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	Missing fundamental - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A sound is said to have a missing fundamental, suppressed fundamental, or phantom fundamental when its overtones suggest a fundamental frequency but the sound lacks a component at the fundamental frequency itself.
		It was once thought that this effect was because the missing fundamental was replaced by distortions, introduced by the physics of the ear.
		This very concept of 'missing fundamental' being reproduced based on the overtones in the tone is nowadays used to create the illusion of bass.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Missing_fundamental (511 words)

	Subjective Tones
		One important role of subjective tones is the missing fundamental effect whereby a correct sense of pitch for a musical sound may be maintained even if the poor fidelity of the sound reproduction has filtered out some of its lower harmonics.
		The subjective tones which are produced by the beating of the various harmonics of the sound of a musical instrument help to reinforce the pitch of the fundamental frequency.
		The beat frequencies between the successive harmonics constitute subjective tones which are at the same frequency as the fundamental and therefore reinforce the sense of pitch of the fundamental note being played.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/sound/subton.html (419 words)

	An Audio Paradox: The Missing Fundamental (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Below is a succession of.wav files demonstrating the "audio paradox" of the missing fundamental.
		, the notes in the first scale are comprised of harmonics 1 through n, all of equal amplitude; the notes in the second scale contain all but the first harmonic (i.e., the fundamental); whereas the notes in the third scale contain only the first harmonic.
		I suggest playing the files in reverse order, for each file listening to hear whether the three scales all appear to be at the same pitch.
	www.ee.calpoly.edu /~jbreiten/audio/missfund (124 words)

	Acoustical Society of America- 138th Meeting Lay Language Papers -Finding the Missing Fundamental: A Connectionist ...
		Virtual pitch, or the missing fundamental, refers to the fact that if the fundamental frequency is filtered out of a complex sound, the perceived pitch usually does not change.
		The neural network model compensated for the missing fundamental, filling in the missing part of the pattern and producing an output that was very similar to the output produced when the fundamental was present.
		Note that the output for the fundamental is identical whether or not the fundamental input is present, and is an order of magnitude higher than outputs for other harmonics that are not present.
	www.acoustics.org /press/138th/lewis.htm (1250 words)

	SRS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Psychoacoustically, when the human ear is presented with specific harmonic frequencies relative to a missing fundamental tone it will fill in the fundamental frequency based on the higher harmonics that are present.
		By accentuating the second and higher frequency harmonics of a fundamental tone present in the audio signal, yet outside the range of reproduction by a certain speaker size, TruBass gives the perception of greatly improved bass response.
		The brain extrapolates this series of emphasized frequencies to restore the perception of a bass signal in the audio source which is significantly attenuated or lost by the physical limitations of the speaker.
	www.srslabs.com /ae-theoryofoperation8272.asp (1115 words)

	Dary John MIZELLE
		If the specified, missing fundamental (which may be up to seven octaves below the energy spectrum desired) is low enough to be below the audio spectrum, then beats are heard at the fundamental frequency-even though missing.
		For example, if eight waves (such as function 7) are played simultaneously with their missing fundamentals specified within a whole tone, for two seconds-and they have vibrato rates of 11 Hz., 12 Hz.,...18 Hz; they will fuse to form a composite noise with an amplitude modulation artifact at one second after the attack.
		The missing (or present) fundamentals of noise complexes could be considered as part of the generating diads or triads of Dashow's theory.
	www.logosfoundation.org /kursus/9512.html (2289 words)

	The Well Tempered Timpani
		The fundamental is not preferred; it is a dampened, muffled sound and does not produce as pleasing a sound as when the head is struck a few inches from the rim.
		The missing fundamental effect might then give you the pitch C2 for the instrument under certain conditions and dynamic levels.
		You should hear a strong, sustained fundamental as well as several harmonic overtones, Essentially it will be the second partial, the third partial (sometimes the fourth) and the fifth partial of a harmonic series based on the missing fundamental.
	music.nebrwesleyan.edu /wtt (6990 words)

	Waves Car Audio Inc.
		The fundamental is the lowest primary note in a series of harmonic tones which determines pitch.
		The trick of the missing fundamental is to mimic the effect of that low C with a power chord of higher frequency overtones, such as a C and G chord an octave higher.
		It then generates the harmonic overtones of the missing fundamental and interpolates these tones back into the signal path of your stereo with a latent delay between 10 and 50 microseconds, which is undetectable to the listener.
	www.wavescaraudio.com /htmls/truckin.htm (673 words)

	A Few Notes on Pitch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Interestingly, when experimentally deleting the fundamental frequency while keeping the harmonics, the ear nevertheless perceives the missing fundamental, suggesting the brain computes what the fundamental frequency would have been - and then plugs it in.
		This is one of the principles exploited by the telephone: its bandwidth is not large enough to reproduce the fundamental of a male speaker's voice, although we have little difficulty distinguishing males from females over the phone.
		This is due to the restoration of the fundamental." Levitin believes the missing fundamental, also called 'periodicity pitch', occurs at a relatively high level of processing, probably in the superior olivary nucleus, a wavy band of grey matter within the brain's medulla oblongata.
	home.earthlink.net /~douglaspage/id86.html (2543 words)

	summary of missing fundamental responses (Petr Janata )
		Perception of the missing fundamental in nonhuman primates.
		Three monkeys learned to match tones missing their fundamentals to comparison harmonic complexes with the same pitch, whereas the fourth monkey required the physical presence of the fundamental.
		Palmer, A. "The representation of the spectra and fundamental frequencies of steady-state single- and double-vowel sounds in the temporal discharge patterns of guinea pig cochlear-nerve fibers," J. Acoust.
	www.auditory.org /postings/1993/190.html (2268 words)

	Pitch paradoxical
		The pitch of a harmonic tone is defined to be its fundamental frequency, which is the frequency of the pure tone which has the same pitch.
		Some psychoacoustic experiments indicate that the virtual fundamental frequency is perceived even when as many as 10 of the lower partials are missing.
		Its fundamental frequency is 190.08, and not equal to pure G2's freqency.
	www.ihear.com /Pitch/paradoxical.html (1048 words)

	What's Your "Missing Experience?" , by Gregory Newman, M.S.
		Once clients are familiar with the concept, you can simply ask, “What’s the missing experience for you in all of this?” The moment a client becomes conscious of a missing experience, their nervous system shifts to allow for the experience itself.
		When a missing experience starts to live in the client’s body it starts to live in every other area of their life.
		Sometimes when I name what I think might be a missing experience for a client they’ll say, “Oh no, I know what that’s like“ and speak of a time in their life when they experienced the thing I had named.
	www.selfgrowth.com /articles/Newman6.html (800 words)

	Fundamental (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		of definite frequency, the fundamental is the lowest frequency of this complex and corresponds to the unique
		The fundamental does not necessarily have the greatest amplitude, however, and even if missing (such as in the case of a low voice speaking through the carbon
		partials such as bells, the fundamental or hum note is different from the perceived pitch of the instrument called the strike note.
	www.sfu.ca /sonic-studio/handbook/Fundamental.html (164 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		MaxxBass utilizes the principle of the missing fundamental, which creates the sensation of low frequencies by generating a carefully calculated series of harmonics designed to simulate the auditory experience caused by the missing fundamental pitch.
		The beat frequencies between the harmonics are at the fundamental frequency and the additional signal level created by those beat frequencies reinforces the pitch that is perceived by the listener.
		I also believe that the centuries-old Missing Fundamental Effect is an ear-generated one with the hair cell in the inner ear creating beat frequencies at exactly the place that the audio level control is most effective.
	www.analogzone.com /avp_1118.htm (1937 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		As we explore in Physics 160, musical notes are complex tones consisting of a fundamental frequency and higher harmonics (known as partials) that are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency.
		The pitch of the note is related to the fundamental frequency of the complex tone.
		The first tone heard has all the frequencies; the second tone has the fundamental removed but maintains all of the higher harmonics.
	physics.mtsu.edu /~wmr/julianna.html (616 words)

	LightningTalks, K8CLI
		The perceived sound is the fundamental frequency and is not particularly pleasing to the ear.
		In contrast to fundamental C2 the perceived musical note from a chime cut at fundamental C6 and up is mostly the fundamental frequency and overtones are audibly absent or mostly absent.
		Attempting to tune a low frequency tube to the exact frequency for fundamental C2 through C4 is largely a waste of time because the perceived sound is dependent on the many overtones and not the fundamental.
	home.fuse.net /engineering/Chimes.htm (2882 words)

	Answers210-225 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Hint for Question 210: The fundamental is the slowest in returning to its initial shape.
		Think about the case where the frequencies present are 20 Hz and 30 Hz with a missing fundamental of 10 Hz.
		Suppose the fundamental is 10 Hz, so that the second harmonic is 20 Hz, and the third, 30 Hz.
	www-unix.oit.umass.edu /~phys114/Tutorial/Answers210-225.htm (840 words)

	1999; Pitch sequence in the Japanese monkey
		The missing fundamental perception is believed to be created in the central auditory system above the superior olive, where information from both ears meets for the first time, and is not due to the physical distortion such as the difference tone or the nonlinearity in the peripheral auditory system.
		Thus, neural correlates for the missing fundamental perception were studied in the primary auditory cortex of the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata), which has much more similar brain structure to humans than rodents or cats.
		We found that the neurons in the primary auditory cortex, which were tuned to the fundamental frequency, also responded very well to a combination of successive higher harmonics of the fundamental frequency without the fundamental frequency itself.
	www.aro.org /archives/1999/158.html (380 words)

	MicroFest 2001 Conference Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Ideally, when 2 tones are played together, tuned to the ratios of the upper partials of a fundamental, the human ear provides the difference of the tones and, with the right acoustic conditions, the missing fundamental.
		The poetic lure of a missing fundamental that controls pitch relationships led me to compose pieces derived from the upper partials of a single fundamental frequency never played but inferred as a difference tone.
		The sine tones were tuned to the ratios of the overtones of a fundamental both within and out of the audible rage and ratios not related to the overtone series.
	www2.hmc.edu /~alves/microfestabstracts.html (4290 words)

	The Awesome Universe--'Something Is Missing'--What? - Jehovah's Witnesses: Watchtower Society Official Web Site
		Theories abound, but honest observers echo Margaret Geller's astute observation that despite the glib talk, something fundamental seems to be missing in science's current understanding of the cosmos.
		Cosmologists estimate that 90 percent of the missing mass is unaccounted for.
		We have also located the fundamental answers to those recurring questions that have nagged the mind of man throughout the ages.
	www.watchtower.org /library/g/1996/1/22/universe_something_missing.htm (1893 words)

	Nieuwe pagina 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		If we now ask this piano player to strike the key for this note he will strike the key for the (missing!) fundamental.
		Therefore, an instrument with a good fundamental below 1000Hz (e.g.) but soft harmonics between 2000Hz and 4000Hz will be heard as booming by the player but will be heard at some distance as soft by the listener.
		On the other hand an instrument with not such a loud fundamental below 1000Hz but very strong harmonics between 2000Hz and 4000Hz will be heard by the listener as loud because he fills in the fundamental.
	www.earlyflute.com /pages/carrying.htm (415 words)

	DNA & The Apocalypse
		The New Jerusalem Diagram and the Missing Circle.
		is the fundamental measure of the New Jerusalem diagram, 3168/7 or 452
		The division within identity which is of the essence of modern consciousness is then manifest in physics as the fundamental distinction of momentum and position as alternative conceptions, which duality of concepts essentially precludes the beginning of the perception of resistance itself.
	dgleahy.com /dgl/p18.html (3165 words)

	Physics News Update, Number 436
		A musical note is defined mainly by its lowest pitch, known as its "fundamental frequency," but a note also typically contains higher-pitched "overtones" with frequencies that are some multiple of the fundamental.
		Even when the fundamental frequency is completely removed from a note, the overtones often allow listeners to perceive the missing fundamental anyway.
		Being able to perceive missing frequencies may explain why hearing a classical symphony through a tiny radio, which cannot satisfactory reproduce the lowest-frequency pitches, sounds reasonably faithful to a live version heard in a concert hall.
	www.aip.org /pnu/1999/physnews.436.htm (539 words)

	MuSICA Research Notes: V I, I 1, Spring 1994
		In an important series of studies, researchers presented three types of stimuli: a complex stimulus consisting the 4th through 7th harmonics of a fundamental of 250 Hz, a pure tone of 250 Hz and a pure tone of 1000 Hz (5).
		They found that the locus of response to the harmonic series was at the same point as the locus for responses to the fundamental frequency of 250 Hz.
		Third,, if music has a strong biological component, then fundamental building blocks of music might be present in animals and this seems to be the case.
	www.music-research.org /Publications/researchnotes/V1I1S94.html (3798 words)

	Sound Perception and Analysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This is the lisp code used for the "Case of the Missing Fundamental"...
		Using the sample code for the "Case of the Missing Fundamental", use CLM to create a simple melody of your choice with just higher harmonics (no fundamental).
		Here are the examples: a CLM instrument that can be used to generate a sinewave of arbitrary frequency and amplitude (sine.lisp) and the file that was used to create the missing fundamental examples (missing-fundamental.lisp).
	ccrma.stanford.edu /CCRMA/Courses/220a:1998/Lectures/3/3.html (251 words)

	Flashline Community Weblog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		J2EE and.NET are missing something fundamental, and I donât think that they can be fixed.
		As a result of thinking about this stuff, Iâve come to the conclusion that it's time for a fundamental shift in the way that software engineers view the components that we develop.
		I want these things to be part of the fundamental definition of what an object is, so that they canât be ignored.
	weblog.flashline.com /weblogs/archives/00000031.htm (298 words)

	Jamaican Missing Persons - Home
		"As it turns out though, the issue of missing persons may really be among the most fundamental of the matters facing the constabulary, the addressing of which may well contribute to the resolution of of some of the serious crimes we face in Jamaica.
		Indeed the authorities, now that they are collating the information, have reported that they were 1,881 persons reported missing in Jamaica last year, or more than 72 per 100,000 persons in the island.
		This process allows critical information to reach the widest possible community in a very quick time and remains available until the missing person has been located.
	jamaicanmissingpersons.org /index.htm (338 words)

	missing fundamental (MD37000 ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		To: P. Janata and interested colleagues, RE: Missing fundamental I see that my colleague Richard Parncutt beat me to it in giving you the reference to my work (thank you for the publicity, Richard!) on the missing fundamental.
		This was in accord with an old study of Whitfield (JASA, 1980, 67, 644-647), though not, of course in terms of hemispheric differences.
		Two other abstracts are being presented that are also quite relevant: the first deals with neuromagnetic recordings in humans (Langner et al., SN abstracts, 1993, p.1423, number 581.11); the other deals with unit recordings in the monkey's auditory cortex (Riquimaroux et al., p.
	www.auditory.org /postings/1993/189.html (221 words)

	Waves Ltd. Digital Audio Processing
		The Missing Fundamental phenomenon occurs when an instrument, a trombone for example, plays a very low note.
		For example, if you play the note A on your flute, the frequencies produced are 440Hz (the fundamental note), 880Hz (1st harmonic), 1320 (2nd harmonic), 1760Hz (3rd harmonic), and so on.
		Sometimes when a very low note is played the instrument cannot produce the fundamental note but our ear still perceives it due to its complex nonlinear processing ability â“ itâs just something the ear can do.
	www.waves.com /content.asp?id=1022 (451 words)

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