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Topic: Miskito Coastal Creole

	Miskito Coastal Creole - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Miskito Coastal Creole is a linguistic variety spoken on Nicaragua.
		Miskito Coastal Creole is no language of its own, but similar to varieties such as Limón Coastal Creole.
		Miskito Coastal Creole does not have the status of an official language.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Miskito_Coastal_Creole (77 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: Creole_language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		A Shuwa Arabic-based creole spoken in 23 villages of the Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture in southwestern Chad; the substrate language was Berakou.
		The Creole is used as lingua franca in Belize; it is spoken by 70% of the population.To speak it is to be Belizean.
		Gullah is an English-based creole spoken in the Sea Islands and the adjacent coastal regions of South Carolina, Georgia and northern Florida.
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Creole_language (1098 words)

	Nicaragua
		The Miskito I Indians were the dominant culture in the northern Zelaya during the 18th and 19th centuries, their traditional Moskitia domain staddling the Nicaraguan/Honduran border.
		This ethnic and cultural isolation of the coastal enclave was compounded by its physical isolation.
		The coastal people thus developed a perspective which was focused both on indigenous culture and across the ocean to British and America, but they did not relate to the rest of Nicaragua.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/afburns/afrotrop/Nicaragua.htm (906 words)

	Miskito Coastal Creole - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Mískito Coastal Creole is a language spoken in Nicaragua based on English.
		It is nearly identical Belizean Creole (Kriol), and similar to all Central American Creoles.
		Miskito Coastal Creole, See also, Miskito, Caribbean, English pidgin and creole languages, Languages of the Caribbean and North American English.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Miskito_Coastal_Creole (117 words)

	Creole language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The majority of creole languages are based on English, Portuguese, French, Spanish and other languages (their superstrate language), with local or immigrant languages as substrate languages.
		Thus anterior tense may be marked by words such as bin in English creoles (from been), or té in French creoles (from été), a future or subjunctive tense may be marked by go (from English go) or al (from French aller), and a non-punctual (non-stative) aspect by a word such as stei (from English stay).
		A -based creole spoken in 23 villages of the Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture in southwestern Chad; the substrate language was.
	www.marylandheights.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Creole_language (1087 words)

	Peace Corps \| Learn About Peace Corps \| Where Does Peace Corps Work? \| Central America and Mexico \| Nicaragua \| Country ...
		Miskito are descendants of the Chorotega, who were contemporaries of the Mayans.
		The other coastal people are the descendants of fl Jamaicans who immigrated in the 19th century; and Sumo Indians, who tend to remain isolated in the interior.
		The official and predominant language of the country is Spanish, although some of the Sumo and Miskito Indians have maintained their indigenous languages and fls along the east coast speak Creole English.
	www.peacecorps.gov /index.cfm?shell=learn.wherepc.centralamerica.nicaragua.countrycult (426 words)

	Encyclopedia: Miskito Coastal Creole (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Miskito Coastal Creole is a linguistic variety spoken on Nicaragua.
		Miskito Coastal Creole is no language of its own, but similar to varieties such as Belizean Creole.
		Miskito Coastal Creole does not have the status of an official language.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Miskito-Coastal-Creole (209 words)

	Information on Miskito (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Soon, combined Miskito- Zambo raiders began to attack Spanish settlements in Honduras, often to rescue enslaved Miskitos before they were shipped to Europe, but often also to enslave other Amerindians (The Miskito, for a long time, considered themselves superior to other tribes of the area, whom they referred to as "wild".
		Spanish settlers first began to arrive in Miskito land in 1787, but the Miskito continued to dominate the area because of their numbers and the experienced Military.
		The Miskito King and the British concluded a formal Treaty of Friendship and Alliance in 1740 followed by the appointment of a resident Superintendent in 1749.
	www.information-resource.net /search/Meskito_Indians.html (879 words)

	Nicaragua - SOCIETY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Miskito, Creoles, and mestizos account for most of the population of the region, but there are also small populations of Sumu, Rama, and Garifuna, an Afro-Carib group.
		The Miskito population is concentrated in northeasternmost Nicaragua, around the interior mining areas of Siuna, Rosita, and Bonanza, and along the banks of several rivers that flow east out of the highlands to the Caribbean.
		Concentrated in the coastal cities of Bluefields and Puerto Cabezas, on the Islas del Maíz, and around Laguna de Perlas, the contemporary Creoles are English-speaking, although many speak Miskito or Spanish as a second language.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/nicaragua/GEOGRAPHY.html (9363 words)

	Creole language -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		A creole is a (A systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols) language descended from a (An artificial language used for trade between speakers of different languages) pidgin that has become the native language of a group of people.
		A Shuwa Arabic-based creole spoken in 23 villages of the Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture in southwestern (A family of Afroasiatic tonal languages (mostly two tones) spoken in the regions west and south of Lake Chad in north central Africa) Chad; the substrate language was Berakou.
		Hawaiian Pidgin began as a pidgin jargon used in the early European (The act of colonizing; the establishment of colonies) colonization of the (A group of volcanic and coral islands in the central Pacific) Hawaiian Islands.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/cr/creole_language.htm (1822 words)

	Hotels in Dangriga, Belize
		The Creole began their settlement of Central Costal Belize in the 18th century with villages they established at the mouth of the Sittee, North Stann Creek, and Mullins Rivers where they worked in the logging industry that was fueled by the British.
		Unlike the other populations in Belize, the Creole were not farmers, and as the logging operations dwindled they began moving to other areas of Belize with large concentrations of them ending up on the Cayes living as fisherman.
		Notably, Tobacco Caye was once occupied by a thriving Creole community who fished the surrounding waters and grew to a population of over 200 before the tourist industry became the focus of the island.
	www.goto-belize.com /dangriga.htm (1568 words)

	Limón Coastal Creole - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Limón Coastal Creole is a linguistic variety spoken in Limón province of Costa Rica.
		The number of speakers of Limón Coastal Creole is below 100,000.
		Limón Coastal Creole does not have the status of an official language.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Lim%F3n_Coastal_Creole (81 words)

	info: Jamaican_English (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Creole is used by most people for everyday, informal situations - it's the language most Jamaicans use at home and are most familiar with (and is closest to their hearts); it's also the language of most local popular music.
		Written Creole appears mostly in literature, especially in folkloristic 'dialect poems'; in humoristic newspaper columns; and most recently, on internet chat sites frequented by younger Jamaicans, who seem to have a more positive attitude toward their own language use than their parents.
		The least prestigious (most Creole) variety is called the basilect; the Standard (or high prestige) variety the acrolect; and in-between versions are known as mesolects.
	www.info-assicurazione.com /Jamaican_English.html (1711 words)

	AllRefer.com - Honduras - Other Non-Ladino Groups \| Honduran Information Resource (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The approximately 10,000 Miskito are a racially mixed population of indigenous, African, and European origin.
		Miskito settlements are situated near the Laguna de Caratasca and the banks of the Río Patuca in northeasternmost Honduras and are an extension of the larger Miskito communities in eastern Nicaragua.
		Interestingly, although the Miskito and Black Carib peoples have similar racial origins, the Miskito are generally considered by Hondurans to be indigenous people, whereas the Black Carib are generally considered to be fl.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/honduras/honduras64.html (738 words)

	AFROMESTIZO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Miskito population of Nicaragua parallels that which is found in neighboring Honduras.
		Creole English, Spanish and Miskito) are spoken in the eastern coastal areas of Nicaragua.
		Creole fishermen and artisans live here, and the islands continue to be a popular holiday spot for Nicaraguans.
	www.bjmjr.com /afromestizo/nicaragua.htm (1656 words)

	Miskito language resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Location: The Miskito dwell on the Caribbean coastline of Honduras and Nicaragua, a region referred to as the Miskito Coast.
		The Miskito population is concentrated in northeasternmost Nicaragua, around the interior mining areas of Siuna, Rosita, and Bonanza, and along the banks of...
		The Miskito I Indians were the dominant culture in the northern Zelaya during the 18th and 19th centuries, their traditional Moskitia domain staddling the...
	mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Miskito.html (955 words)

	Field Visits: Nicaragua: Place: Cultural Climate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The overwhelming majority of the population of the coastal regions are indigenous: Miskito, Rama, and Sumu.
		The Miskito successfully argued that the central government did not have the right to grant Taiwan a forestry contract for hardwood within the autonomous regions without the advance permission of the regional leaders.
		The Moravian Church is the dominant faith among the non-Hispanic population, including Miskito, Creoles, Sumu and Rama.
	www.fieldvisits.org /plc_11.html (712 words)

	Part I - Nicaraguan population of Mikito origin
		For that purpose, titles that were owned by the Indians and Creoles prior to 1894 shall be renewed in conformity with the law; and where such title do not exist, the Government shall give each family eight squares of property in their place of residence.
		Among such factors should be mentioned the lack of precision with respect to the boundaries of the former Miskito Reserve; the difficulty in transportation and communication among the remote Indian communities and with Bluefields, capital of the Department; and the persistence of some Miskito chiefs in considering themselves subjects of the Kingdom of Great Britain.
		The Miskito population that worked in these enterprises received wages that were considered to be very low, while the Atlantic region, as a whole received no particular benefit as a result of the economic activities of those companies.
	www.cidh.oas.org /countryrep/Miskitoeng/part1.htm (4110 words)

	americas.org - The Autonomy Tale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Here and elsewhere along the Atlantic, where the country’s Creole and indigenous populations are concentrated, hardship persists as national and foreign companies exploit the area’s forests, minerals and sea life.
		A Miskito group called Swara is mobilizing in the jungle north of Puerto Cabezas.
		The Miskito fight was distinct from the counterrevolutionary warfare of Somoza loyalists.
	www.americas.org /item_126 (3594 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		CREOLE LANGUAGES (81 Languages) (subclass CreoleLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation CreoleLanguage "A &%CreoleLanguage is a &%PidginLanguage that has developed and become the mother tongue for a community of people.
		Creole Arabic is gaining at the expense of English and the vernaculars, although most people keep their vernaculars as first, or at least second language.
		Mountains.") ;; DUTCH-BASED CREOLE LANGUAGES (4 Languages) (subclass DutchBasedCreoleLanguage CreoleLanguage) (documentation ArabicBasedCreoleLanguage "A &%DutchBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of the &%DutchLanguage.") (instance BerbiceCreoleDutchLanguage DutchBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation BerbiceCreoleDutchLanguage "The &%BerbiceCreoleDutchLanguage is a &%DutchBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Guyana.
	cvs.sourceforge.net /viewcvs.py/sigmakee/KBs/People.kif?rev=1.2 (12614 words)

	[Marxism] Miskito leaders seek independence at the Hague courts (2 & last) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Economic links were soon established between British merchants and coastal Indians, and soon these links began to lead to a series of British claims to suzerainty, alliance and protection of the local groups that traded with them...
		A mutually beneficial partnership could be established between the newly fanged imperialist core and the local populations, a partnership whose common enemy was the Spanish Crown that both Creole and Mestizo would inherit.
		The Sandinistas were completely blind, or so it seems, to this fact of their national life, concentrating on "struggle for socialism" instead.
	lists.econ.utah.edu /pipermail/marxism/2004-July/010437.html (473 words)

	MSN Encarta - Multimedia - Popular Music of Nicaragua
		Since the 16th century, the coastal region of Nicaragua has been inhabited by the descendants of pirates, missionaries, free fls, planters, and their slaves.
		A rich folklore of songs and stories developed among the mixed Afro-Nicaraguan Creole and Miskito population, which is also known for its sailors.
		There is a strong sense of nationalism and pride in this music and many references to the struggle of their African ancestors as well as the current fight for freedom and solidarity in Nicaragua.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461533003/Popular_Music_of_Nicaragua.html (142 words)

	The Racial Groups in Nicaragua
		In the impenetrable forests of the Caribbean region the Sumos or Mayangnas, the Ramas, and the Miskitos (all from Chibchas origin) resided.
		These distinct characteristics, however, are on their way to extinction as a result of a cultural and demographic invasion of the area combined with a Mestizo government.
		In defense of their rights, the coastal populations have fought political battles and they won their autonomy less than 30 years ago.
	www.vianica.com /go/specials/6-racial_groups_Nicaragua.html (1536 words)

	Ethnologue 14 report for language code:BZI
		Reported to be very close to Miskito coast, Rama Cay, and Islander (San Andrés) creoles, Jamaican creole is different in grammar.
		Dahufra was a creole used in the 16th to 18th centuries.
		Creole is considered appropriate for oral purposes only in popular thinking.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=BZI (330 words)

	Miskito Language and the Miskito Indian Tribe (Miskitu, Misquito, Bahwika, Tauira)
		Miskito is an indigenous language of Central America, spoken by nearly 200,000 people in Nicaragua, Honduras and Belize.
		Miskito, also known as Bahwika, Wangki, or Tawira, belongs to the Misumalpan language family, considered by some linguists to be a subset of the Chibchan language group.
		Another 100,000 people speak a second language called Miskito Coastal Creole, which is a mixture of Miskito, English, Spanish, and African languages that arose after colonization.
	www.native-languages.org /miskito.htm (216 words)

	Caribbean Conservation & Sea Turtle Survival League :: Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The small village of Tortuguero (translated as "Region of Turtles") lies on the northeastern Caribbean coast of Costa Rica, approximately 50 miles north of the principal Port of Limon.
		The natural vegetation of the area progresses from the poorly-drained swamp forests in the lowlands near the coast to tropical wet and pre-montane forests further inland at higher elevations.
		Forest species composition gradually shifts from coastal scrub to huge expanses of Raphia palm swamp and mixed species along waterway margins, to tall multi-layered evergreen forests.
	www.cccturtle.org /tortnp.htm (1126 words)

	[No title]
		In a small Miskito community near Karawala (Sandy Bay Sharon), the villagers told of an incident on February 7 when Sandinista officials waylaid two young Indian fighters who were picking coconuts nearby.
		In the Miskito village of Kum, along the Rio Coco, the villagers told of another apparent violation of the truce.
		In the villages along the central coastal area, where the Sandinista military has not been able to dislodge the Indian fighters, the people have ample food, but they lack coffee, flour and other staples previously acquired through commerce.
	www.cwis.org /fwdp/Americas/ariaspax.txt (6494 words)

	Panama to Belize Small Ship Cruise \| Panama \| Nicaragua
		Early morning arrival at a cluster of coral islands - The Miskito Islands - which are isolated and remote and inaccessible to most travellers.
		A British Protectorate from 1687 to 1894 it was known as the Miskito Kingdom.
		The Miskito Kings took their children to be baptised at St. John's Cathedral in Belize City and held their Coronations there in deference to the British Crown.
	www.infohub.com /TRAVEL/SIT/sit_pages/4315.html (1249 words)

	smeltzoff
		Miskito Ethnic Struggle over Land and Lobster: Conserving Culture and Resources on Corn Island.
		Participatory Management: A Framework for Coastal Management in Galapagos and the Philippines.
		MAF 505 Field Course in Coastal Cultures (initially MSC 411) 3 cr.
	mafweb.rsmas.miami.edu /people/Sarah/smeltzoff.html (1326 words)

	NicaNet - Environment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The region is blanketed with a tropical rainforest that provides shelter to animals such as jaguar, puma, tapir, scarlet and green macaw, harpy eagle, howler monkey, and poison dart frog.
		This forest is adjacent to the equally-rich Caribbean coastal waters, inhabited by manatees, sea turtles, shrimp, lobster, and abundant fishes.
		This is due in large part to the diversity of landscapes that are packed into a small area, as well as rich coastal and coral reef habitats.
	www.breadandrosesweb.org /nicanet/environment.html (523 words)

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