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	Mississippian
		The Mississippian Stage is characterized by the construction of large, flat topped mounds, small triangular projectile points, shell tempered pottery, an increased dependence on maize agriculture, and the organization of the population into a chiefdom society.
		One of the characteristics of Mississippian settlements is the construction of large earthen, flat-topped mounds.
		In the case of Mississippian Indians, this ruling class was organized as a chiefdom, in which their are two groups of people, elites and non-elites, or commoners.
	bama.ua.edu /~alaarch/prehistoricalabama/mississippian.htm (934 words)

	Archaeology - Mississippian Period
		Decked out in their ceremonial and elite finery, the leaders of the Late Mississippian Period town of Toqua are assembled in front of the civic buildings on the summit of Mound A. The occasion is the "Busk," a four to eight day event that climaxed the ceremonial year.
		Elvas describes "...a sort of fan of deerskin...the size of a shield, quartered with fl and white, with a cross made in the middle...set on a small and very long staff...." Current thought is that the cross symbolizes the cardinal directions and the sacred fire, and the circle symbolizes the sun.
		Mississippian Period shell necklace with cut-out and engraved spider, sun disk, and rattlesnake motifs.
	mcclungmuseum.utk.edu /permex/archaeol/xrm-text.htm (767 words)

	Mississippian and Late Prehistoric Period - Southeastern Prehistory.
		This appears to be the core of the classic Mississippian culture area, containing large ceremonial mound and residential complexes, sometimes enclosed within earthen ditches and ramparts or a stockade line.
		Coeval Mississippian areas include the Fort Ancient culture area of southern Ohio and eastern Kentucky, and the Caddoan Mississippian of eastern Oklahoma, eastern Texas, western Arkansas, and western Louisiana.
		Other coeval Mississippian culture areas are the St. Johns culture area of northeastern Florida, the Glades and Calusa culture areas of southern Florida, and the coastal cultures of North Carolina.
	www.cr.nps.gov /seac/outline/05-mississippian/index.htm (1859 words)

	Mississippian and Late Prehistoric period, SEAC Prehistory and History
		The 1963 National Historic Landmark Theme Study characterized Mississippian cultures (then called "Temple Mound" cultures) as different from the Woodland cultures on the basis of distinctive ceramic vessel forms, the use of ground shell as a tempering agent in ceramics, rectangularly shaped structures, and ceremonial earthwork complexes.
		The South Appalachian Mississippian area appears to have derived its inspiration from the Middle Mississippian culture area, as it appears to post-date Mississippian occupation from the latter area.
		A.D. Mississippian culture traits common to the Caddo people primarily along the Red River drainage, such as the use of maize agriculture, burial mounds, and temple mound complexes, appear to have been derived from the Plaquemine Mississippian culture area more so than the Middle Mississippian core area.
	www.cr.nps.gov /seac/misslate.htm (1134 words)

	Mississippian HSU NHM
		During the Mississippian* sea lilies dominated the seas and reptiles began to appear on land, along with ferns.
		Crinoids and their relatives, blastoids, were so widespread in North America that the Mississippian is known as the Age of Crinoids.
		The Mississippian* was bamed for rocks in the upper Mississippi Valley by Winchell in 1870.
	www.humboldt.edu /~natmus/lifeThroughTime/Mississippian.web/index.html (382 words)

	The North America Tapestry - Mississippian Rocks
		The Mississippian is the first part of the time period geologists originally referred to as the Carboniferous (the second, later period is the Pennsylvanian) because of the presence of coal in similarly-aged rocks around the world.
		The end of the Mississippian, however, saw a decrease in sea level, causing a marine extinction.
		Mississippian rocks are found in the Ouachita Range and the Michigan Basin.
	www.nationalatlas.gov /articles/geology/legend/ages/mississippian.html (138 words)

	Mississippian
		In Europe, the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Periods are joined into a single period called the Carboniferous, and can be quite naturally be subdivided into three epochs.
		The Mississippian fossil record is almost entirely marine.
		The Mississippian has sometimes been called the "Age of Crinoids," due to the numbers of fossils of these stalked echinoderms found in the strata of the period.
	www.carlwozniak.com /earth/Mississi.html (251 words)

	Palaeos Paleozoic: Carboniferous: Early Carboniferous (Mississippian)
		The Mississippian Epoch of the Carboniferous Period: 320 to 354 Mya
		The American geologist Alexander Winchell formally proposed the name Mississippian in 1869 for the Lower Carboniferous strata (mostly limestones from limy mud laid down in a shallow sea) that are extensively exposed along the Upper Mississippi River drainage region.
		The term Mississippian is used by American geologists and paleontologist but did not catch on in Europe or elsewhere, where Carboniferous was retained.
	www.palaeos.com /Paleozoic/Carboniferous/Mississippian.htm (867 words)

	TN Encyclopedia: MISSISSIPPIAN CULTURE
		Mississippian social and political patterns largely are inferred from the size, organization, and complexity of settlements, but more importantly from patterns in mortuary behavior.
		Mississippian settlement consisted of large towns, intermediate size towns, small hamlets, and individual farmsteads, as well as hunting camps and camps for the exploitation of different plants and animals.
		Mississippian people engaged in elaborate ritual that surely reflected their beliefs in the supernatural and helped them define, maintain, and replicate complex patterns of political and social organization.
	tennesseeencyclopedia.net /imagegallery.php?EntryID=M108 (1569 words)

	HA 730-J Mississippian aquifer text
		Recharge to the Mississippian aquifer in Iowa is principally where the aquifer forms the bedrock surface and is overlain by, and hydraulically connected with shallower aquifers (fig.
		Evidence of ground-water discharge from the Mississippian aquifer to the Des Moines River in Iowa is shown in figure 69.
		Water in the Mississippian aquifer in Michigan, principally in the southern and the eastern parts of the aquifer where it forms the bedrock surface, is typically a mixed ion type with dissolved-solids concentrations that range between 200 and 400 milligrams per liter (fig.70).
	capp.water.usgs.gov /gwa/ch_j/J-text5.html (1607 words)

	Mississippian Period - Encyclopedia of Arkansas
		The Mississippian Period is one of several broad categories (including Paleoindian, Archaic, and Woodland) that archaeologists use to subdivide the American Indian past of the Southeast and Midwest.
		With the advent of agriculture and increased population, a variety of year-round settlements—such as towns, villages, hamlets, and farmsteads—began to appear on the landscape.
		In northeast Arkansas, a de Soto chronicler describes an attack in 1541 by the Casqui on the temple of neighboring Pacaha; the Casqui destroyed relics of Pacaha ancestors that were entombed in the temple.
	www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net /encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=544 (1497 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: Mississippian Period: Overview
		It was believed that the Natchez chief, probably like most Mississippian chiefs, could influence the supernatural world and therefore had the ability to ensure that important events like the rising of the sun, spring rains, and the fall harvest came on time.
		Some of the most impressive achievements of Mississippian people are the finely crafted objects made of stone, marine shell, pottery, and native copper.
		The Mississippian Period in Georgia was brought to an end by the increasing European presence in the Southeast.
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?id=h-707 (1585 words)

	The Geology of Ohio--The Mississippian (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mississippian rocks record a quiescent phase in Late Paleozoic continental collision and mountain building during most of the period, but provide a signal of the great revolution that occurred at the end of the Paleozoic Era: the rise of the Appalachian Mountains.
		During the Mississippian Period, which began about 360 million years ago and ended about 325 million years ago, Ohio was in equatorial latitudes and had a warm, tropical climate.
		Although the preserved fossil record of the Mississippian in Ohio is relatively poor, life flourished in the seas and, more importantly, gained a strong foothold on the land.
	www.ohiodnr.com /geosurvey/oh_geol/01_no_2/missa.htm (315 words)

	Tejas > Caddo Fundamentals > Mississippian World
		The "Caddoan" Mississippian area illustrates the problem of trying to define broad culture areas: these are abstract generalizations that seem to take on a life of their own.
		The Mississippian world was never uniform or united; instead it was fragmented and fractious, a 600-year era during which dozens of chiefdoms arose and then fell apart, none lasting longer than a few hundred years, and few controlling large territories.
		Although never politically united, the Mississippian world was united in a cultural sense by participation in widespread religious and social phenomena often described as "cults." This is perhaps a poor choice of terms as the word cult may conjure up images of small extremist groups.
	www.texasbeyondhistory.net /tejas/fundamentals/miss.html (3423 words)

	Geology of Missouri--Mississippian (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Mississippian sea began as a clear, warm, shallow sea with profuse carbonate reefs.
		The Mississippian sea may have covered much of Missouri, although, as usual, the deposit thinned over the uplift areas, and was subsequently removed.
		At the end of the Mississippian, the retreating Kaskaskian sea overwhelmed the carbonate sequences with silica rich muds and sands.
	members.socket.net /~joschaper/misp.html (507 words)

	Mississippian (geologic period) Summary
		The Pennsylvanian and Mississippian Periods are uniquely American terms for the upper and lower sections of the Carboniferous, a geologic period defined by a sequence of coal and limestone-bearing strata delineated by European geologists in the early nineteenth century.
		The Mississippian is an epoch of the Carboniferous period lasting from roughly 360 Ma to 325 Ma (million years ago).
		The Mississippian is so-named because rocks from this age are exposed in the Mississippi River valley.
	www.bookrags.com /Mississippian_(geologic_period) (527 words)

	Rank at Cahokia
		The Mississippian Tradition was an adaptation from the Eastern Woodlands people that appeared around 800-90000 AD and lasted up to and past contact with the Europeans.
		The Mississippian Tradition was not a political or cultural monolith, but instead was hundreds of small communities, a number of larger communities and a few large "cities" which exhibited a large variety of local adaptations to a diverse resource base.
		The development of confederacies out of what was the Mississippian may represent a different way to organize - not a directional or evolutional change but one that society adopted to attempt to find a satisfactory social and political organization.
	www.mc.maricopa.edu /dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/glues/cahokia_rank.html (2723 words)

	NATIVE PEOPLES of NORTH AMERICA - Mississippian Traditions
		Instead, it was a culture differentally shared and participated in by hundreds of local societies large and small, each adapted to a multiplicity of diverse resource bases, and each varying widely in their dependence on a mixture of maize-beans-squash horticulture with gathering of wild plant foods, fishing, and hunting.
		Mississippian towns typically contained from 1 to 20 or more flat-topped mounds that served as platforms for temples as well as residences for the elite.
		Scholars usually classify Mississippian societies as chiefdoms, although at several Mississippian centers (such as Cahokia and Moundville) their is evidence that a state organization had emerged.
	www.cabrillo.edu /~crsmith/mississ.html (2070 words)

	ARC \| Keeping the Line Open: The Mississippian Railway Cooperative
		The Mississippian Railway was built in the early 1920s to haul timber products south to Amory, where its tracks connect with tracks that now belong to the Burlington Northern Santa Fe, one of the nation's large Class I railroads.
		The Mississippian Railway can always be expected to give top priority to customer service because it is, for all practical purposes, operated by and for its customers.
		The Mississippian has been operated to produce a modest profit ever since the ICDC bought it, and the loans used to restore it are almost paid off.
	www.arc.gov /index.do?nodeId=877 (1548 words)

	FSTS Sources - Papers - The Mississippian Presence in the Red Wing Area, Minnesota
		Middle Mississippian traits are concentrated in two areas of Minnesota, at the confluence of the Cannon and Mississippi rivers near Red Wing and along the main trench of the Minnesota River from Mankato to the Red River of the North.
		Nonetheless, we suggest that Oneota and/or Mississippian people were involved in the construction of most of these mounds, for shell-tempered sherds with Oneota and/or Mississippian decorative styles were in the fill or with burials in the few that have been excavated (Maxwell 1950; Johnson et al.
		Except for the side-notched triangular point, one jar with an angular shoulder, and the possible walltrench structure, these Mississippian traits (the trinotched point, scroll motifs, several angular jar shoulders) were concentrated in the area of a nearly square (9 x 9.5 meters) posthole house with a fl 'depressed' floor and an Oneota artifact assemblage.
	www.fromsitetostory.org /sources/papers/rwlprepressmississippian/rwlprepressmississippian.asp (8468 words)

	Mississippian Political Economy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A model of Mississippian development in the Tennessee-Cumberland in terms of social environment and circumscription.
		East Tennessee Mississippian status and burial practices as a measure of ranking.
		In Cahokia and the Hinterlands: Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest.
	www.siu.edu /~anthro/muller/MPE_Biblio.htm (3514 words)

	The Daily Mississippian Online
		Near-record numbers are expected across the state today as Mississippians go to the polls to choose a new governor, lieutenant governor and a multitude of other state and local offices.
		Mississippians to also vote on mandated term limits
		When Mississippians across the state hit the polls today to pick their new state leaders, they will also decide whether mandated term limits should be placed on state legislators.
	www.olemiss.edu /news/dm/archives/99/9911/991102/index.html (244 words)

	Mississippian Period, Kentucky Geological Survey
		Crinoids, blastoids, and bryozoans in the Mississippian seas of Kentucky.
		Mississippian rocks are exposed at the surface in the Mississippian Plateau (Pennyroyal) Region and occur below the surface in both of the coal fields.
		Mississippian rocks are absent in the Blue Grass Region and in most of the Knobs.
	www.uky.edu /KGS/fossils/missippi.htm (518 words)

	The Mississippian Plateau or Pennyrile Region , Kentucky Geological Survey site
		The Mississippian Plateau or Pennyrile Region, shown in orange on the map, consists of a limestone plain characterized by tens of thousands of sink holes, sinking streams, streamless valleys, springs, and caverns.
		The Karst terraine of the Mississippian Plateau occurs because the bedrock in the eastern and southern parts of the region is dominated by thick deposits of Mississippian-age limestones.
		Another interesting feature of the western Mississippian Plateau Region is the geologic district known as the Fluorspar District (it is not a physiographic district).
	www.uky.edu /KGS/geoky/regionpennyrile.htm (436 words)

	When did the Mississippians disappear
		Most Mississippian sites are located in the flood plains of a river, which gives their land an annual fertility boost, but Galloway claims that in many areas that boost was not enough to overcome the soil-depleting effects of corn farming over the centuries.
		Galloway sees southeastern Indians in 1540 as a mosaic of groups in various stages of this cycle, with full-blown flourishing Mississippian along the Mississippi river (appropriately enough) and in some other areas where the local Indians happened to be at the high end of the cycle.
		In terms of the date at which Mississippian ended, one of the essays, "Ethnic Identities and Cultural Change in the Protohistoric Period of Eastern Arkansas" by Michael Hoffman, talks about late Mississippian cultures: "A number of Mississippian phases existed in northeastern Arkansas at least until the middle of the sixteenth century.
	members.aol.com /althist1/PODSept99/mississippians.htm (1054 words)

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