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Topic: Missoula Floods

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	CVO Website - Glacial Lake Missoula
		Lake Missoula shorelines etched across the sharp Fraser-age terminal moraines of alpine glaciers that flowed from mountains on the east side of the lake (Alden, 1953; 197-13) similarly indicate that the alpine-glacial maximum there occurred before or during the higher stands of the lake.
		Superposed rhythmites of individual floods in southern Washington and the absence of weathering between the rhythmites indicate that the huge jokulhlaups from glacial Lake Missoula occurred repeatedly during the entire episode of ponding (Waitt, 1980a).
		The age of the later Missoula floods into southern Washington is limited by the intercalated 13,000-years B.P. Mount St. Helens ash (Mullineaux and others, 1978), which overlies at least 28 flood rhythmites and underlies at least 11 (Waitt, 1980b).
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /Glossary/Glaciers/IceSheets/description_lake_missoula.html (4100 words)

	Missoula Floods - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Missoula Floods (also known as the Spokane Floods or the Bretz Floods) refer to the cataclysmic floods that swept periodically across eastern Washington and down the Columbia River Gorge at the end of the last ice age.
		The floods were the result of the periodic sudden rupture of the ice dam on the Clark Fork River that created Glacial Lake Missoula.
		By studying the canyon of the Flathead River, he estimated that flood waters were in excess of 45 miles per hour would be required to roll the largest of the boulders moved by the flood.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Missoula_Floods (709 words)

	Breckenridge R., M., Sprenke K., F.,1997. GGG
		Events such as Cordilleran ice lobe advances and Lake Missoula flood catastrophes are important to geomorphology because they form the basis for speculation and contemplation on the role of infrequent but large scale and spectacular events on the shaping of planetary landscapes.
		Flood sediments are exposed in the prairie south of Lake Pend Oreille and probably occur in the sub-bottom lake section as well.
		A major effect of the floods was selective removal of finer sediment (clay, silt, sand) from pre-existing tills and outwash deposits, leaving behind massive beds of coarse gravels, ranging in size from pebbles and cobbles to boulders several meters in diameter.
	ggg.qub.ac.uk /papers/full/1997/rp011997/rp01.htm (4688 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Missoula Floods, also named the Bretz Floods after geologist J. Harlan Bretz, who first collected evidence on the flooding, were huge releases of water from the glacially dammed Lake Missoula.
		The last flood was estimated to have occurred about 16,000 years ago, at a time when some of the first humans could have been migrating into and living in North America.
		The effects of flooding on the Willamette Basin are fascinating but only briefly discussed in these articles to provide evidence for the maximum extent and origin of the floods.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~dtodd/WilRiver/Steinberg2.htm (563 words)

	Oregon Geology. Missoula Flood. Missoula Ice Age Floods. Columbia River Gorge.
		Beacon Rock in the gorge was in the path of the flood waters.
		Ice bergs and ice chunks that the flood carried to Oregon, eventually melted, dropping their natural payload on the spot.
		And all those combined floods scoured and scrubbed plants, trees, soil, silt and organic matter from as far north as Montana, and left a large portion of it in the Willamette Valley of Oregon.
	www.mdvaden.com /missoula_flood.shtml (830 words)

	Winter 2001 Montanan - Sedimental Journey (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In Missoula, we blithely carry out our lives at the center of what was once geologic ground zero for a cataclysm that shook and shaped the northwestern United States.
		Glacial Lake Missoula was created when a massive ice dam — a southern lobe of a glacial ice sheet that once covered much of Canada — blocked the flow of the Clark Fork River where it crosses the Montana-Idaho border.
		Glacial Lake Missoula filled and drained between 12,000 and 15,000 years ago; the layers of lava that erupted from vents in the earth near Moscow, Idaho, were laid down some fifteen million years ago.
	www2.umt.edu /comm/w0102/sedimental.html (2839 words)

	Missoula Flood Virtual Tour
		Missoula Flood and Geological Points of Interest near Vantage, George, and Quincy, WA The following is a suggested road and short hiking tour of Missoula flood features and other geological features near the Columbia River by Vantage, George, and Quincy Washington.
		Columbia River Flood - Unidentified source for current ripples - Bjornstad acknowledges that this was caused by floodwaters in the Columbia River and not the Missoula floodwaters.
		Large flood bar over mouth of Frenchman Coulee (somewhat visible in GE exaggerated elevation) - GE Trailheads begin at this point - GE This is also the south end of the major portion of Babcock Bench for this area.
	www.nwcreation.net /fieldtrip/Missoula_flood_virtual_tour.html (2652 words)

	The Bozeman Daily Chronicle
		The Glacial Lake Missoula floods were a little-known catastrophe until recently.
		Such a flood didn't happen once, but dozens of times as the ice dam broke and was rebuilt by the advancing glaciers, creating a new glacial lake.
		The exact number of floods is unknown, but the phenomenon ended around 13,000 years ago as the ice sheets retreated.
	bozemandailychronicle.com /articles/2004/08/15/news/01floods.txt (1232 words)

	Home
		Missoula County believes that the cleanup will result in increased property tax revenue for the school.
		Floods simply pour over the top of the dam.
		It would have to be increased 22 times in size to handle a large flood, and still would trap only 73% of the sediments that flow down the river.
	www.co.missoula.mt.us /WQ/Milltown_Dam/OtherIssues.htm (615 words)

	Channeled Scablands: Overview
		Thus the colonnade tends to be the zone of greatest flood scour.
		Floods up to 50 m deep and up to 5 m/sec velocity cut channels in the loess deposits and produce streamlined islands but do not cut into the basalt.
		Gary A. Smith, Missoula flood dynamics and magnitudes inferred from sedimentology of slack-water deposits on the Columbia Plateau, Washington; Geological Society of America Bulletin; January 1993; v.
	www.uwsp.edu /geo/projects/geoweb/participants/dutch/VTrips/Scablands0.HTM (2052 words)

	History
		Most of the disasters and emergencies that have occurred in Missoula County involve floods, fires, or hazardous materials spills.
		The earliest recorded disasters were the flood of 1908 and the fire of 1910.
		Through the years, Missoula County residents have dealt primarily with fires and floods in terms of prevalent disasters.
	www.co.missoula.mt.us /des/history.htm (256 words)

	Prehistory (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The flood cycle was repeated dozens of times, each leaving a lasting mark on the landscape.
		Grand Coulee, Dry Falls, Palouse Falls - all were created by the flood waters, as were the Missoula and Spokane aquifers, numerous wetlands, the fertile Willamette Valley, and Quincy Basin.
		For more on the Missoula Floods, see the National Parks Service's excellent Ice Age Floods Study or visit our web links section.
	www.friendsofthefalls.org /gorgeinterior.asp?pageid=484 (410 words)

	Section J: Interpretation
		It was important that Floods Pathways allow a visitor to follow the path of the floodwater from Missoula to the mouth of the Columbia at the Pacific Ocean.
		The Floods Pathways route begins in Missoula and proceeds west on I-90 to State Route 93/200 and north to Ravalli, west on State Route 200 to Route 382 and north Camas Prairie and south on State Route 28 to Plains and west on State Route 200 to the Idaho state line.
		Ice Age Floods resources are evident all along the pathways of the floods and allow the visitor to obtain a vivid understanding of the power of the floods.
	www.nps.gov /iceagefloods/j.htm (6970 words)

	Ice Age Floods Institute - Missoula Floods
		Lake Missoula stretched for hundreds of miles across western Montana and contained more water than Lake Erie and Lake Ontario combined.
		Flood waters carved out over 50 cubic miles of earth, depositing much of it to create other unique landforms.
		Yet most who visit or live in the path of the floods know little about them or the enormous impacts they have had on our patterns of life.
	www.idahogeology.org /iceagefloods/iafidesc.html (378 words)

	The Missoula Flood
		With flood waters roaring across the landscape at speeds approaching 65 miles per hour, the lake would have drained in as little as 48 hours.
		Over thousands of years, the lake filling, dam failure, and flooding were repeated dozens of times, leaving a lasting mark on the landscape of the Northwest.
		The Missoula floods are the largest known floods on Earth in the last two million years.
	www.allglacier.com /area_info/missoula_flood.php (355 words)

	Palouse Falls State Park
		When Lake Missoula reached about a 2000 ft. depth the glacial dam burst releasing water at 10 times the combined flow of all the rivers in the world.
		Over the next 3000 years there were dozens of Lake Missoula floods that reformed the shape of the land of the Columbia Plateau.
		Missoula and its Humongous Floods, David Alt, Mountain Press Publishing Co. Missoula, MT. This is a fairly new book by one of the leading authorities on the Missoula Floods, written for the layman.
	home.blarg.net /~philchar/palouse.htm (1813 words)

	Ice Age Floods Institute: Mail-Order Store
		Glacial Lake Missoula and its Humongous Floods tells the gripping tale of a huge Ice Age lake that drained suddenly---not just once but repeatedly---and reshaped the landscape of the Northwest.
		However, some of the names and accounts of flood features along the Channeled Scabland and the Pasco Basin are inaccurate and misleading in their interpretation.
		To the author's credit, he alerts us to the fact that too many flood features are succumbing to development, and those that remain should be protected and preserved.
	www.iafi.org /store/lakemissoula.html (501 words)

	Only One Lake Missoula Flood
		The Lake Missoula Flood was one of the largest floods in earth history, the Genesis Flood being the largest, by far.
		The Missoula Flood Controversy and the Genesis Flood
		The Lake Missoula Flood and other melting pulses from the Cordilleran Ice Sheet to the north swept a large area of Washington (after Waitt).
	www.nwcreation.net /articles/missoulaflood.htm (2154 words)

	Field Trip to Mars - Glacial Lake Missoula
		In the rugged terrain outside of Missoula, Montana, are clues indicating that sometime in the last 10,000 years or so an enormous lake filled the valleys of western Montana.
		On the hills around Missoula are numerous straight, horizontal ledges called "lap marks" that mark the shorelines as the level of the lake filled to different heights and drained.
		The giant ripples from Lake Missoula floods are as much as 35 feet high and several hundred feet between.
	www.kidscosmos.org /kid-stuff/mars-trip-lk-missoula.html (795 words)

	Glacial Lake Missoula - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Glacial Lake Missoula was a prehistoric proglacial lake in western Montana that existed periodically at the end of the last ice age between 15,000 and 13,000 years ago.
		The height of the ice dam typically approached 610 m (2,000 feet), flooding the valleys of western Montana approximately 320 km (200 miles) eastward.
		The periodic rupturing of the ice dam resulted in the Missoula Floods, which swept across Eastern Washington and down the Columbia River Gorge approximately 40 times during a 2,000 year period.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Glacial_Lake_Missoula (271 words)

	Ice Age Floods Trail Quite A Hike, Geologists Seek Trail Marking 600-Mile Path Of Cataclysmic Event - CBS News
		The Missoula Floods struck the Columbia River, shown here, at the end of the last Ice Age, probably swelling the river to 4,000 times its present-day flow.
		The interpretive flood pathway would cross four states as part of the national park system, recognizing the floods and the 16,000 square miles they covered as a nationally significant resource.
		Flood deposits 50 feet thick in the Beaverton area west of Portland are considered a factor in the area's vulnerability to earthquakes.
	www.cbsnews.com /stories/2003/11/10/tech/main582659.shtml (1144 words)

	Floods.html
		There on the sides of mountains and hills to the East I could see the shoreline of the ancient lake that was the source of the floods (that's right floods) that etched out those Dry Falls.
		This was a flood of such an unimaginable magnitude that no amount of talk or even computer graphics can really convey the impact.
		The Missoula floods are just some of the most recent events that contribute to the dynamics of this area.
	www.salmonriver.com /lightscience/floods.html (625 words)

	Lake Missoula: Spokane to Missoula
		Lake Coeur d'Alene is dammed by Missoula flood deposits while Lake Pend Oreille and Flathead Lake are dammed by moraines.
		The flood gravel fan is in yellow and an average Lake Columbia in light blue.
		Flood waters pouring into the Coeur d'Alene Valley found a passage over the drainage divide at 780 meters and poured down into Latah Creek (light green).
	www.uwsp.edu /geo/projects/geoweb/participants/dutch/VTrips/LMissoula1.HTM (1423 words)

	Powell's Books - Glacial Lake Missoula and Its Humongous Floods by David Alt (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Glacial Lake Missoula and Its Humongous Floods tells the gripping tale of a huge Ice Age lake that, when it suddenly drained, unleashed more that ten times the combined flow of all the modern rivers of the world.
		Glacial Lake Missoula and Its Humongous Floods tells the tale of a huge Ice Age lake that, when it suddenly drained, unleashed more than ten times the combined flow of all the modern rivers of the world.
		If the idea of catastrophic glacial floods and their still-visible effects on vast reaches of Eastern Washington's geology and topography fascinates you, I haven't found a better book for building a perspective of the whole process.
	www.powells.com /n/99/biblio/1-0878424156-0 (554 words)

	Before Noah, there were the Lake Missoula Floods (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The flood carved canyons, gouged out enormous plunge pools, made rivers like the Snake and the Willamette run backward and scoured the earth of eastern Washington right down to bare basalt rock.
		The flood may have happened not just once, but many times, as the glacier periodically crept forward again to recreate the lake.
		Today both government and private organizations are exploring the idea of creating a kind of tourist trail, so that visitors to the region can learn the story of the flood, and see the enormous footprints that it left behind.
	www.smithsonianmag.com /issues/1995/april/missoula.php (257 words)

	NOVA \| Mystery of the Megaflood \| Ice Age Lake \| PBS
		Glacial Lake Missoula surely became a splendid and brilliant greenish blue as the last of the summer rock flour settled and the larch trees blazed yellow in the deepening chill of the coming winter.
		And most geologists and biologists who have given the subject much thought agree that most of the plants that grew around Glacial Lake Missoula and most of the menagerie of animals that prowled its shores were the same species that now live in western Montana.
		David Alt, a geology professor emeritus at the University of Montana in Missoula, is author of Glacial Lake Missoula and Its Humongous Floods (Mountain Press Publishing Co., 2001), from which this article was excerpted with kind permission of the author and the publisher.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/megaflood/lake.html (1453 words)

	QUATERNARY HISTORY OF MISSOULA FLOODS IN OREGON BASED ON SOILS (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Missoula Floods have a record found in the soils of the Willamette Valley of Oregon.
		From the earlier floods to the latest floods there is an increase of iron and scandium with corresponding decreases in chromium.
		These values can be used to identify where rhythmites might be in the overall sequence of the 12,700 - 15,300 BP floods of the Missoula Floods.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/inqu/finalprogram/abstract_54392.htm (326 words)

	The story that won’t be told
		This will only be part of the story. They will not tell the public all the assumptions and problems associated with their dates. They likely will not let the public in on the dispute over the number of floods, and that some uniformitarian geologists advocate only one large Lake Missoula flood.
		It is surely doubtful the signs will reveal that the flood rhythmites, repeating layers of sand and silt over 100 feet thick, formed in side canyons in several days. Sediments like these rhythmites would normally be assumed to have been laid down in hundreds of thousand, if not millions of years.
		Frazier, J.B., Massive ice age floods are largely unmarked—move afoot to mark Missoula Floods with interpretive flood pathway across four states, Yakima Herald-Republic, Yakima, Washington, p.
	www.answersingenesis.org /docs2003/1209missoula.asp (465 words)

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