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	Encyclopedia: Mirandese language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Mirandese language (LhÃ©ngua Mirandesa in Mirandese; LÃngua Mirandesa or MirandÃªs in Portuguese) is spoken in northeastern Portugal.
		It a descendant of the ancient Leonese language of northern Iberia, the last remnant of the ancient language of the Kingdom of LeÃ³n.
		Since 1986/1987 the language is taught to students between the age of 10 and 11, and the language is recovering.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Mirandese-language (1127 words)

	EUROPA - Education and Training - Europa - Regional and minority languages - Euromosaïc study
		Mirandese (Mirandés) is a Romance language of uncertain origin but possibly related to the Asturian-Leonese group; it began to emerge as a separate language about the middle of the 12th century.
		Mirandese is not used or taught at any of the following stages of education: preschool, the first years of primary school, the final years of secondary school, technical education, adult education and university.
		As far as the social use of the language is concerned, the fact that Mirandese speakers are perceived as somewhat backward by comparison with Portuguese speakers does constitute an obstacle to the extension of the language.
	europa.eu.int /comm/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/pt1_en.html (1386 words)

	Official language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It is typically the language used in a nation's legislative bodies, though the law in many nations requires that government documents be produced in other languages as well.
		However, a language officially recognized by a state, taught in schools, and used in official communication is not necessarily an official language.
		In contrast, as a consequence of nationalism, Irish is the "national language" of the Republic of Ireland and its first official language, although it is spoken by only a small fraction of its people.
	www.peekskill.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Official_language (385 words)

	Blogger do Mirandês
		The community fostered a very strong association of the language with the characteristic rurality, poverty and the lack of formal education of the speakers of Mirandese.
		Mirandese has been taught, as an optional subject (extra normal schedule) in 5th and 6th grade since 1986.
		- Portuguese is the language of the Church.
	mirandes.blogspot.com /2003_03_01_mirandes_archive.html (1514 words)

	Mirandese language -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Mirandese language (Lhéngua Mirandesa in Mirandese; Língua Mirandesa or Mirandês in Portuguese) is spoken in northeastern (A republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; Portuguese explorers and colonists in the 15th and 16th centuries created a vast overseas empire (including Brazil)) Portugal.
		It a descendant of the ancient Leonese language of northern (A peninsula in southwestern Europe) Iberia, the last remnant of the ancient language of the (Click link for more info and facts about Kingdom of León) Kingdom of León.
		It is related to the (Click link for more info and facts about Asturian language) Asturian language, which many consider in turn as a dialect of (The Romance language spoken in most of Spain and the countries colonized by Spain) Spanish.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/mi/mirandese_language.htm (282 words)

	U.S.ENGLISH Foundation Official Language Research - Portugal: Language in everyday life
		Mirandese was taught as an optional subject to a fairly small number of pupils in the first to third year at the Miranda do Douro secondary school.
		Despite the fact that some students were already enrolled to study the Mirandese language as an optional subject (1 hour per week) at schools in Miranda de Douro this school year (2002/2003), the teaching had been interrupted and it was authorized only in December 2002 by the Northern Regional Bureau for Education.
		The issue of teaching Mirandese is also controversial at university level, as during the first semester of the current school year it was introduced as a “foreign language” subject in the curriculum of the Anthropology Department at the University of Miranda de Douro.
	www.us-english.org /foundation/research/olp/viewResearch.asp?CID=38&TID=6 (830 words)

	OFFICIAL LANGUAGE FACTS AND INFORMATION
		An official language is a language that is given a unique legal status in the countries, states, and other territories.
		Official languages are sometimes not the same as the medium_of_instruction and so, the two are not interchangeable.
		In contrast, Irish is the national language of the Republic_of_Ireland and its first official language, although it is spoken by perhaps less than a third of its people.
	www.palfacts.com /official_language (344 words)

	Mirandese language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Mirandese language (Lhéngua Mirandesa in Mirandese; Língua Mirandesa or Mirandês in Portuguese) is a language spoken in northeast Portugal, which was recognised by the Portuguese Parliament in 1999.
		Mirandese has a grammatical body (independent phonetics, phonology, morphology and syntax) dates from the formation of Portugal (12th century).
		It is a well preserved dialect of the ancient Leonese language of northern Iberia, which today is related to Asturian language, which in its turn is considered by many a dialect of Spanish.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/mirandese_language (257 words)

	MIRANDESE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Mirandese probably pertains to the Asturian-Leonese branch of the Romance languages of the Iberic peninsula.
		Mirandese is spoken in the northeast of Portugal (on the border with Spain), in the villages of the municipality of Miranda do Douro (not in the town itself) and in some other villages of the municipalities of Vimioso, Mogadouro and Bragança.
		Mirandese is taught at no level, except for the senior primary school classes and the first three years of the secondary school, where it is optional.
	www.minority2000.net /Gr-75/t41gb.htm (191 words)

	ROMANCE LANGUAGES FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The daughter languages of Latin differ for several reasons: historical isolation, influence of prior languages in territories of Latin Europe that fell under Roman rule, invasions and instability after the fall of Rome, and contact with other cultures in the Renaissance, among others.
		Romance languages have 2 or 3 genders for all nouns, but usually do not inflect nouns for case, though their parent Latin did.
		Romance languages include a default stress on the second-last syllable, and have euphony rules that avoid glottal_stops, and multiple stop_consonants in a row.
	www.flowergods.com /Romance_languages (2138 words)

	Romance Languages - An Overview
		In Southern France, the language is in a situation of diglossia with regard to French and is only spoken by about a sixth of the population on a regular basis.
		It was developed as a literary language from the Central Italian dialect of Tuscany but became a spoken language after Italian unification at the end of the 19th century.
		Extinct language that used to be spoken in Dalmatia.
	giannieanna.chez.tiscali.fr /lero/lengas-en.html (798 words)

	Portugal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Portuguese is spoken throughout the country, some of Terra de Miranda's Mirandese speaking villages and towns being the only linguistic minority.
		Languages (Portuguese and Mirandese), Catholic Church (Patriarch of Lisbon)
		Mirandese, a related Romance language, is officially recognized in the municipality of Miranda do Douro, and spoken in the villages of the municipality.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Portugal (8491 words)

	ASTURIAN LANGUAGE FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Asturian, Leonese, Astur-Leonese or Bable (Asturianu in Asturian, LlÃ¯onÃ©s in Leonese) is a Romance language spoken in some parts of the provinces of Asturias, LeÃ³n, Zamora and Salamanca in Spain, and in the area of Miranda_de_Douro in Portugal (where it is officially recognized as Mirandese).
		The language developed from Latin with contributions from the pre-Roman languages which were spoken in the territory of the Astures, an ancient tribe of the Iberian_peninsula.
		At the end of the 20th_century, the Academia_de_la_Llingua_Asturiana made efforts to provide the language with most of the tools needed by a language to ensure its survival: a grammar, a dictionary, and periodicals.
	velocipay.com /Asturian_language (378 words)

	Romance languages - Biocrawler definition:Romance languages - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The differences from the Romance languages in relation to Latin are, essentially, analytical: articles and preposition instead of declension (except for the personal pronouns that preserve some of the Latin declension), use of auxiliary verbs for the composite verbs, etc.
		The daughter languages of Latin differ for several reasons: historical isolation, influence of prior languages in territories of Latin Europe that fell under Roman rule, invasions, and contact with other cultures.
		Latin and the Romance languages also give rise to numerous constructed languages, both International Auxiliary Languages (well-known examples of which are Esperanto, Interlingua, Latino sine flexione, and Lingua Franca Nova) and languages created for artistic purposes only (such as Brithenig and Wenedyk).
	www.biocrawler.com /biowiki/Romance_language (2178 words)

	Universitas Helsingiensis 2/00 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The origins of Mirandese are directly traceable to Latin, from which the three main linguistic varieties evolved in the mediaeval period: Galician-Portuguese, Castilian (Spanish) and Asturian-Leonese, the first giving origin to Portuguese and the last giving origin to Mirandese.
		It is remarkable that this language which had to cope with the presence of the Portuguese language for centuries, survived.
		Leite de Vasconcelos defined Mirandese as "the language of the countryside, of home and love." It has been and still is mainly a language used only among the native people of the area, excluding all those who migrated there as public servants, military or other.
	www.helsinki.fi /lehdet/uh/200o.htm (1099 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		An official language is a language that is specifically designated to be so in the constitutions of countries, states, and other territories.
		The official languages of some former colonies, typically French or English, are not the national languages or the most widely spoken.
		In some countries, the issue of which language is to be used in what context is a major political issue.
	www.alanaditescili.net /index.php?title=Official_language (320 words)

	Foundation For Endangered Languages Newsletter 19
		Mirandese is spoken by around 12,000 people in the province of Breganza in northeastern Portugal, close to the Spanish border.
		The objective of the present programme is to support the documentation of as many threatened languages as possible, focused on where the danger of extinction is greatest, facilitating the preservation of culture and knowledge, and creating repositories of data for the linguistic and social sciences.
		The Society for the Study of Indigeneous Languages of the Americas (SSILA)'s Ken Hale Prize, being inaugurated this year, is presented annually in recognition of outstanding community language work and a deep commitment to the documentation, preservation and reclamation of indigenous languages in the Americas.
	www.ogmios.org /195.htm (1611 words)

	EUROPA - Education and Training - Europa - Regional and minority languages - Euromosaïc study
		In the 12th, 13th and part of the 14th centuries, the language used in official documents of the kingdom was Asturian.
		However, this body did not achieve official status for the language in the Statute of Autonomy (1981), although the existence of the Asturian language was recognised, and the Academia de la Llingua Asturiana was established as an official academy by the Principality of Asturias.
		On the one hand, the language is overcoming part of the still strong stigma associated with it: Asturian is now more respected by both those who speak it and those who do not, and by the political sphere.
	europa.eu.int /comm/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/es2_en.html (5236 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A common Latin/Romance language with dialectal differences was spoken throughout the ancient Roman Empire.
		Catalan is regarded as a transition language between Iberian Romance and Gallo-Romance languages.
		Astur-Leonese is also an international language, but not officially so, since it is official only in a small region of just one state (Portugal).
	www.hostingciamca.com /index.php?title=Iberian_Romance_languages (631 words)

	The Brazilian Translator: February 2005
		The subject of language is delicate in Brussels, where speeches often have to be repeated two or three times, press releases are issued in triplicate and earphones are a necessary accessory in meetings and conferences.
		In an appeal to the language services of the EU institutions, Cristiana Muscardini, co-president of the parliament’s UEN group said she and her Italian colleagues in the group were initiating a “white strike” from Wednesday.
		Their language is built out of sounds analogous to the range of sounds from a vowel continuum that starts with "eee," which is made with the jaw closed, down to 'aaaah', which is made with the jaw open.
	thelisbongiraffe.typepad.com /the_brazilian_translator/2005/02 (10167 words)

	Dag
		The day is chosen in nonour of the "Language martyrs" of Bangladesh, and has been celebrated locally since 1953, the first anniversary of the death of the language martyrs.
		This celebration is not to be confused with the "European Day of Languages" of 2001, although in that particular year, the festivities were merged and held on September 26.
		The second article was the one which banned discussion on the origins of human language, as well as proposals for a new international auxiliary language.
	www.ling.su.se /staff/parkvall/Calendar.html (6081 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Romance languages, also called Romanic languages, are a subfamily of the Italic languages, specifically the descendants of the Vulgar Latin dialects spoken by the common people evolving in different areas after the break-up of the Roman Empire.
		Roughly speaking, there are varieties that are considered national or international languages (French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian and Catalan), and those which are more often considered regional languages such as Occitan (or Provençal), Sardinian, the Oïl languages and Rumansh.
		Latin and the Romance languages also give rise to numerous constructed languages, both International Auxiliary Languages (well-known examples of which are Interlingua and Latino sine flexione) and languages created for artistic purposes only (such as Brithenig and Wenedyk).
	www.alanaditescili.net /index.php?title=Romance_languages (1596 words)

	Romance language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Romance languages are a subfamily of the Italic languages, specifically the descendants of the Vulgar Latin dialects spoken by the common people evolving in different areas after the break-up of the Roman Empire.
		Some Romance languages form plurals by adding "s" (derived from Latin accusative case), while others form the plural by changing the final vowel - "o"/"e" to "i", or "a" to "e" (derived from Latin nominative case).
		In some languages the word for 16 is morphematim "sixteen", like 11-15; in others it is "ten-and-six", like 17-19.
	www.city-search.org /ro/romance-language.html (1158 words)

	Euromosaic - Mirandese in Portugal
		The use of the language in various fields
		Mirandese also plays a part in other cultural activities, such as conferences and seminars on the cultural heritage and folk traditions of the region, exhibitions of craftwork, of local costumes, paintings, photographs, etc.
		For example, we must highlight the Primeiras Jornadas de Língua e Cultura Mirandesa staged by the Miranda do Douro Escola Preparatória in 1987, and the Encontro Regional de Variaçao Linguística, which was organized by the Associaçao Portuguesa de Linguística in September 1993.
	www.uoc.es /euromosaic/web/document/mirandes/an/i1/i1.html (1385 words)

	ipedia.com: Mirandese language Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Mirandese language is a language spoken in northeast Portugal, which was recognised by the Portuguese Parliament in 1999.
		Mirandese has a grammatical body dates from the formation of Portugal.
		It has its roots in the spoken Latin in the North of the Iberian Peninsula (Portuguese was in the Northwest).
	www.ipedia.com /mirandese_language.html (248 words)

	Official language Article, Officiallanguage Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		An official language is a language that is specificallydesignated to be so in the constitutions of countries, states, and other territories.
		In fact, even if a language is officially recognized by a state, even if it is taught at schools and evenif it is used in official communication, it doesn't have to be an official language.
		As a consequence of colonialism and/or neocolonialism, in some countries in Africa and in the Philippines the official and learning languages (French or English) are not the national languages or the most widely spoken.
	www.anoca.org /languages/countries/official_language.html (367 words)

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