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Topic: Miskito

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	Political Deja Vu
		Miskito Indians, a small, indigenous group comprising less than 5 percent of Nicaragua’s population (less than 1/2 percent of Honduras), are trying to cling to a traditional way of life, even though they are now caught in the gunsights of political upheaval–pawns in an international conflict in which the U.S. plays an active role.
		The Miskito Indians were swept into this political drama in 1981 when they were forced to evacuate their riverbank settlements because of border tensions between Nicaragua and Honduras.
		The "committee," a tightly organized group of Miskitos who run the internal politics of the camp, were angry with the press this summer, demanding their credentials and complaining that journalists were not getting the right story out.
	www.aliciapatterson.org /APF0504/Uriarte/Uriarte.html (2728 words)

	Miskitos and Sandinistas (by L. Proyect)
		The clear implication was that Miskitos were some sort of dinosaur-like relic that modernization--either of a capitalist or socialist nature--would sweep away sooner or later, and the sooner the better.
		It is quite understandable that the Miskitos began to fight for their rights within the context of an indigenist political outlook.
		The Miskitos unfortunately made the mistake of believing that the enemy of their enemy was a friend.
	www.columbia.edu /~lnp3/mydocs/indian/miskitos.htm (2385 words)

	Nicaragua - CARIBBEAN SOCIETY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Miskito, Creoles, and mestizos account for most of the population of the region, but there are also small populations of Sumu, Rama, and Garifuna, an Afro-Carib group.
		The Miskito population is concentrated in northeasternmost Nicaragua, around the interior mining areas of Siuna, Rosita, and Bonanza, and along the banks of several rivers that flow east out of the highlands to the Caribbean.
		Traditionally, the Miskito are recognized as the numerically dominant group, but that status has been challenged by the mestizo influx.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-9232.html (896 words)

	CIPEC - Population Growth and Forest Cover Change in the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve, Honduras, by David Dodds
		This study focuses on three Miskito communities, and their principal agricultural territory, at the westernmost edge of Miskito territory, a region of eastern Honduras now included within the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve and within the political department of Gracias a Dios (Figure 2).
		The contemporary Miskito continue to practice traditional subsistence activities (swidden agriculture, fishing, and hunting) in a manner technologically similar to many forest peoples of the neotropics, and maintain many indigenous elements of their language, social structure, and cosmology.
		Among the ethnic groups inhabiting Gracias a Dios, the largest is the Miskito (79%), followed by the ladino or mestizo/Hispanic population from the interior (16%), the Garífuna (3%), the Tawahka Sumu (2%), and the Pech or Paya (<1%) (1988 national census, DGEC 1990a:167).
	www.cipec.org /research/demography/dodds_ppr.html (5706 words)

	HONDURAS: Death Looms Over Miskito Lobster Divers
		Moving from the cayuco to diving is a rite of passage in the Honduran Miskito culture.
		The Miskito men work 12 to 17 days out at sea, in exhausting five-hour diving sessions at depths of 43 meters, and with equipment of poor quality, says the study.
		For many Miskitos, the fact of being an injured diver is the consequence of breaking a "taboo of the sea", Munguía told Tierramérica.
	www.ipsnews.net /africa/interna.asp?idnews=22229 (890 words)

	'Collective Madness' or Grisi Siknis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Raiti whose inhabitants belong to the Miskito indian population, is some 750 km north of Managua on the banks of the Coco River, bordering Honduras, and is the second town in the area to undergo the collective madness after the neighboring community of Kikrin in 2002.
		A Miskito native from the town of Namhaka, in the northern Nicaraguan Caribbean, died from the mass hysteria that has spread across the area due to "sorcery" according to local newspaper "La Prensa".
		She confirmed that the Miskito healers were leading the fight to bring the outbreak under control.
	www.wintersteel.com /Collective_Madness.html (3515 words)

	Miskito - Galería Namu, Costa Rica
		This material, which before the arrival of trade cloth, was the raw material for native clothing and bed clothes and is similar to Costa Rican tribes' mastate bark cloth used for the same purposes.
		Many of the Miskito artisans' works are copies and interpretations of their ancestor's original designs.
		The tuno pieces that Namu is offering are the fruits of the creative efforts of women, both Miskito and Mayangna, of the village of Wampusirpi in the Mosquitia region of eastern Honduras.
	www.galerianamu.com /tribes/miskito (237 words)

	Annex - Nicaraguan population of Mikito origin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In view of the Miskito claims that they are not participating adequately in the administration of the Atlantic zone, the Commission recommended that provisions be made for such participation by the people of that region.
		It has reported, however, that a new organization representative of the Nicaraguan Miskito population is in the process of formation, to which the Government has guaranteed the right of association, and it has invited the Commission to witness the process whereby the new organization is being created.
		Such is the case of the ancestral lands and of the adequate participation of the Miskito population in the administration of the Nicaraguan Atlantic coast.
	www.cidh.org /countryrep/Miskitoeng/annex.htm (1783 words)

	mopawi: educacion bilingual
		This is from a series of reports written in 1997 for an NGO, Mopawi, exploring their efforts to promote sustainable development in the native Miskito and Garifuna populations in La Mosquitia, a rainforest in eastern Honduras.
		as part of their efforts, in 1992, they conducted a survey of miskito students in solely spanish speaking schools, and discovered that most kids needed 10 years in school, 15 years of age, and to be in the sixth grade to understand most what was being taught at them; to understand class lectures.
		the teachers, 85% of whom are now miskito, often present material they don't understand (imagine presenting newtonian physics without any basic understanding of the notion of physical laws of the universe).
	www.links.net /vita/trip/hondo/mosquitia/mopawi/bilingual (934 words)

	FWB, Februrary 1993
		Although the Miskitos did achieve a limited autonomy (a fingernail hold on the face of the Nicaraguan Constitution and the beginnings of regional, centralized self-government), the next projected stages of the development of autonomy are presently hindered by war-caused economic catastrophe, the failure of post-war political consolidation, and a virtual post-war siege on natural resources.
		In fact, the Miskito communities and fighters considered it to be a barrier to effective indigenous territorial control, due to its contradictions.
		The Miskito must control their own resources to have effective autonomy, but some of the resources are threatened by illegal logging, plans for toxic waste dumping, deals to sell out resource rights, and resource piracy.
	carbon.cudenver.edu /public/fwc/Issue4/nicaragua-1.html (1013 words)

	Miskito Coast with Tours Nicaragua
		The famous Miskito people who give the coast its name, are the dominant cultural force and over 154,400 Miskitos (out of a world population of 166,000) call Nicaragua home.
		We’ll visit with the Rama Indians, who once populated a great expanse of the Miskito Coast, but are now limited to the small island of Rama Cay in Bluefields Bay, where the last 649 Ramas live, 24 of which still speak the ancient Rama language.
		Miskito Coast includes five full days of private motorboat touring in many of the precious waterways of the region with visits to everything from Rama midwifes to Garifuni bush doctors.
	www.nvmundo.com /toursnicaragua/miskito.htm (337 words)

	Miskito
		The Miskito Indians have been famous for their participation in the Nicaragua Contra War when thousands of Miskitos left Nicaragua to settle in refugee camps or the armed camps of the Contras in the Honduran Mosquitia.
		The area of the Miskitos is famous as the setting for Paul Theroux’s novel The Mosquito Coast.
		The local Miskito Indians are active in movements to protect their rainforest, bilingual education (Miskito-Spanish), asking for rights for Miskito divers who fish for lobster, to protect their lands, and for the development of the Mosquitia for example through building schools and health clinic.
	sidewalkmystic.com /Miskitos.htm (230 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Miskito
		There are few (if any) pure-blooded Miskito alive today, as over the centuries, escaped slaves have sought refuge, and intermarried with the Miskito.
		Traditional Miskito society was highly structured, with a defined political structure.
		Their political structure allowed the Miskito people to retain their independence all through Spanish rule and through the Federation of Central American States.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Miskito (1048 words)

	Honduras - Non-Ladino Groups
		The approximately 10,000 Miskito are a racially mixed population of indigenous, African, and European origin.
		Miskito settlements are situated near the Laguna de Caratasca and the banks of the Río Patuca in northeasternmost Honduras and are an extension of the larger Miskito communities in eastern Nicaragua.
		Interestingly, although the Miskito and Black Carib peoples have similar racial origins, the Miskito are generally considered by Hondurans to be indigenous people, whereas the Black Carib are generally considered to be fl.
	countrystudies.us /honduras/56.htm (608 words)

	Free Trade Fallout: Seeking lobsters, Miskito Indians find death JIM WYSS / SF Chronicle 29sep02
		As foot soldiers in the $40 million lobster export industry, Nicaragua's 4, 000 to 5,000 Miskito Indian divers are increasingly being killed or disabled in the race to place cheap lobster tails on U.S. tables.
		What was once a way of life along the coast -- the Miskitos have historically harvested lobster for their own consumption -- has become one of the country's fastest growing industries, with 90 percent of the catch exported to the United States and Canada.
		Miskito residents, however, say they are used to politicians making empty promises.
	www.mindfully.org /WTO/Miskito-Death-Lobsters29sep02.htm (1515 words)

	Minorities At Risk (MAR) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Major Miskito, Sumu, and Paya settlements are located on the Caribbean coast from Rio Platono to Gracias a Dios.
		Miskito Indians speak the Miskito language (LANG = 1) and English (due to the influence of British settlers); they are predominantly Protestant (RELIGS1 = 3).
		The primary organization which represents the interests of Miskito Indians to the Honduran government is the Miskito Asla Takanka (Unity of the Miskito).
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/data/indhon.htm (815 words)

	A Walkabout In The Rio Platano - Miskito Lobster Diver's Tragedy
		The Miskito have lived as hunters, subsistence farmers and fishermen, but this traditional way of life is rapidly changing.
		Miskito men, in a desperate attempt to provide for their families, have hired themselves out as lobster divers.
		The results are an annual 3 million pound harvest for the lobster boat captains and several thousand Miskito indians dying and dead from decompression sickness.
	www.garrobo.org /mosquitia/threshold_dap.html (1576 words)

	Nicaragua village in grip of madness \| The Guardian \| Guardian Unlimited
		A team of doctors, psychiatrists, and anthropologists have reached a remote Miskito community in the jungles of northern Nicaragua where 60 people are suffering from a mysterious "collective madness".
		Dr Levy confirmed that the Miskito healers were leading the fight to bring the outbreak under control.
		It is estimated that some 25,000 people live in the Miskito communities on the banks or the Coco river.
	www.guardian.co.uk /international/story/0,3604,1108463,00.html (877 words)

	FWB, Februrary 1993
		The most troublesome threat to Miskito control of resources is foreign "pirate" vessels that invaded Miskito-Nicaraguan waters as the war wound down in late 1989.
		To this end, the Miskito Coast Protected Area project was initiated in 1990, an 11,000 km2 land-sea zone, the largest coastal protected area in Indian-Latin America.
		Made up of former Miskito resistance combatants, the environmentalist NGO Mikupia (Miskito Heart) was formed in 1991 and began to work in the 23 coastal communities between Walpasiksa north to Old Cape at the Honduras border.
	carbon.cudenver.edu /public/fwc/Issue4/nicaragua-2.html (847 words)

	Athena Review 1,2: William Dampier on the Miskito Indians
		Dampier pays high respect to the fishing and harpooning skills of the Miskito, and also provides a few observations on their social customs and farming methods.
		This is one of the very earliest descriptions of the Miskito Indians (called the Moskito by Dampier), a composite group of tribes and descendents of runaway slaves living along the Caribbean coastline of Honduras and Nicaragua, a region called the Miskito Coast.
		A typical Miskito village held between 100 and 500 inhabitants.
	www.athenapub.com /damp2.htm (1047 words)

	The New Miskito Bible (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The 180,000 Miskito people of the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua and Honduras have been waiting to have the entire Bible in their hands.
		Make a special note to pray with us on November 20 that the Miskito people will receive this treasure with the great joy it deserves and apply it to their lives.
		Jim Palmer, Baptist missionary, Freddy Fonseca, director of the Nicaraguan Bible Society, and Waldemar Bushey, translator, in front of the load of Miskito Bibles waiting to be distributed.
	www.townbeacon.com /stamps/miskito.htm (233 words)

	Publius Pundit - Blogging the democratic revolution
		The Miskito were peaceful people who lived in a strategic spot coveted by Cuban troops who were making inroads into Nicaragua as the region slid into civil war.
		Then they force-marched the Miskito on a long trek through the jungle to ‘re-education camps.’ There, Miskito ideas about freedom, democracy and being left alone could be erased by the Sandinista comrades (and their Sandalista collaborators) and a New Socialist Miskito Man could arise.
		The Miskito fought an earlier version of this struggle and all they got was reviled.
	www.publiuspundit.com /?p=1553 (427 words)

	Planet Ark : Rats, Bats Plague Nicaragua's Miskito Indians
		Miskito Indians from communities near the Coco River face severe food shortages after rodents ate most of their crops, and they are increasingly worried about attacks by blood-sucking bats, Alfredo Misael of the United Nations Development Program said.
		The rat population has boomed in Miskito territories as people hunt more snakes -- the rats' natural predator -- for food and for their skins.
		The Miskito Indians, many who live in extreme poverty, are a mainly English-speaking group indigenous to the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua and Honduras.
	www.planetark.com /dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/32452/story.htm (450 words)

	MISKITO MISSIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Moravian church has influenced the Miskito culture for the last 100 years, but their religious practices have resulted in a syncretistic Cristo-animism with emphasis on work salvation.
		THE HARD:The miskitos, the insects, were some of the worst I have seen on a team.
		This last week was a great example of a group of believers who did just that, and God has blessed the Miskito people and will continue to do so because of the teams willingness to serve and suffer for Christ.
	www.miskitomissions.com (1956 words)

	Athena Review Image Archive: Miskito coast, map of languages and tribal groups (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This map shows the area inhabited by the Miskito Indians, The Miskito coast was visited by the 4th Voyage of Columbus in 1502, with Fernando Colón providing some informative details on the peoples of the area, which overlapped the Honduran Costa de las Orejas.
		The Miskito coast and some of its people were also described in late 17th century writings by William Dampier and Lionel Wafer.
		Miskito tribes after the 16th century were composed of a mixture of linguistic groups including some runaway slaves from Spanish ports throughout the Caribbean.
	www.athenapub.com /mpcarib.htm (168 words)

	Pech Today
		Because of the influence of the church (in Spanish and Miskito only) and then later on the bilingual school (Miskito and Spanish), their children learned Miskito but not Pech.
		Most of the grand-children of the few Pech elders identify themselves as Miskitos as it is the language they speak and for most of them half of their blood.
		With such a small population dominated by the Spanish and Miskito language which is reinforced by church services and school classes, the Pech Language might disappear with the generation of Don Ubense and Don Bernardo who are now in their late forties.
	www.nativeplanet.org /indigenous/pech/pechtoday.htm (589 words)

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