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Topic: Mission of Gravity

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	Gravity Probe A - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gravity Probe A (GP-A) was a satellite-based experiment to test Einstein's theory of general relativity performed by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.
		It was launched on June 18, 1976 on top of a Scout launcher and remained in space for 1 hour and 55 minutes, as intended.
		Gravity Probe A confirmed the prediction that gravity slows the flow of time.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gravity_A_mission (211 words)

	Mission of Gravity (SF Collector's Edition) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Mission of Gravity (SF Collector's Edition) Review: "Mission of Gravity" by Hal Clement was first published in Astounding Magazine from April through July of 1953.
		As a result the gravity changes radically depending where one is on the surface, from as little as three times that of Earth at the equator, to several hundreds of times that of Earth at the poles.
		Mission of Gravity (SF Collector's Edition) Review: Never mind the way out (yet detailed and accurate) planet and its weird chemistry and physics, the meat of this book is its alien characters.
	www.textkit.com /0_0575070943.html (726 words)

	Cassini-Huygens: Operations-Gravity Assists
		Gravity assist works because of the mutual gravitational pull between a moving planet and a spacecraft.
		One last gravity assist from Jupiter on December 30, 2000 gave Cassini-Huygens the final thrust of energy it needed to project itself all the way to Saturn.
		Gravity assist has often been called the "slingshot effect," but in reality, it is a different example altogether.
	saturn.jpl.nasa.gov /mission/gravity-assists.cfm (463 words)

	Cassini-Huygens: Operations-Gravity Assists
		The "gravity assist" concept has proven to be a fundamental technique to help in exploring our "back yard" -- the solar system.
		Several robotic spacecraft have taken advantage of the "gravity assist" technique to reach their targets of exploration in distant areas of the solar system.
		For example, Voyager 2 launched in August 1977 and flew by Jupiter, using "gravity assist" for a trajectory boost to Saturn.
	saturn.jpl.nasa.gov /mission/gravity-assist-primer.cfm (500 words)

	NASA Gravity Probe B Mission Enters Science Phase, Ready To Test Einstein's Theory
		Gravity Probe B (GP-B), a NASA spacecraft to test two predictions of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, achieved a major milestone this past week with the completion of the Initialization and Orbit Calibration (IOC) phase of its mission and the transition into the science phase.
		Gravity Probe B Reaches One-month Milestone (May 25, 2004) -- One month into the mission, all spacecraft subsystems are continuing to perform well.
		NASA's prime contractor for the mission, Stanford University, conceived the experiment and is responsible for the design and integration of the science instrument, as well as for mission operations and data analysis.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/09/040908091101.htm (1187 words)

	A Pocket of Near-Perfection
		The probe, which launched April 20th on a mission to test an unproven aspect of Einstein's theory of relativity, is by all accounts a marvel of human ingenuity and know-how.
		Enter Gravity Probe B. The idea behind the experiment is simple: Put a spinning gyroscope into orbit around the Earth, with the spin axis pointed toward some distant star as a fixed reference point.
		The mission of Science@NASA is to help the public understand how exciting NASA research is and to help NASA scientists fulfill their outreach responsibilities.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2004/26apr_gpbtech.htm (1407 words)

	John F. Kennedy Space Center - Expendable Launch Vehicle and Payload Processing Status Reports
		This is an integrated test conducted after the Gravity Probe B spacecraft is mated atop the second stage of the launch vehicle.
		The Gravity Probe B mission is a relativity experiment developed by NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center, Stanford University and Lockheed Martin.
		Gravity Probe B will be launched into a 400 nautical-mile-high polar orbit for an 18-month mission.
	www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov /status/paylstat/2003/nov/11-05-03p.htm (638 words)

	Gravity probe B mission status report
		At five weeks past launch, the Gravity Probe B mission is now about half way through the Initialization and Orbit Checkout (IOC) phase of the mission.
		NASA's Gravity Probe B mission, also known as GP-B, will use four ultra-precise gyroscopes to test Einstein's theory that space and time are distorted by the presence of massive objects.
		To accomplish this, the mission will measure two factors -- how space and time are warped by the presence of the Earth, and how the Earth's rotation drags space-time around with it.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-05/nsfc-gpb052804.php (609 words)

	Catalog Page for PIA04652
		Gravity is the force that is responsible for the weight of an object and is determined by how the material that makes up the Earth is distributed throughout the Earth.
		One can define standard gravity as the value of gravity for an perfectly smooth 'idealized' Earth, and the gravity 'anomaly' is a measure of how actual gravity deviates from this standard.
		Gravity reflects the Earth's surface topography to a high degree and is associated with features that most people are familiar with such as large mountains and deep ocean trenches.
	photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov /catalog/PIA04652 (501 words)

	New Scientist Breaking News - Spacecraft to measure Earth's drag on space-time
		The mission is already has one record, as the space mission that has taken the longest to get off the ground - NASA first funded it in March 1964.
		General relativity is a cornerstone of modern physics and holds that gravity warps the fabric of space and time.
		Gravity Probe B aims to measure a weaker and even stranger effect called "frame dragging", a warping of space-time by the gravity and angular momentum of a spinning body.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn4875 (659 words)

	Mars Gravity Biosatellite Program
		The Mars Gravity Biosatellite Program is the first ever mission to study the effects of Martian gravity on mammals, a key step in the human exploration of space.
		The Mars Gravity Biosatellite Program, initiated in August 2001, is a student-driven, international space collaboration, uniting students from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and the University of Queensland (UQ) in a quest to determine how humans will respond to the reduced gravity environment of Mars.
		Yet, in preparing for human missions to the surface of Mars, understanding the continuum of gravitational biology, preparing for future experiments aboard the International Space Station Centrifuge Accommodation Module, and examining lower intensity artificial gravity as a countermeasure to microgravity deconditioning, understanding the effects of such loading environments is essential.
	www.marsgravity.org /program/overview.php (699 words)

	Relativity Mission will test Einstein one more time (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		That's because while gravity is the glue that holds the universe together, it's also the weakest of the four fundamental forces.
		Unlike astrophysics missions that quickly return dramatic images, or space missions where observers see crystals growing before their eyes, the Relativity Mission will need 13 months of data-taking before it reaches its full accuracy.
		Gravity Probe A and possible follow-on missions are described at Harvard University.
	spacescience.com /headlines/y2000/ast24may_1m.htm?list (1884 words)

	gravity probe b - Ultimate Guide To electronics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Gravity Probe B Gravity Probe B is the relativity gyroscope experiment being developed by NASA and Stanford University to test two extraordinary, unverified predictions of Albert Einstein's...
		Gravity Probe-B. Gravity Probe B is an experiment being developed by NASA and Stanford University to test two unverified predictions of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity.
		Gravity Probe B (GP-B) is a satellite-based mission to test Einstein's general theory of relativity...
	www.miff-india.com /b-b-electronics/gravity-probe-b.html (521 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Satellite Gravity and the Geosphere: Contributions to the Study of the Solid Earth and Its Fluid ...
		Hence the SGG mission is of limited value for the study of temporal variability.
		A mission using a larger launch vehicle and/or more miniaturized gradiometer could extend the lifetime to five years, and thus would permit the detection of temporal gravity variability on seasonal and interannual time scales.
		A mission flown at an altitude of 400-500 km would yield significant improvements over the best current Earth-gravity models at harmonic degrees less than 25 (1600 km wavelength), whereas a mission flown at 300 km would be useful for degrees up to 30 (1300 km wavelength).
	www.nap.edu /books/0309057922/html/3.html (947 words)

	[3.0] Gravity & Orbital Mechanics [encyclopedia] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		By a stroke of good luck, their work on gravity slingshots led them to realized that beginning in the late 1970s, all four outer gas giant planets would be strung out in a perfectly staggered formation beginning in the late 1970s, a configuration that only occurred once every 175 years.
		After the end of the sampling mission, another burn will put the probe on a orbit that will send it all the way back to a halo orbit around L2, where MAP will be making its measurements, and then to a close Earth flyby, where Genesis will drop its sample package.
		Gravity was no longer completely balanced by centripedal acceleration, and the result was that the humans felt a net gravitational force that grew stronger the farther south they went.
	kosmoi.com /Science/Physics/Mechanics/tpecp3.shtml (7567 words)

	Testing Einstein's theory: NASA Gravity Probe B mission
		Gravity Probe B's 12-month science-data acquisition period will be followed by a two-month post-science period for calibrations.
		By 2005 the Gravity Probe B mission will be complete, and a one-year period is planned for scientific analysis of the data.
		NASA's prime contractor for the mission, Stanford University in Stanford, Calif., conceived the experiment and is responsible for the design of the science instrument, as well as for mission operations and data analysis.
	www.physorg.com /news1418.html (722 words)

	The Enterprise Mission - Anti-Gravity Show - Part 1
		They shield themselves from the gravity field of the earth, and they're flung instantly into space because of the rotation of the earth.
		It would float upward at a thousand miles per hour, and that would be adequate to eventually take you beyond the, well all the way to the moon, or even beyond.
		It would obviously be shielded from the sun's gravity, as well, so you would just keep going and going.
	www.enterprisemission.com /gtran1.html (1411 words)

	IAG SC7: Gravity Field Determination by Satellite Gravity Gradiometry
		The necessity of a high-resolution satellite borne gravity field mission was defined already in 1969 in the so-called Williamstown Report by the leading geo-scientists at that time.
		It is an Italian mission concept aiming at determining the gravity field of the earth by the high-low SST mode based on very accurate acceleration and position measurements.
		Other mission concepts were based on satellite gravity gradiometry for deriving the high frequency part, eventually equipped with GPS receivers to enable satellite-to-satellite tracking to improve also the long wavelength part of the gravity field, as e.g.
	www.gfy.ku.dk /~iag/Travaux_99/sc7.htm (3203 words)

	SPACE.com -- Gravity's Rainbow: GRACE Mission Pushes Forward
		It's the first of many gravity maps to be generated by the twin satellites of GRACE, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, underway by NASA and the German Aerospace Center.
		The amount of gravity tugging down at any point of the Earth is proportional the amount of mass sitting at that point.
		The gravity map is also just an early version of the type of data GRACE will be capable of, he added.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/gravity_map_030725.html (914 words)

	2002 News Releases - New Gravity Mission on Track to Map Earth's Shifty Mass
		Six months into its mission to precisely measure Earth's shifting water masses and map their effects on Earth's gravity field, the joint NASA-German Aerospace Center Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, or Grace, is already producing results of considerable interest.
		The monthly gravity maps generated by Grace will be up to 1,000 times more accurate than current maps, substantially improving the accuracy of many techniques used by oceanographers, hydrologists, glaciologists, geologists and other scientists to study phenomena that influence climate.
		Grace measures Earth's gravity field by measuring the separation between the twin satellites with an accuracy of one millionth of a meter (less than 1/10th the width of a human hair).
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /releases/2002/release_2002_174.html (701 words)

	Mission of Gravity
		(1954) set on the giant, rapidly rotating planet of Mesklin where the effective gravity varies between 700-g at the flattened poles and 3-g at the equator.
		The Mesklinites are giant centipede-like creatures, derived from aquatic jet-propelled ancestors, which have diverged in biology and culture according to where they live on the planet.
		A spacecraft from Earth crashes at the planet's north pole and a rescue mission ensues in which the Mesklinite known as Barlennan takes on the role of hero.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/M/MissionGrav.html (196 words)

	NASA - Gravity Probe B mission status report - 04-127 (04-28-04)
		In its first week on orbit, Gravity Probe B — a NASA experiment to test two predictions of Albert Einstein's Theory of General Relativity — has accomplished many steps along the way in a smooth transition into the science phase of the mission.
		In its first week on orbit, Gravity Probe B has achieved many successes that will ensure a smooth transition into the science phase of the mission and the best possible experimental accuracy.
		Mission operations have demonstrated that the hardware developed for the GP-B mission is performing as planned, and the Stanford-NASA-Lockheed Martin operations team is performing well.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/marshall/news/news/releases/2004/04-127.html (658 words)

	Mission of Gravity (SF Collector's Edition)
		He would dare the perils of strange tribes and stranger creatures -- even dicker with those strange aliens from beyond the skies, though the concept of another world was unknown to the inhabitants of the disk-shaped planet of Mesklin.
		"Mission of Gravity" by Hal Clement was first published in Astounding Magazine from April through July of 1953.
		To study the subtle effects of high gravity, the scientists have sent a high-tech (and...
	www.literacyconnections.com /0_0575070943.html (544 words)

	Mission of Gravity - Henry Clement Stubbs - Microsoft Reader eBook
		In some ways the main character of Hal Clement's under-appreciated novel, Mission of Gravity, is not Charles Lackland, the human explorer dispatched to the planet Mesklin to retrieve stranded scientific equipment.
		While Mission of Gravity is an interesting read by virtue of its sincere interest in science, it is also a gripping adventure story filled with close encounters and hair-raising plot twists.
		Mission of Gravity is Clement's most popular and enduring work.
	www.ebookmall.com /ebook/72141-ebook.htm (733 words)

	The Enterprise Mission - Anti-Gravity Show - Part 4
		That is shielding from the effects of gravity.
		This is liberation of the human family from the tyranny and bondage of gravity to planet earth, and if nobody sits up and takes notice and salutes, then you and I are in the wrong business.
		Absolutely, because there's all kinds of ways to turn this simple little device into what we would cleverly call "a perpetual motion machine," because you can imagine that if you are getting a 2% decrease in G over the disk, then you're basically setting up an inverse waterfall.
	www.enterprisemission.com /gtran4.html (2082 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Mission of Gravity (Gollancz SF Collector's Edition): Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Clement also worked hard to conceal this laborious effort: in Mission of Gravity (1953) there are no equations, but simply the convincing reality of the extraordinary planet Mesklin.
		Mission of Gravity is an acknowledged classic of old-fashioned SF world-building.
		The plot is pretty much a series of adventures occasioned by various scientific oddities as the Mesklinite party travels across the world from equator to pole in search of the Earthling's probe, with little in the way of character development or any deeper meanings.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0575070943 (953 words)

	ESA - Living Planet Programme - GOCE - ESA's gravity mission GOCE
		It is the first Earth Explorer Core mission to be developed as part of ESA’s Living Planet Programme and is scheduled for launch in 2006.
		The geoid, which is defined by the Earth’s gravity field, is a surface of equal gravitational potential.
		An improved knowledge of gravity anomalies will contribute to a better understanding of the Earth’s interior, such as the physics and dynamics associated with volcanism and earthquakes and also further our knowledge of land uplift due to post-glacial rebound.
	www.esa.int /esaLP/ESAYEK1VMOC_LPgoce_0.html (294 words)

	SPACE.com -- The Problem with Gravity: New Mission Would Probe Strange Puzzle
		Something was holding the probes back, according to calculations of their paths, speed and how the gravity of all the objects in the solar system -- and even a tiny push provided by sunlight -- ought to act on them.
		He is not paid to work specifically on the problem, so he has to juggle the disturbing thought with his regular research, which involves other aspects of gravity and, significantly, whether theories that explain the glue of the whole universe might one day match neatly with those describing the invisible, subatomic world.
		If the mission were to find a natural, cosmic cause to the Pioneer anomaly, the revelation would rank right up there with other apple-on-the-head moments in the history of physics.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/mystery_monday_041018.html (1500 words)

	John F. Kennedy Space Center - Expendable Launch Vehicles
		Gravity Probe B is the relativity gyroscope experiment being developed by NASA and Stanford University to test two extraordinary, unverified predictions of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity.
		This is the story of a scientific quest in which physicists and engineers have collaborated closely over many years.
		A NASA spacecraft designed to test two important predictions of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity is set to launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base, Calif., at 1 p.m.
	www.ksc.nasa.gov /elvnew/gpb/index.htm (361 words)

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