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Topic: Misinformation

In the News (Sat 22 Nov 08)

Lee Scott

Annika Sorenstam

Norm Coleman

Benji Madden

Freddie Mac

Puerto Rico

Vladimir Putin

Treasury Department

Mitt Romney

Giovanni Trapattoni

	Misinformation and Memory The Creation of New Memories (1989)
		When they adopted the misinformation item as their own memory, they did so with a high degree of confidence, which is not something that one would expect from people who are merely guessing.
		In sum, because subjects embrace the misinformation item with a high degree of confidence, and they do so very quickly, we believe that pure guessing does not play a significant role in producing the misinformation effect in studies in which fairly typical exposure time and retention interval parameters are used.
		We believe that the misinformation effect is sufficiently pervasive and eventually may be so highly controllable that we are tempted to propose a Watsonian future for the misinformation effect (see Watson, 1939, p.
	faculty.washington.edu /eloftus/Articles/hoff.htm (3711 words)

	Misinformation - Access to Energy - Pro-Science, Pro-Technology, Pro-Freedom
		Recognizing this threat and also the power of the new electronic means of communication, the propagandists are engaged in extensive efforts to flood the Internet with their offerings.
		Paul was certain to win with this exhortation, because the things which he was advocating are naturally ascendant in the human spirit.
		Where true information and misinformation stand in direct competition with one another in the presence of hundreds of millions of human beings with equal and easy access to both, true information will triumph most of the time.
	www.accesstoenergy.com /view/ate/s41p797.htm (917 words)

	Errors, Misinformation, and Bad Data
		It is misinformation or ``false information" only in the sense that we may not know the nature of the full hierarchy of processes, that is, the characteristics of the function that did eventually produce the lie.
		Misinformation and related concepts may be defined consistent with the hierarchical model.
		When there exists a non-null error component in determining a characteristic or variable's value, the ``information" contained in the variable may be referred to as ``misinformation." The value of a variable is information about the input; when the information is only partial and is tainted by error, it is better understood as misinformation.
	ils.unc.edu /~losee/b5/node10.html (460 words)

	THE EFFECTS OF AUTHORITY ON THE ACCEPTANCE OF MISINFORMATION
		Loftus (1980) stated that what researchers interested in memory really need to study are the consequences of the malleability of memory, and she indicated that the studies at that time suggested that memories are continually being altered, transformed, and distorted.
		In later published works, Loftus (1992) detailed the misinformation effect, stating that her research showed how memory recall can be altered when people incorporate new data and will recall false information as real memories.
		She stated that misinformation was the result of not properly encoding information, so subjects couldn't recall it and would use the misinformation as a substitute for memories they did not have stored.
	clearinghouse.missouriwestern.edu /manuscripts/154.asp (2947 words)

	Food and nutrition misinformation
		The danger of nutrition misinformation is that it may be harmful to health, or be used to fuel food faddism, quackery, or health fraud.
		The health consequences of food quackery, faddism, misinformation, or the misuse or misinterpretation of emerging science, may include: delay or failure to seek legitimate medical care or continue essential treatment, undesirable drug-nutrient interactions, the effects of nutrient toxicities or toxic components of products, and interference with sound nutrition education and practices.
		Misinformed consumers may not only have a false sense of security about their health and well-being, but they also may delay appropriate, effective healthcare or replace it with products, services, or behaviors that may be harmful to their health or, at best, do no good or harm.
	www.eatright.org /cps/rde/xchg/SID-5303FFEA-1D8EEF93/ada/hs.xsl/advocacy_3311_ENU_HTML.htm (5166 words)

	Better Read That Again: Web Hoaxes and Misinformation
		While misinformation is typically understood to mean “wrong” information, much of what is on the Web is information detailing issues of opinion rather than fact, a so-called gray area of information.
		While many degrees of misinformation exist on the Web, from deliberate to accidental, serious to comic, obvious to subtle, the consequences are perhaps nowhere as severe as in the areas of health and business.
		The spectrum of misinformation on the Net will continue to proliferate until the Internet is strictly regulated, which seems unlikely if not impossible in the near future, not to mention undesirable.
	www.infotoday.com /searcher/sep00/piper.htm (5527 words)

	Social Security Choice: Misinformation misleading public
		Specifically, the level of misinformation getting through to voters is hurting Social Security reform and the pro-reform politicians.
		In the Rasmussen Report, the impact of the misinformation is quantified.
		So the pieces of misinformation (benefit cuts for the elderly and forcing people into PRAs) are dragging support for the non-existent “President’s plan” on Social Security.
	www.socialsecuritychoice.org /archives/2005/03/misinformation.php (468 words)

	Misinformation - SourceWatch
		Misinformation is, simply put, information that is not true.
		Propaganda sometimes uses true information, and disinformation is a form of misinformation that is deliberately untrue.
		Misinformation differs from disinformation in that it is "intention neutral."
	www.sourcewatch.org /index.php?title=Misinformation (175 words)

	Misinformation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Misinformation: Gardner reflexively applies the PAS diagnosis to all alienated children and does not concern himself with other sources of the children’s alienation.
		Misinformation: Dr. Gardner’s interest in the field of child sex abuse is probably related to the fact that he himself is tainted somehow in this realm, e.g., he was sexually abused himself as a child, or he himself is a sex abuser
		Misinformation: Gardner is responsible for judges all over the United States and Canada disbelieving mothers claiming that their children were sexually abused by their husbands.
	www.rgardner.com /refs/misperceptions_versus_facts.html (8162 words)

	Infant formula industry misinformation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		he practice of misinformation is one of the most damaging features of promotions by the infant food industry.
		Parents are never informed that the very act of artificial feeding is the source of the very problems the same products claim to cure.
		Misinforming pregnant women and new parents happens in several ways.
	www.infactcanada.ca /misinfo.htm (500 words)

	Safe Passage \| Know the Risks - Misinformation
		Some are just for fun, others have a political point to make, and some are created to show kids how easy it is to fool others online.
		E-mail can spread misinformation through false virus warnings, bogus money-making schemes, urban legends and unsubstantiated health alerts.
		This lesson is designed to help students in grades 10 and 11 determine the validity of information that is presented to them on the Internet.
	www.media-awareness.ca /english/teachers/wa_teachers/safe_passage_teachers/risks_misinformation.cfm (655 words)

	Information counterfeits
		Misinformation differs from propaganda in that it always refers to something which is not true.
		Misinformation is perhaps the most difficult information lookalike to diagnose.
		They become misinformation when they are repeated by sincerely misguided people.
	www.library.jhu.edu /researchhelp/general/evaluating/counterfeit.html (1287 words)

	Web Skills and Evaluation - Module 2, Misinformation
		Misinformation is another type of information that is very common and can be found anywhere on the Web, or in any other medium.
		Generally, the point of misinformation is to find it before you use it.
		You can usually cross-check misinformation with other, more up-to-date sites and find the bad information, while the majority of the information on the site may be perfectly fine.
	edtech.tennessee.edu /~set8/misinfo.html (127 words)

	Misinformation
		They have prospered and have become powerful and fat because they have held monopolies on the supplies of primary information --- and can, therefore, bend and hide the truth to serve their own self-interests.
		Hundreds of millions of people will have the means to carry out their own interpretations and differentiations --- and to inexpensively disseminate their conclusions and source information to each other.
		In almost all circumstances, even those who promote falsehood, dishonesty, and injustice must pretend that they advocate truth, honesty, and justice --- because the opposites are fundamentally alien and repulsive to human nature.
	www.haciendapub.com /robinson.html (963 words)

	Hatred and misinformation directed against Wiccans, etc.
		To date, all of the sources for this misinformation that we have been able to locate come from a small minority of authors within the Fundamentalist/Evangelical and Roman Catholic communities.
		Effects of misinformation on the religious conversion of Wiccans
		Most conservative Christians, those who believe in the inerrancy of the Bible, also accept the concept that any person who is "saved" is rescued from an eternity of punishment in Hell.
	www.religioustolerance.org /witchcr1.htm (1361 words)

	Talk:Misinformation - SourceWatch
		These comments below were originally placed on the misinformation page by an anonymous contributor.
		I'm moving them here because they really aren't specific to misinformation, and they would need work on punctuation and grammar to make them useful.
		Also, the concept of "false esoteric knowledge" appears to be this contributor's own coinage and doesn't appear to be an important concept in the study of misinformation or propaganda.
	www.sourcewatch.org /index.php?title=Talk:Misinformation (291 words)

	Terms and Definitions:
		Misinformation: information that falsifies incidental details of target events is presented between the presentation of the original material and the presentation of the memory test.
		Misinformed items —items that are presented and misinformation is presented for them in the interval between original presentation of the items and a recognition test
		Misinformation effects for distractors were largely due to the fact that they were often judged to be identical to retrieved verbatim memories of misinformation (sounds like source monitoring theory)
	www.uark.edu /misc/lampinen/read/brainerd98.2.html (794 words)

	NNii : Immunization Issue
		Misinformation comes in many packages and may be widely publicized by the media and others causing lowered immunization levels and disease risk.
		For example, a misinformed couple in Tennessee, confused about vaccine safety because of what they had read on the Internet, decided to delay their daughter’s vaccinations.
		Misinformation Web sites tend to rely on emotionally-filled anecdotes about bad things that happened to children or were first recognized—coincidental in time with vaccine administration—while ignoring or distorting scientific studies.
	www.immunizationinfo.org /immunization_issues_detail.cfv?id=52 (2093 words)

	MISinformation: The Only Newsletter of Computer Humor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		MISinformation is the first and only newsletter of computer humor.
		MISinformation is chock full of computer "news," reviews, cartoons, advertisements (be careful, some of them are real) and just about anything else that you might laugh at.
		MISinformation also brings you "Milestones in the History of Computing," a sort of "What Happened on This Date in Computer History" where you'll be reminded of the "PC follies" of the likes of Ben Franklin, Abraham Lincoln, and Moses.
	members.aol.com /misinfo/misinfo1.htm (539 words)

	Chemistry Misinformation
		Gross misinformation is harmful in the long run.
		There are three principal reasons for such misinformation reaching the public.
		No, not every incident is accompanied by such misinformation and many incidents are responsibly reported.
	www.louisville.edu /~menobl01/misinfo.htm (659 words)

	Advertising's Misinformation Effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		An advertising misinformation effect was obtained for color memory of a previously seen candy bar wrapper upon both visual and verbal misinformation.
		This advertising misinformation effect did not dissipate when the source was discredited.
		Not only do these findings constitute a novel generalizability of the misinformation effect, they also have implications for social policy research on deceptive advertising.
	faculty.washington.edu /eloftus/Articles/braun.htm (116 words)

	Misinformation Concerning Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913)
		One is that it has the tendency to promote the rapid spread of misinformation.
		All one has to do is to put up some sloppily researched and/or incorrect data, and this will be picked up on by other persons who have no reason to believe otherwise, and who don't have the time or inclination to check their facts.
		Certain bits of misinformation about Wallace are currently being circulated in this fashion, and one fears that the inaccuracies will continue to spread unless somebody makes some effort to stem the tide.
	www.wku.edu /~smithch/wallace/misinf.htm (644 words)

	Misinformation: Seeing is believing
		The researchers concluded that repetition of news stories assisted in the creation of false memories and that corrected misinformation did not change people's beliefs unless they were skeptical of the information to begin with.
		Members of five university communities in two coalition countries (Australia and the United States) and one country opposed to the war (Germany) were questioned about their recollection of war-related events, rating each event on their memory of it and on its likelihood of being true.
		The research findings are presented in "Memory for Fact, Fiction, and Misinformation: The Iraq War 2003" in the March 2005 issue of Psychological Science, a journal of the American Psychological Society.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-05/aps-msi051705.php (497 words)

	Information or misinformation: Reduce Information Overload
		Just as we have discovered on closer inspection that some chemicals on the GRAS list are in fact hazardous, we can use a GRAF list to identify and test our assumptions about the validity of traditional lore.
		Misinformation is becoming even more commonplace because people are gathering content according to Industrial Age rules even though we live in the Information Age.
		Learn to separate information from misinformation or non-information and you will prevent information overload.
	www.strackbein.com /html/misinformation.html (592 words)

	How to deal with misinformation on disability
		As a disabled person, your first priority should be to attack all misinformation surrounding disability.
		Only when all of us do this will we be able to educate a misinformed public on the true realities of disabilities.
		Finally, it so misinformed its readers that some may have believed that anyone who used ritalin was a potential drug abuser or that their brain had been so altered that they now resembled someone with mental illness.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/disability_advocacy/9943 (480 words)

	Misinformation
		As I already had prepared myself for this misinformation, I informed them that Continental and Delta still had flights later that evening, and they were legally bound to put me on one of those flights.
		However, UA caused my family and I unnecessary headaches, stress and expense with all the misinformation I was given.
		Additional letters concerning misinformation from United Airlines can be found in the archive.
	www.untied.com /misinformation (4862 words)

	Misinformation Campaigns Past and Present
		National misinformation campaigns have not been limited to the fabrication of idealized histories for educational texts in public schools.
		Quite frequently there have been purposeful and large scale efforts to deceive the public, so that a whole nation can be pushed in the wrong direction: a direction of benefit only to a few and sometimes even to none.
		The Vietnam War of the USA was primarily a fraud perpetrated on the US people (and on the rest of the world) by the White House of Lyndon Johnson (and of several other US presidents), the US State Department, and the US Department of Defense.
	www.hubbertpeak.com /debate/misinfo.htm (2470 words)

	Catholic World News : Misinformation can be dangerous, prelate warns
		Rome, May. 5, 2006 (CWNews.com) - In the age of instant global communications, misinformation can have tragic consequences, a Vatican prelate observed in a May 5 presentation to a conference at the Gregorian University.
		Unintentional parody to have him speaking about misinformation and then seque into "leaks" -- from the fellow who is talking about condoms.
		He is the most prolific source of misinformation in Rome, including that regarding the Iraq war.
	www.cwnews.com /news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=43977 (1181 words)

	Insect Misconceptions - BugNetMAP
		Misconceptions and misinformation in science are often perpetuated in literature and in the cinema.
		Children's literature is full of misinformation about insects and their arthropod relatives, the spiders.
		This misinformation has made its way into children's literature and the cinema because authors have either not taken the time to find out the accuracy of what they are presenting or they are taking "literary license" to make something fit with their story.
	www.umass.edu /ent/BugNetMAP/r_misconcept.html (839 words)

	Planting misinformation in the human mind: A 30-year investigation of the malleability of memory -- Loftus 12 (4): 361 ...
		the misinformation and what remains of their original memory.
		Ayers, M.S. and Reder, L.M. A theoretical review of the misinformation effect: Predictions from an activation-based memory model.
		Misinformation effects in eyewitness memory: The presence and absence of memory impairment as a function of warning and misinformation accessibility.
	www.learnmem.org /cgi/content/full/12/4/361 (4022 words)

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