Chadwick (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Using language and terminology appropriate for the casual reader, John Chadwick sets out to describe how Michael Ventris deciphered the Linear B tablets that had for years stumped the greatest scholars in the field at that time.
		Evans concluded that the Minoan language was totally different from that of Mycenaen Greek.
		The Minoan script was a case of an unknown script in an unknown language.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0521398304?v=glance (1999 words)

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