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Topic: Mirror neuron

	Autism linked to mirror neuron dysfunction
		Mirror neurons are brain cells in the premotor cortex.
		The human mirror neuron system is now thought to be involved not only in the execution and observation of movement, but also in higher cognitive processes — language, for instance, or being able to imitate and learn from others' actions, or decode their intentions and empathize with their pain.
		Since autistics' mirror neurons respond to their own motion, the researchers say, perhaps their brains can be induced to perceive their own reflected movements as the movements of another human being.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-03/uoc--alt032905.php (859 words)

	MirrorNeur
		By recording the activity of single neurons in the monkey’s premotor cortex, he found that particular neurons became active when a particular action was performed by the monkey, or when the same action was observed being performed by another monkey.
		The neuron in the brain is conceptually no different than a neuron in the fingertip that touches the raisins or a cone cell in the fovea that reacts to a photon reflected from a raisin.
		Mirror neurons provide strong evidence against this perspective: actually they corroborate the notion that acting and perceiving are two sides of the same coin.
	members.bainbridge.net /~bill.adams/mirrorneur.htm (2851 words)

	Mirror neuron - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Thus, the neuron "mirrors" the behavior of another animal, as though the observer were himself performing the action.
		The function of mirror neurons in macaques is not known.
		In humans, mirror neurons are found in the inferior frontal cortex, close to Broca's area, a language region.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mirror_neuron (1306 words)

	Mirror Neuron Research -- Neurotransmitter.net
		Neurons located in the bank of the arcuate sulcus respond to the observation of 3D objects, provided that object size and shape is congruent with the prehension type coded by the neuron ('canonical' F5 neurons).
		Neurons of the convexity discharge when the monkey observes hand actions performed by another individual, provided that they are similar to the motor action coded by the neuron ('mirror' neurons).
		Mirror neurons, located in the premotor cortex of macaque monkeys, are activated both by the performance and the passive observation of particular goal-directed actions.
	www.neurotransmitter.net /mirrorneurons.html (15377 words)

	neurodiversity.com \| mirror neurons
		Mirror neurons, a theory developed in the ‘90s, are at the basis of all imitative learning such as language acquisition.
		Neurons have been discovered in monkey premotor cortex that may contribute to this ability; they respond to both performing an action and hearing its action-related sound, and may be critical for communicating with others, learning gestures and even acquiring language.
		In particular, the activity of mirror neurons first discovered in the premotor cortex of macaque monkeys seems to provide an observer with the understanding of a perceived action by means of the motor simulation of the agent's observed movements.
	www.neurodiversity.com /mirror_neurons.html (4917 words)

	"Mirror Neurons": The Neuropsychology of NLP Modelling
		Mirror Neurons: Scientists claim to have recently isolated the neural substrates of imitation and modelling in the brain, showing evidence from brain-based research that humans are natural-born imitators.
		Mirror neurons are now known to exist in humans, in much more complex configurations and with more highly sophisticated capacities (Fadiga, Fogassi, Pavesi, and Rizzolatti, 1995, Rizzolatti and Craighero, 2004).
		Intriguingly, while the mirror neurons in monkeys do not respond when actions are not explicitly goal-oriented, human mirror neuron networks are stimulated in response to actions which are apparently meaningless, indicating a tendency to spontaneously model any and all movements by others (Giacomo Rizzolatti, Fogassi, and Gallese, 2001).
	www.inspiritive.com.au /nlp-research/modelling-mirror-neurons.htm (2578 words)

	interdisciplines : What Do Mirror Neurons Mean?
		The discovery of mirror neurons in the frontal lobes of macaques and their implications for human brain evolution is one of the most important findings of neuroscience in the last decade.
		Mirror neurons are active when the monkeys perform certain tasks, but they also fire when the monkeys watch someone else perform the same specific task.
		Although the existence of such neurons does indeed suggest that the representation of executed and observed actions may share neural resources, simulation theories also assert that the understanding of observed actions is achieved by virtue of this shared representation.
	www.interdisciplines.org /mirror (803 words)

	Through the Looking Glass
		Mirror neurons reveal how children learn, why people respond to certain types of sports, dance, music and art, why watching media violence may be harmful and why many men like pornography.
		Studies show that some mirror neurons fire when a person reaches for a glass or watches someone else reach for a glass; others fire when the person puts the glass down and still others fire when the person reaches for a toothbrush and so on.
		Psychotherapists are understandably enthralled by the discovery of mirror neurons, said Dr. Daniel Siegel, the director of the Center for Human Development in Los Angeles and the author of "Parenting From the Inside Out," because they provide a possible neurobiological basis for the psychological mechanisms known as transference and countertransference.
	personal.stevens.edu /~kfreed/neurons.htm (1912 words)

	Mind Hacks: Mirror neurons as an explanation for autism
		Mirror neurons are cells in the brain that are active both when a person is performing an action, or when they see someone else perform an action, and have been hypothesised to be involved in perceiving and comprehending others' actions.
		'Mirror neurons' were first discovered in monkeys by Giacomo Rizzolatti, author of the extended article.
		Ramachandran is currently one of the most enthusiastic 'mirror neuron' evangelists, going as far as saying "I predict that mirror neurons will do for psychology what DNA did for biology".
	www.mindhacks.com /blog/2006/11/mirror_neurons_as_an.html (536 words)

	context :: mirror neurons
		One of the more intriguing recent discoveries in brain science is the existence of "mirror neurons," a set of neurons in the premotor area of the brain that are activated not only when performing an action oneself, but also while observing someone else perform that action.
		It is believed mirror neurons increase an individual's ability to understand the behaviors of others, an important skill in social species such as humans.
		The basis of the study is a population of brain cells called mirror neurons, which are active both when we execute a specific action and when we see that action performed by another.
	straddle3.net /context/03/en/2005_03_11.html (506 words)

	The mind's mirror
		Mirror neurons are a type of brain cell that respond equally when we perform an action and when we witness someone else perform the same action.
		A mirror neuron that fired when, say, the monkey grasped a peanut would also fire only when the experimenter grasped a peanut, while a neuron that fired when the monkey put a peanut in its mouth would also fire only when the experimenter put a peanut in his own mouth.
		But some of the most interesting questions that mirror neurons raise can't be answered by the motor neurons alone--researchers want to understand how we perceive other people's emotions and sensations, not only their actions.
	www.apa.org /monitor/oct05/mirror.html (1728 words)

	interdisciplines : What Do Mirror Neurons Mean? : Intentional Attunement. The Mirror Neuron system and its role in ...
		Neurons with similar properties were later discovered in a sector of the posterior parietal cortex reciprocally connected with area F5 (PF mirror neurons, see Rizzolatti et al.
		Furthermore, the mirror neuron matching system for actions in humans is somatotopically organized, with distinct cortical regions within the premotor and posterior parietal cortices being activated by the observation/execution of mouth, hand, and foot related actions (Buccino et al.
		Mirror neurons respond if and only if an agentive relation is practically instantiated by an acting agent, regardless of its being the observer or the observed.
	www.interdisciplines.org /mirror/papers/1 (3653 words)

	Science and Reason: Mirror neurons
		As if enabling consciousness were not enough, mirror neurons may also play a big role in the development of human culture, by enabling humans, from a very early age, to acquire complex behaviors (such as using tools, learning language, participating in group social activities, etc.) by a process of imitation.
		Mirror neurons are thus the missing link in the evolution of language.
		Mirror neurons enable humans to understand the intentions of other people and have a "theory of mind", to have empathy with the emotions of others, and to learn cultural skills by imitation from watching others.
	scienceandreason.blogspot.com /2006/02/mirror-neurons.html (2641 words)

	First evidence found of mirror neuron’s role in language... 9/20/2006
		Together, the findings suggest that mirror neurons play a key role in the mental "re-enactment" of actions when linguistic descriptions of those actions are conceptually processed.
		Mirror neurons have been hypothesized to contribute to skills such as empathy, socialized behavior and language acquisition.
		The new data thus suggests that we use mirror neurons not only to understand the actions of other people but also to understand the meaning of sentences describing the same action.
	www.newsroom.ucla.edu /page.asp?relnum=7353 (533 words)

	Mind Hacks: 'Mirror neurons' track thoughts and intentions
		'Mirror neurons' are a set of cells in the frontal lobe of the brain, named because as well as being active when we execute actions, they are also active when we observe the actions of someone else.
		They discovered that part of the activity in the 'mirror neuron' system was specifically related to perceiving intentions, rather than watching actions in general.
		This is the first study to show how the 'mirror neuron' system may be involved in reading others' intentions and desires, and is an important step in understanding how the brain supports social functioning.
	www.mindhacks.com /blog/2005/02/mirror_neurons_tra.html (334 words)

	ScienceDaily: Autism Linked To Mirror Neuron Dysfunction
		The human mirror neuron system is now thought to be involved not only in the execution and observation of movement, but also in higher cognitive processes -- language, for instance, or being able to imitate and learn from others' actions, or decode their intentions and empathize with their pain.
		Neuron -- Neurons (also spelled neurones or called nerve cells) are a major class of cells in the nervous system.
		Motor neuron -- In vertebrates, motor neurons (also called motoneurons) are efferent neurons that originate in the spinal cord and synapse with muscle fibers to facilitate muscle contraction and with muscle spindles...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/04/050411204511.htm (2173 words)

	Autism linked to mirror neuron dysfunction
		First identified in macaque monkeys in the early 1990s, the neurons - also known as "monkey-see, monkey-do cells" - fire both when a monkey performs an action itself and when it observes another living creature perform that same action.
		The human mirror neuron system is now thought to be involved not only in the execution and observation of movement, but also in higher cognitive processes - language, for instance, or being able to imitate and learn from others' actions, or decode their intentions and empathize with their pain.
		The mirror neurons of the subjects with autism spectrum disorders, however, responded anomalously - only to their own movement.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=21971 (911 words)

	MIRROR NEURONS AND THE BRAIN IN A VAT By V.S. Ramachandran
		He further suggested "that the emergence of a sophisticated mirror neuron system set the stage for the emergence, in early hominids, of a number of uniquely human abilities such as proto-language (facilitated by mapping phonemes on to lip and tongue movements), empathy, 'theory of other minds', and the ability to 'adopt another's point of view'.
		This "co-opting" of the mirror neuron system for other more sophisticated functions may have been but a short step in hominid brain evolution but it was a giant leap for mankind.
		Indeed, mirror neurons may help bridge the huge gap between the "the two cultures", the sciences and the humanities, which CP Snow claimed could never be bridged.
	www.edge.org /3rd_culture/ramachandran06/ramachandran06_index.html (4052 words)

	Random Walk in Learning: Mirror Neuron - 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The must read article is the "original" piece MIRROR NEURONS and imitation learning as the driving force behind "the great leap forward" in human evolution by V.S. Ramachandran in the June 2000 issue of Edge.
		With knowledge of these neurons, you have the basis for understanding a host of very enigmatic aspects of the human mind: "mind reading" empathy, imitation learning, and even the evolution of language.
		Mirror neurons can also enable you to imitate the movements of others thereby setting the stage for the complex Lamarckian or cultural inheritance that characterizes our species and liberates us from the constraints of a purely gene based evolution.
	elearningrandomwalk.blogspot.com /2006/06/mirror-neuron-2.html (1006 words)

	Autism's smoking gun?
		And, perhaps further down the line, research on mirror neurons could inform behavioral treatments that could retrain the neurons or help people with autism develop compensatory systems, she says.
		Developing theories about the human brain's mirroring system suggest that faulty mirror neurons could lead to serious social dysfunction, learning disability and maybe even involuntary repetitive behaviors, such as hand flapping and repeating the words of others.
		While research on mirroring systems is in its infancy, the possibility that dysfunctional mirror neurons could be responsible for the striking social deficits of autism has many researchers excited.
	www.apa.org /monitor/oct05/autism.html (1066 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Health \| 'Copying' nerves broken in autism
		The degree of activation of the 'mirror neurons' housed in this area correlated with measures of social impairment.
		In animals, mirror neurons have been shown to fire both when the animal observes another performing an act and when they perform the same act themselves.
		Although the autistic children were able to perform the task, they had lower activation in a brain area containing mirror neurons - the inferior frontal gyrus pars opercularis - both when watching and imitating facial gestures, compared to the other children.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/health/4491538.stm (573 words)

	John Benjamins: Book details for Mirror Neurons and the Evolution of Brain and Language [AiCR 42]
		The activation in mirror neurons is automatic and binds the observation and enaction of some behavior by the self or by the observed other.
		The peculiar first-to-third-person ‘intersubjectivity’ of the performance of mirror neurons and their surprising complementarity to the functioning of strategic communicative face-to-face (first-to-second person) interaction may shed new light on the functional architecture of conscious vs. unconscious mental processes and the relationship between behavioral and communicative action in monkeys, primates, and humans.
		Mirror neurons, vocal imitation, and the evolution of particulate speech
	www.benjamins.com /cgi-bin/t_bookview.cgi?bookid=AiCR_42 (545 words)

	The Frontal Cortex : Are Mirror Neurons Too Cool? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The post focuses on the hypothesis that mirror neurons were a crucial ingredient in the development of human language.
		Specifically, Giacomo Rizzolatti (the godfather of mirror neuron research) has shown that mirror neurons can be activated by fragments of language that are about actions.
		My own theory is that mirror neurons are popular because their activity is directly related to what we actually experience.
	scienceblogs.com /cortex/2006/07/are_mirror_neurons_too_cool.php (1098 words)

	EDGE: MIRROR NEURONS
		MIRROR NEURONS and imitation learning as the driving force behind "the great leap forward" in human evolution
		The discovery of mirror neurons in the frontal lobes of monkeys, and their potential relevance to human brain evolution — which I speculate on in this essay — is the single most important "unreported" (or at least, unpublicized) story of the decade.
		I predict that mirror neurons will do for psychology what DNA did for biology: they will provide a unifying framework and help explain a host of mental abilities that have hitherto remained mysterious and inaccessible to experiments.
	www.edge.org /3rd_culture/ramachandran/ramachandran_p1.html (497 words)

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