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Topic: Mississippian culture

	Mississippian and Late Prehistoric period, SEAC Prehistory and History
		The 1963 National Historic Landmark Theme Study characterized Mississippian cultures (then called "Temple Mound" cultures) as different from the Woodland cultures on the basis of distinctive ceramic vessel forms, the use of ground shell as a tempering agent in ceramics, rectangularly shaped structures, and ceremonial earthwork complexes.
		The South Appalachian Mississippian area appears to have derived its inspiration from the Middle Mississippian culture area, as it appears to post-date Mississippian occupation from the latter area.
		Other coeval Mississippian culture areas are the St. Johns culture area of northeastern Florida, the Glades and Calusa culture areas of southern Florida, and the coastal cultures of North Carolina.
	www.cr.nps.gov /seac/misslate.htm (1134 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Mississippian culture
		The Mississippian culture was a mound-building Native American culture that flourished in the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from approximately 900 to 1500 CE, varying regionally.
		In contrast to preceding cultures, a distinguishing characteristic of virtually all Mississippian ceramics is that the clay was tempered with crushed river mussel and snail shells.
		A century later, the remnants of Mississippian culture regenerated as the historic Native Americans of Tennessee--especially the Chickasaws in the West and the Cherokees in the East.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Mississippian_culture (2861 words)

	tScholars.com \| Mississippian culture (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Mississippian culture was a Chalcolithic mound-building Native American culture that flourished in the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from approximately 800 to 1500 A.D., varying regionally.
		Cultures in the Tennessee River Valley may have also begun to develop Mississippian characteristics at this point.
		Early Mississippian cultures are those which had just made the transition from the Late Woodland period way of life (500-1000 A.D.).
	www.tscholars.com /encyclopedia/Mississippian_culture (1309 words)

	TN Encyclopedia: MISSISSIPPIAN CULTURE
		Mississippian social and political patterns largely are inferred from the size, organization, and complexity of settlements, but more importantly from patterns in mortuary behavior.
		Mississippian settlement consisted of large towns, intermediate size towns, small hamlets, and individual farmsteads, as well as hunting camps and camps for the exploitation of different plants and animals.
		Mississippian people engaged in elaborate ritual that surely reflected their beliefs in the supernatural and helped them define, maintain, and replicate complex patterns of political and social organization.
	tennesseeencyclopedia.net /imagegallery.php?EntryID=M108 (1569 words)

	Central Mississippian Culture (Site not responding. Last check: )
		During much of the prehistoric period a culture had arisen and thrived in the east section of the United States.
		This culture has become known as the Mississippian culture and it thrived from 900 A.D. into the eighteenth century.
		The Mississippian peoples were primarily agriculturist, but also depended on hunting and gathering as a means of subsistence.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/northamerica/culture/plains/central_mississippi.html (122 words)

	Mississippian
		The Mississippian Stage is characterized by the construction of large, flat topped mounds, small triangular projectile points, shell tempered pottery, an increased dependence on maize agriculture, and the organization of the population into a chiefdom society.
		One of the characteristics of Mississippian settlements is the construction of large earthen, flat-topped mounds.
		In the case of Mississippian Indians, this ruling class was organized as a chiefdom, in which their are two groups of people, elites and non-elites, or commoners.
	bama.ua.edu /~alaarch/prehistoricalabama/mississippian.htm (934 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: Mississippian Period: Overview
		The Mississippian Period in the midwestern and southeastern United States, which lasted from about A.D. 800 to 1600, saw the development of some of the most complex societies that ever existed in North America.
		Some of the most impressive achievements of Mississippian people are the finely crafted objects made of stone, marine shell, pottery, and native copper.
		The Mississippian Period in Georgia was brought to an end by the increasing European presence in the Southeast.
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?id=h-707 (1585 words)

	Mississippian Culture Jewellery (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Mississippian culture represents the climax of prehistoric cultural...
		The Mississippian Period Of the Woodland Culture Area in the...
		Cahokia was a Mississippian culture and was among those generally known as the...
	www.ancientspiral.com /search/78/mississippian-culture---jewellery.html (362 words)

	Crossroads, 34
		Nearly all Mississippian towns were heavily fortified, for constant warfare between tribes and towns was the dark side of Mississippian culture.
		The Mississippians were armed with powerful bows of oak or bois d'arc (Osage orange), the latter one of the best bow woods in existence, equal to the yew wood used for the English longbows of Robin Hood's days.
		In Arkansas, Mississippian culture did not spread far south of the confluence of the Arkansas and the Mississippi.
	peace.saumag.edu /swark/crossroads/page34.html (341 words)

	Mounds of North America - Crystalinks
		The major location where the Mississippian culture is clearly developed is located in Illinois, and is referred to today as Cahokia.
		A significant symbol in the Mississippian culture is the rattlesnake, which would explain the design of the mound.
		Periodically, the Mississippians would raze one of the wood-and-mud structures, bury the remains of a deceased leader in a fresh layer of earth, and erect a new building on top.
	www.crystalinks.com /pyrnorthamerica.html (3006 words)

	Archaeology - Mississippian Period
		Decked out in their ceremonial and elite finery, the leaders of the Late Mississippian Period town of Toqua are assembled in front of the civic buildings on the summit of Mound A. The occasion is the "Busk," a four to eight day event that climaxed the ceremonial year.
		Elvas describes "...a sort of fan of deerskin...the size of a shield, quartered with fl and white, with a cross made in the middle...set on a small and very long staff...." Current thought is that the cross symbolizes the cardinal directions and the sacred fire, and the circle symbolizes the sun.
		Mississippian Period shell necklace with cut-out and engraved spider, sun disk, and rattlesnake motifs.
	mcclungmuseum.utk.edu /permex/archaeol/xrm-text.htm (767 words)

	Moundville Archaelogical Museum - An Archaelogical Sketch of Moundville
		The Moundville site, occupied from around A.D. 1000 until A.D. 1450, is a large settlement of Mississippian culture on the Black Warrior River in central Alabama.
		At the time of Moundville's heaviest residential population, the community took the form of a three hundred-acre village built on a bluff overlooking the river.
		Like other Mississippian societies, Moundville's growth and prosperity were made possible by intensive cultivation of maize, or Indian corn.
	www.ua.edu /academic/museums/moundville/sketch.html (595 words)

	RiverWeb American Bottom Prehistoric Archives
		Mississippian Birdmen (a, b, c, f Eagle Being from Etowah and Spiro, a and c are holding human heads; d, e, h, i other representations from Spiro: g is a chunkey player).
		Mississippian ruler greeting the rising sun and illustrating the alignments of posts and mounds with the rising sun.
		Percentage of aquatic, semi-aquatic, and terrestrial vertebrates from Emergent Mississippian (Lloyd, Merrell, and Edelhardt) and Mississippian (Lohmann, Stirling, and Moorehead) Phases at Cahokia.
	www.museum.state.il.us /RiverWeb/landings/Ambot/prehistory/archives/index.html (11089 words)

	Woodstock Culture and the Question of Mississippian Emergence - Questia Online Library
		The definition of Emergent Mississippian assumes a dual meaning in that it represents both a temporal interval preceding the Mississippian period and an evolutionary stage incorporating some of the accoutrements of a widespread Mississippian manifestation.
		Mississippian emergence in the central Mississippi Valley has been viewed as involving dramatic, interrelated changes, including an increasing importance of maize agriculture, the appearance of technology related to maize cultivation and storage, and the occurrence of incipient ranking (Smith 1986:57).
		The widespread appearance of Emergent Mississippian throughout the larger Southeast is frequently defined by such traits as wall-trench houses and shell-tempered pottery, a nascent site-size hierarchy, and the growing importance of maize (Steponaitis 1986:387).
	www.questia.com /PM.qst?a=o&d=5001632686 (663 words)

	Historical Pottery
		The Hopewell culture began to fade near the end of the Burial Mound II period.
		The influence of Mississippian culture can also be found to the northwest, in the Oneota culture which fused earlier Woodland traditions with the new imports.
		One of the unique features of Mississippian pottery, as compared with earlier Woodland types, is the prevalence of effigy vessels, that is, pottery which is made in the form of an animal or human.
	www.clayhound.us /sites/woodland-mis.htm (2033 words)

	incongems.net: The Mississippian culture
		One of the distinguishing features of this culture was the construction of large earthen mounds, leading to the nickname the Mound builders.
		The Mississippian culture was a mound-building Native American culture that flourished in the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from approximately 800 to 1500 CE, varying regionally.
		Cultures in the Tennessee River Valley may have also begun to develop Mississippian characteristics at this point.
	www.incongems.net /The-Mississippian-culture.htm (1032 words)

	Mississippian (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Mississippian culture is a late Woodland tradition.
		Cahokia is the largest and most well known Mississippian site; the population of Cahokia is estimated to be between 10,000 and 30,000.
		Mississippian cultures ranged from areas between the Mississippi Valley into Alabama, Georgia, and Florida.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/northamerica/culture/plains/mississippian.html (171 words)

	dating Mississippian_culture - dating-report.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Mississippian culture was a mound-building Native American culture that flourished in the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from approximately 800 to 1500 A.D., varying regionally.
		Almost all dated Mississippian sites predate 1539 (when Hernando de Soto explored the area), and very few European artifacts have been discovered at Mississippian sites, indicating that this culture dates almost entirely before European contact.
		Early Mississippian cultures are those which had just made the transition from the Late Woodland period way of life (500â“1000 A.D.).
	www.dating-report.com /Mississippian_culture (1472 words)

	MIS_CULT
		Well, yeah, they were people who lived in the area DURING the Mississippian Culture, but they were also Caddos, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Natchez, Sac and Fox, Osage, and a host of others.
		The term "Mississipian Culture" actually refers to a timeline, roughly from 800 to 1700 C.E., depending on who you're speaking to at the moment.
		His response was the same, "Well, no, they're Mississippian Culture, we don't know who they are." I reminded him that we'd already established that he was ignorant of certain facts (yes, I was polite at this point in time), but that these people had families, bands, tribes, and nations.
	www.mississippianculture.org /MIS_CULT.html (717 words)

	Missouri Archeological Society - Archaeology of Missouri - Missouri's Mississippian Legacy
		The culture was distinguished by a chiefdom level of social organization and a ranked society with a complex religion; a range of settlements from large walled towns and centers with civic-ceremonial mounds, to hamlets, farmsteads and small, special-purpose camps; far-flung trade and exchange networks; and a subsistence base that relied largely on agriculture.
		The earliest evidence of Mississippian Culture, as it is called by archaeologists, dates from roughly A.D. 800 to A.D. During this phase, referred to as the Emergent Mississippian period, evidence appears of long-range trade in exotic goods passed from culture to culture in a widespread economic network.
		The Mississippian period, dating from A.D. 1000 to A.D. 1700, is differentiated largely by ceramics and architectural differences.
	associations.missouristate.edu /mas/articles/articlemissippianlegacy.html (865 words)

	Mississippian Culture MississippianCulture
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	katievyko.freecities.com /mississippianculture.html (376 words)

	Mississippian and Late Prehistoric Period - Southeastern Prehistory.
		Walthall (1990) has divided Mississippian cultural chronology into Early Mississippian (A.D. 850 to A.D.), Middle Mississippian (A.D. 1,150 to A.D.), and Late Mississippian (A.D. 1500 to A.D. Mississippian sites appeared almost simultaneously throughout the Southeast around A.D. and were mainly located within river floodplain environments.
		The Fort Ancient culture emerged about A.D. as a response by local Late Woodland populations to an increasing reliance on agriculture, increasing sedentism, and the accompanying rise in socio-political complexity associated with the Middle Mississippian culture area.
		Maritime cultural adaptations of the native populations throughout the Southeast were recorded by early explorers, including Columbus, LeMoyne, Ribault, Laudonniere, and d'Iberville, among others.
	www.nps.gov /history/seac/outline/05-mississippian (1859 words)

	Mississippian and Late Prehistoric period, SEAC Prehistory and History
		More likely, similarity in exotic artifacts was due to a Mississippian exchange network linking hundreds of large and small communities, which functioned to promote the exchange of prestige goods for food.
		A.D. Excavations have identified flat-topped or platform ceremonial, rather than burial, mound complexes that are similar in layout to early Mississippian period earthworks.
		Many of these cultures constructed temple mounds and/or burial mounds and, to a certain extent, utilized maize agriculture; however, to a larger extent they continued a Woodland type of subsistence in Late Prehistoric times until European contact.
	www.nps.gov /history/seac/misslate.htm (1134 words)

	Early History of Robertson County Tennessee - The Bell Witch Web Site
		Although most Mississippian groups buried their dead in cemeteries, the Woodland-type burial mounds were sometimes used.
		At larger Mississippian settlements, the elite families were sometimes buried in special mounds along with their elaborate possessions that represented their status in society.
		The Mississippian culture was still flourishing when early Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto visited the area in the 1540-1541 period.
	www.bellwitch.org /earlyhistory.htm (1264 words)

	mississippian culture: termpapersdownload.com- easy term papers download, easy essays download, easy book reports ...
		Furthermore, “border crossings” means that a researcher must be able to immerse himself with the dynamics of the culture he is studying in order to get a better and proper perspective in studying the society’s culture.
		Re-inscription also means instilling once again to the people of that society to be re-introduced to the culture that their society had once subsisted to, long before colonization and other foreign influence have mixed with the original culture of the society.
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	www.termpapersdownload.com /term-papers/496640/mississippian-culture.html (405 words)

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