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Topic: Minority language

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	THE MON LANGUAGE
		These include reduction and dispersion of minority speakers, suppression of minority languages, their loss of utility, the rise of prestige languages, the role of the media in increasing the utility-gap and that of improved transportation in disturbing the protective isolation of the minority speakers.
		An additional problem faced by minority languages is the understandable reluctance of most national authorities to countenance the development of minority languages in the belief that such a course may be harmful to the homogeneity and integrity of their states or regions.
		The disappearance of minority languages in the face of more dominant or useful languages is a trend in the world which is now fast accelerating in view of the enhanced interaction of peoples brought about by advances in communications and by the globalization process in commerce, in knowledge and ideas.
	mrc-usa.org /mon__language.htm (5909 words)

	Minority language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A minority language is a language spoken by a minority of the population of a country.
		Likewise, some national languages are minority languages, insofar as they are the national language of a stateless nation.
		Minority languages are occasionally marginalised within nations for a number of reasons.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Minority_languages (373 words)

	European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages - Explanatory report (Site not responding. Last check: )
		By definition, regional or minority languages are spoken in the state concerned by a relatively small number of speakers: for the purpose of mutual enrichment in the cultural sphere, the latter may need to be able to rely on the cultural resources available, across frontiers, to other groups speaking the same or a similar language.
		Respect for regional or minority languages and the development of a spirit of tolerance towards them are part of a general concern to develop understanding for a situation of language plurality within a state.
		In certain states, the number of speakers of a regional or minority language might be judged insufficient for the provision of university education in or of that language.
	www.arts.uwaterloo.ca /MINELRES/coe/RML_exr.htm (10723 words)

	The right to education and minority language
		In addition to the human rights aspect of the right of education in a minority language in appropriate circumstances, it is increasingly accepted in treaties and other documents dealing with the rights of minorities that where justified or reasonable, a minority language must be used to some degree as medium of instruction in public schools.
		Members of a minority must be able to learn the official language to a reasonable degree of fluency, since to do otherwise would run the risk of excluding minorities from employment or educational opportunities, as well as isolating them from participation in the wider society.
		This means that public authorities may have to provide a proportionate use of a minority language as medium of instruction in public schools as justified in the circumstances, especially in light of the number of individuals affected and the practicalities of the situation.
	www.eumap.org /journal/features/2004/minority_education/edminlang (2792 words)

	Minority languages -- the best comp.lang.forth message
		The different languages are all holed up in their own caves, and C stumbles into each of them and presents a threat from sheer force of numbers.
		Minority languages all compete with C in their tiny application areas.
		So, if a minority language still exists somewhere, this means that to replace it with C they need to trow away all existing stuff, and that gradual replacement is not possible either.
	www.forth.org.ru /humor/minority.html (930 words)

	Language Minority Voting Rights
		Congress adopted the language minority provisions of the Voting Rights Act in 1975 for a period of ten years, then extended them in 1982 for ten year and in 1992 for fifteen years.
		The language minority provisions are contained in Sections 203 and Section 4(f)(4) of the Voting Rights Act.
		Covered language minorities are limited to American Indians, Asian Americans, Alaskan Natives, and Spanish-heritage citizens - the groups that Congress found to have faced barriers in the political process.
	www.usdoj.gov /crt/voting/sec_203/activ_203.htm (914 words)

	Minority Rights Group International : International statements : Guidelines on the use of Minority Language in the ...
		Minority language broadcasting should not be subject to the imposition of undue or disproportionate requirements for translation, dubbing, post-synchronisation or subtitling.
		States should ensure that the amount of time allocated and the scheduling of minority language broadcasting should reflect the numerical size and concentration of the national minority and be appropriate to their needs and interests.
		To ensure effective equality, minority language broadcasters in numerically smaller communities may require funds or facilities disproportionate to their size as a percentage of available resources.
	www.minorityrights.org /?lid=1207 (3917 words)

	ipedia.com: European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages Article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages is European convention (ETS 148) adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the Council of Europe to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe.
		Languages which are official within regions or provinces or federal units within a State (for example Catalan in Spain) are not classified as official languages of the State and may therefore benefit from the Charter.
		On the other hand, the Republic of Ireland has not been able to sign the Charter on behalf of the Irish language (although a minority language) as it is defined as the first official language of the state.
	www.ipedia.com /european_charter_for_regional_or_minority_languages.html (306 words)

	UMUC-Europe Syllabus
		A "minority language," by definition, might be one spoken by a minority group in a given area.
		We mean, by that term, a language that-considering the world at large-is (1) spoken by a relatively small number of people, and (2) is not the main or official language of a nation state.
		Most languages, however, have not had this opportunity and are still more or less confined within their original, historical boundaries: the Basque language in parts of Spain and France; Gaelic in the British Isles; Navajo in the southwestern United States; Twi in Ghana; Ainu in Japan, and so on.
	www.ed.umuc.edu /syllabi/generic/COMM379B.htm (1286 words)

	Council of Europe - ETS no. 148 - European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
		The adoption of special measures in favour of regional or minority languages aimed at promoting equality between the users of these languages and the rest of the population or which take due account of their specific conditions is not considered to be an act of discrimination against the users of more widely-used languages.
		However, as far as these languages are concerned, the nature and scope of the measures to be taken to give effect to this Charter shall be determined in a flexible manner, bearing in mind the needs and wishes, and respecting the traditions and characteristics, of the groups which use the languages concerned.
		The Parties undertake to ensure that the interests of the users of regional or minority languages are represented or taken into account within such bodies as may be established in accordance with the law with responsibility for guaranteeing the freedom and pluralism of the media.
	conventions.coe.int /treaty/en/Treaties/Html/148.htm (4694 words)

	Section 203 Brochure
		Minority community members and those who work with them can play a significant role in developing and maintaining an effective bilingual election program and need not wait to be contacted by election officials.
		Minority language citizens should promptly respond to requests for advice and feedback from local election officials, who often are faced with severe time constraints.
		An effective minority language program includes plans for addressing problems, such as training for poll officials in how to deal with surprise situations, back-up communication between the polling places and the central election office, and extra material and bilingual personnel to plug gaps.
	www.usdoj.gov /crt/voting/sec_203/203_brochure.htm (1258 words)

	Greece: Minority Languages, Plea For More Recognition
		Among the country's minority cultures with their tongues and dialects other than Greek, only one -- Turkish -- is fully recognized by the Athens government, and then only because the Turks are categorized as a religious minority.
		The other minority languages in Greece are Macedonian, an Albanian Tosk dialect called Arvanitika, and what's called Pomak, a version of Bulgarian used by a Muslim minority.
		He said that the situation regarding the Macedonian minority, for instance, is "terrible." "The situation we found was worse than we were expecting, because specifically in some areas where the Macedonian language is spoken, that language is not allowed at all in public.
	www.historyofmacedonia.org /MacedonianMinorities/RadioFreeEurope.html (813 words)

	Minority Languages in Spain (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Language is also significant as a representation of Spain’s long history of allowing regional autonomy on cultural matters, resulting in a state with very distinct cultural variations from region to region.
		He recognizes that his fellow countrymen’s inability to speak the Basque language is a hindrance to the development and maintenance of their culture, saying, “It is like running a race with one leg not ready to go; you can do it, but certainly not as well”[15].
		Whereas the Basque language had been nearly wiped out during the time of Franco, both because of his policies, and because of its previously denigrated status among Basque society, the Catalan language was largely able to withstand those same policies because it had previously been spoken by such a large proportion of the population.
	www.sit-edu-geneva.ch /minority_languages_in_spain.htm (7996 words)

	Meeting the needs of gifted and talented minority language students: Issues and practices
		Many minority language children have special talents that are valued within their own cultures; unfortunately, these students are often not recognized as gifted and talented.
		Minority language students who are not considered gifted may in fact be very gifted, but are unable to express themselves in English.
		The identification of minority language students can include multiple criteria (with information from as many sources as possible) that are relevant to the needs of the population.
	www.ncela.gwu.edu /pubs/classics/focus/08gifted.htm (4133 words)

	Keeping Minority Languages Alive
		The paper does not deal with native language teaching and learning per se, for that is best done by members of the group who own the language and advocate its maintenance; it focuses instead on the relationship of this instructional component with the entire school and its official and hidden curricula.
		Although minority children are no longer subjected to corporal punishment for using their home language, they are often the target of other, more subtle forms of rejection and ostracism on the part of teachers, administrators, and peers.
		A study of language shift among language-minority children in the United States indicates that the loss of primary languages is a national phenomenon, which can be very costly not only to the families and communities that are directly involved, but to society as a whole (Fillmore, 1991).
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~jar/TIL_1.html (3884 words)

	Producing and Promoting Children's Books in a Minority Language: The Welsh Experience 1950-1998 - 64th IFLA General ...
		This may be a reasonable enough assumption if we accept the definition of a minority language as one where the speakers of that language accept that they receive most of their culture and communications through the medium of the majority language, i.e.
		However, where the minority language community is determined that its speakers can live as much as possible of their lives through the medium of their first language then the minimum output of titles would need to be greater than the figure for majority languages.
		This encouraging upturn in the fortune of the language was confirmed in a survey conducted in 1989-90 (2) which showed that some 29,349 (or 13.67%) of primary school children were fluent Welsh-speakers and a further 28,295 (13.2%) had some degree of knowledge of the language.
	www.ifla.org /IV/ifla64/074-153e.htm (2936 words)

	Clinical Management of Communicatively Handicapped Minority Language Populations
		It is estimated by ASHA that approximately 3.5 million of these speakers have speech, language, or hearing disorders that are unrelated to the use of a minority language.
		Researchers and clinicians are only beginning to amass a knowledge base on the characteristics of normal language development in various minority languages, bilingual language learning, second language acquisition, dominance testing, bilingual assessment and remediation of communication disorders, and the applications of emerging computer technology for use with minority language groups.
		Given that the minority language population is ever increasing, there is an immediate need for professionals to either upgrade their own levels of competence or to employ alternative strategies to address the needs of the communicatively handicapped among the various minority language populations.
	www.asha.org /docs/html/PS1985-00219.html (2766 words)

	NAGC - ED Meeting the Needs of G/T Minority Language Students
		This may be because many researchers in the past did not consider minority language students as gifted, based on the traditional measure of giftedness as a high IQ score.
		If there is a lower-than-expected proportion of minority language students identified as gifted, then the identification and assessment process should be examined to determine why these students have not been identified.
		Since minority language students represent an increasing percentage of the total school population, meeting the educational needs of gifted minority language students is vital.
	www.nagc.org /index.aspx?id=124 (3410 words)

	UNESCO Bangkok: Radio Programme in Ethnic Minority Languages
		In order to target wide audiences of ethnic minorities, UNESCO collaborates with radio stations with established listener-bases of minorities and broadcast in minority languages.
		The script is composed directly in the selected minority language by local minority writers to ensure it is culturally as well as linguistically acceptable to the audience.
		Local musicians compose traditional local music and songs in the minority language, which underline the themes of the story.
	www.unescobkk.org /index.php?id=1020 (374 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Minority Languages and Bilingualism: Case Studies in Maintenance and Shift (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It begins with a number of relevant concepts in macro-sociolinguistics as a background for analyzing the problems associated with minority languages.
		The fundamental question posed throughout is whether these minority languages will continue to exist, caught as they are in the strong currents of national and international development.
		Beyond the statistical comparisons between samples and the differences of age, gender, and social class, the attitudes of the interviewees toward their respective minority language make the reader aware of the emotional reactions to questions of ethnic and language identity.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0893917664 (330 words)

	Languages in Spain page (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Nowadays five languages are spoken in Spain: Galician- Portuguese, Spanish (Castilian), Basque, Catalan and Occitan (aranès).
		It is spoken in Val d'Aran, in the Pyrenees.
		Although Spanish is an official language all over the country, these other languages coexist with it in the places where they are spoken and they are also official languages in these places, except Occitan.
	www.june29.com /HLP/lang/Catalan/webcat3.html (170 words)

	EUROPA - Education and Training - langmin (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The languages intended to benefit from these activities are indigenous languages traditionally spoken by part of the population of Member States of the European Union, or EEA countries.
		This definition does not include the languages of immigrant communities, artificially created languages or dialects of an official language of the state in question.
		The report "Support for minority languages in Europe" (pdf format 1.700kb), commissioned by the Language Policy Unit of the Directorate General for Education and Culture, is now available in its original English version.
	europa.eu.int /comm/education/policies/lang/langmin/langmin_en.html (240 words)

	LINGUIST List 9.627: European Minority Languages
		Some minority languages have been adequately researched linguistically, but most have not, and the vast majority do not yet possess basic speech and language resources (such as text and speech corpora) which are sufficient to permit commercial development of products.
		If this situation were to continue, the minority languages of Europe would fall a long way behind the major languages, as regards the availability of commercial speech and language products.
		This in turn will accelerate the decline of those languages that are already struggling to survive, as speakers are forced to use the majority language for interaction with these products.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~haroldfs/540/handouts/european/minlangs.htm (772 words)

	Workshop: Developing language resources for minority languages: re-useability and strategic priorities
		There will be a one-day workshop on the theme of "Developing language resources for minority languages: re-useability and strategic priorities" on the afternoon of May 30th 2000 at Athens, Greece (preceding the 2nd International Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, LREC2000).
		The aim of the workshop is to bring together those who are developing language resources for minority languages, in order to build contacts and share experience.
		If this situation were to continue, the minority languages of the world would fall a long way behind the major languages, as regards the availability of commercial speech and language products.
	www.lrec-conf.org /lrec2000/www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/SALTMIL/lrec00.html (1074 words)

	OCOL - III. Minority Language Education Rights
		Gaining access to minority language instruction close to home, as opposed to busing children to more distant schools, can have important consequences for parents who seek to exercise constitutional rights under section 23.
		While determining where minority language instruction should be offered involves the weighing of several factors, none is more important than a careful consideration of the management and control rights of parents under section 23.
		The location where French language instruction will be offered is further conditioned by regulations that stipulate that the French school board shall provide such instruction in a particular area by offering classes or by offering transportation to an area that already has a class.
	www.ocol-clo.gc.ca /html/lr_dl_1999_00_06_e.php (789 words)

	INCORE:ECRD:EC Law and Minority Language Policy: Culture, Citizenship and Fundamental Rights
		Covered by her survey are legal commentaries, works in political in minority and language rights, and, more limitedly, sociolinguistic, anthropological and sociological theory regarding culture, language and identity.
		Clearly minority rights are central to the OSCE's current work on conflict prevention, and given the overlap of practitioners working within the OSCE, the EU, and the Council of Europe, the OSCE's practice could at least be said to be informing the direction of language policy development in Europe.
		Finally, while social scientific theories regarding culture and language are considered by the author, her argument for necessity of greater coherence in EC language policy might have been stronger if she had included empirical evidence that EC language policies actually affect patterns in language use or identity formation.
	www.incore.ulst.ac.uk /services/ecrd/new/reviews/510.html (468 words)

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