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Topic: Mita (Inca)

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	Inca Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu in Quechua) was an empire that existed in South America from about 1200 until the death of the last emperor Atahualpa at the hands of the Spanish Conquistadores in 1533.
		The Inca Empire developed no form of traditional writing at all, relying mostly on the transmission of information passed on by mouth and khipu, knotted strings that have yet to be deciphered.
		The Incas main crops were potatoes, sweet potatoes, maize, chili peppers, cotton, tomatoes, peanuts, an edible root called oca, and a grain known as quinoa.
	www.ceca.de /encyclopedia/i/in/inca_empire.html (3241 words)

	Inca Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Inca leadership encouraged the worship of their gods, the foremost of which was Inti, the sun god.
		For instance, the Chimú used money in their commerce, while the Inca empire as a whole had an economy based on exchange and taxation of luxury goods and labour (it is said that Inca tax collectors would take the head lice of the lame and old as a symbolic tribute).
		The Inca Emperor Atahualpa and his army fought fiercely against the Spanish conquistadors during the Battle of Cajamarca, but could not simultaneously face the technology of the Spanish (particularly firearms and cannon) and rebellion among subject tribes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Incas (3551 words)

	MSN Encarta - Inca
		Inca (del quechua, inka, ‘rey’ o ‘príncipe’), nombre genérico de los gobernantes cuzqueños, con equivalencia a soberano, quienes establecieron un vasto imperio en los Andes en el siglo XV, muy poco antes de la conquista del Nuevo Mundo por los españoles.
		Manco Inca se rebeló contra los españoles en 1536, cercó Lima y Cuzco por algunas semanas, hasta que finalmente fue derrotado en Sacsahuamán.
		Por debajo de los incas, se encontraban las familias de los antiguos incas, las cuales formaban grupos de parentesco conocidos como panacas (‘familia noble’), quienes se encargaban de mantener el recuerdo del inca fallecido, de realizar ceremonias en su nombre y de cuidar de sus bienes y alianzas hechas en vida.
	es.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761560004/incas.html (1821 words)

	Mita - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mita was a form of public service during the Inca Empire.
		The Mita Congregation is a Puerto Rican church organisation.
		Mita was also a copier company, now a division of Kyocera.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mita (143 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu, in Quechua) existed in South America, covering parts of modern-day Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile and Argentina, with its capital in the modern-day city of Cuzco, Peru.
		The Incas main crops were potatoes, sweet potatoes, maize, and chili peppers.
		The main crops of the Incas were maize, cotton, potatoes, an edible root called oca, and a grain known as quinoa.
	www.informationgenius.com /encyclopedia/i/in/incan_empire.html (2870 words)

	Incas
		Each of these tribes was ruled independently by a council of elders; the tribe as a whole gave its allegiance to the ruler, or "Inca." The "Inca" was divine; he was the descendant of the sun-god.
		The Incas cultivated corn and potatoes, and raised llama and alpaca for food and for labor.
		In 1521, Herman Cortés conquered the Aztecs; this conquest inspired Francisco Pizzarro to invade the Incas in 1531.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/CIVAMRCA/INCAS.HTM (785 words)

	The Aztec & Inca Empire
		The mita was a labor tax on male citizens of the empire, which required them to serve an work projects for a specific period of time each year.
		Inca storage vessels were standardized, and regional copies of the Imperial style were made in areas far from Cuzco.
		Inca, government officials, either members of the ruling families of Cuzco or, at lesser levels, the native elite of other provinces, preformed judicial and administrative functions throughout the empire.
	www.globaled.org /nyworld/materials/inca4.html (1111 words)

	Inca Empire biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Inca Empire (called Tahuantinsuyu in Quechua or Inca) was an empire located in South America from 1438 CE to 1533 CE.
		The first Inca of the Tahuantinsuyu, or Inca empire, was Pachacuti (1438 CE – 1471 CE), he was followed by Tupac Inca Yupanqui (1471 CE – 1493 CE), Huayna Capac (1493 CE – 1527 CE), Tupac Cuci Hualpa Huascar (1527 CE – 1532 CE), and, finally, Atahualpa (1532 CE – 1533 CE).
		The Inca road system was key to the Inca farming success, which allowed distribution of their crops over large distances.
	inca-empire.biography.ms (2717 words)

	Mita [Definition] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Mita was a form of public service during the Inca EmpireThe Inca Empire (called Tawantinsuyu in modern spelling Aymara and Quechua, or Tahuantinsuyu in old spelling Quechua) was an empire located in South America from 1438 CE to 1533 CE....
		The Mita CongregationThe Mita Congregation is a Christian congregation based in Puerto Rico whose doctrine is based on the Bible and whose foundation is the Holy Trinity.
		Mita was also a copierPhotocopying is a process which makes paper copies of documents and other visual images quickly and cheaply.
	www.wikimirror.com /Mita (405 words)

	Peru - The Inca
		Other select groups in conquered lands who were willing to cooperate with their new leaders became "Incas by privilege." The majority of the empire's able-bodied citizens sustained its economy with the mita, or service tax in the form of agricultural work or of labor in government-owned mines, and on bridges, buildings, and roads.
		The use of Quechua, the Inca language, as the common tongue of administration helped to unify the patchwork population, as did commerce and the institution of the Inca pantheon as the official state religion.
		Inca roads in the highlands were especially designed for the challenging terrain.
	www.travelvantage.com /per_inca.html (842 words)

	Mita article - Mita Inca Empire Spanish - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		During the Inca Empire, public service was required in public works projects such as the building of roads, and military service.
		The Spanish also utilized the same form labor system in supplying the needed work force for the silver mines, which was the basis of their economy in this time period.
		Mita article - Mita definition - what means Mita
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Mita (93 words)

	INCALINK Pre Inca
		Before the Incas gained importance on the South American map at the start of the 13th century, several millenniums had passed of complex Andean history.
		Instead of Manco Capac (the first Inca, founder of the city at the start of the 11th century) being remembered as the leader of a tribe that arrived from Titicaca, he was now to be remembered as the Son of the Sun, sent by the Sun god to educate the world.
		The paradox of history was that those Andean nations fighting the Incas to obtain their independence only planted their own extinction and ended up serving a new empire with different concepts and which never could understand the complex Andean world.
	www.incalink.com /CULTURAinca.htm (1598 words)

	INCA VOLCANIC STONE PROVENANCE
		Most of these archaeological or architectural studies are in agreement that the primary Inca quarrying centers in the Cuzco area are in the Rio Huatanay valley at Rumiqolqa and Huaccoto, both to the southeast of Cuzco (Fig.1).
		This may be due to its higher altitude at 4450 m (14,700 ft), a scoria texture "devoid of cleavage or flow structure" (Gregory,1916,93), and its size of deposit (too small for extensive quarrying) in comparison to the nearer, lower, and larger quarries at Huaccoto which have ideal quarrying features.
		The Inca archaeological contexts in which Rumiqolqa quarry material can be found follows after the discussion of Huaccoto quarries and petrographic data.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /archaeology/pia/pv11990/pv1hunt.htm (3000 words)

	The Incas of Macchupicchu
		The mita was a system of rotating labor in which everyone in the civilization performed some sort of labor for the community.
		The Incas used the road network to travel from village to village whether it was for daily work or to carry messages.
		They army used the supplies in the storage houses when their supplies ran low, but unlike a typical civilization where the army is held at a higher status than the rest of the civilization, the army replenished the food supply during years of abundance.
	jamesjr.tripod.com /index-2.html (1593 words)

	Francisco de Toledo
		Mita, sistema de trabajo por turnos, que durante la época incaica se llevaba a cabo en beneficio de las autoridades incas y durante el periodo colonial se hacía en beneficio del virreinato del Perú.
		El inca, por su autoridad, tenía derecho a pedir mano de obra a los ayllus y disponer de ella en las labores que se consideraran convenientes, a cambio devolvía estos servicios con fiestas y bienes que repartía en determinadas ocasiones.
		Existían diversos tipos de mita: agraria (en haciendas), urbana (para la construcción de los edificios de las ciudades), de tambo (en las posadas de los caminos), obrajera (en los talleres textiles), entre otras, pero la más importante era la minera, vinculada a la producción de plata y azogue.
	html.rincondelvago.com /francisco-de-toledo.html (2067 words)

	Inca State Projects
		These images are suggestive of the scale of the building projects undertaken by the Inca regime aimed at increasing the food supply and storage capabilities.
		The residential and ceremonial precincts for use by high status officials and the facilities for the intensified agriculture, terraces and granaries, were all built by forced labor, under the mita, or rotational tributary system imposed by the Inca regime.
		Nevertheless, as at Ollantaytambo, enough survives of the original Inca urbanization to clearly see that even in the high status districts, the buildings were tightly packed and had narrow passages between them.
	www.interamericaninstitute.org /inca_state_projects.htm (1717 words)

	Ayllu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ayllu were the basic political unit of pre-Inca and Inca life.
		Ayllu were self sustaining units and would educate their own offspring and farm or trade for all the food they ate, except in cases of disaster such as El Niño years when they relied on the Inca storehouse system.
		In marriages, the woman would generally join the class and ayllu of her partner as would her children, but would inherit her land from her parents and retain her membership in her birth ayllu.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ayllu (226 words)

	Literatura Hispanoamericana - Monografias.com
		Las edificaciones incas, que presentaban una de las estructuras más logradas de todo el periodo precolombino, estaban construidas con aparejo de piedra, trabajada y engastada con gran precisión y sin ninguna decoración posterior.
		Entroncados en las tradiciones artísticas andinas, los incas supieron imprimir un carácter propio y original a sus obras que se basó en una simplificación de las formas por medio de volúmenes geométricos sencillos y una esquematización de los motivos decorativos muy próxima a una concepción estética geometrizante y cubista.
		El arte inca se caracterizó por la sobriedad, la geometría y la síntesis, tendiendo más a lo práctico y funcional que a lo formal.
	www.monografias.com /trabajos5/hispa/hispa.shtml (9806 words)

	The Mountain Institute - About the Incas
		The Inca cities and fortresses were mostly built on highlands and in the Andes Mountains to be able to protect the increasing population.
		The Sapa Inca was believed to be sacred and to be the descendant of the sun god.
		That is also way the legend of the origin of the Inca tells how Inti sent his children Manco Capac and Mama Ocllo (and in another version the four Ayar brothers and their wives) to found Cuzco, the sacred city and capital of the Inca empire.
	www.mountain.org /work/andes/tourism/incanani03.cfm (1242 words)

	Inca Indians - treasure, culture, left, mita (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Converting Inca Indians in Peru Converting Inca Indians in Peru By Rabbi Myron Zuber It all began in 1966, in the Peruvian city of Trujillo, with a man called Villaneuva, a good Catholic who frequently attended church It was
		Inca Civilization Inca Civilization Inca can be spelled Inka and was known as Tiwantinsuya As ancient civilizations sprang up across the planet thousands of years ago, so too the Inca civilization evolved As with all
		The Incas The north west of Argentina in many different dialects Today's Quechua-speaking Indians are decendants of the Inca civilization; many still live in the farming villages of the highlands of Peru The
	www.cornucopianet.com /inca+indians (354 words)

	Inca rope bridges - Wikpedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		These bridges were an intricate part on the Inca road system and are an excellent example of Inca innovation in engineering.
		Part of the bridge's strong strength and reliability came from the fact that each cable was replaced every year by local villagers as part of their mita public service or obligation.
		Overall, these bridges allowed Inca chasqui runners to take more direct routes through the region's mountains and this helped to complete the Inca highway system.
	www.bostoncoop.net /~tpryor/wiki/index.php?title=Inca_rope_bridges (330 words)

	Amer-Az-In
		The Inca economy was one of theocratic socialism not unlike that of Old Kingdom Egypt based on reciprocity at the state and ayllu level.
		Mita might be spent build roads, serving as runners or working in central locations mass manufacturing pottery, textiles and other goods for redistribution.
		Purics labored on their own usufruct plots, plots to support hucas (mummies) and the Inca's plots the produce of which went to fill storehouses which comprised over 10% of the buildings of every settlement and city.
	campus.murraystate.edu /academic/faculty/bill.schell/civweb101/Amer-Az-In.htm (812 words)

	Inca Empire biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Inca had two foundation myths; in one, Tici Viracocha of 'Colina de las Ventanas' in Pacaritambo sent forth his four sons and four daughters to establish a village.
		A warrior might wear a fl and white checkerboard tunic in a basic repetitive pattern, but a royal tunic would be multicolored and has no two squares exactly the same.
		Inca men wore a lot of jewelery while women wore very little.
	inca.biography.ms (2717 words)

	INCA VOLCANIC STONE PROVENANCE, Part II
		Another important Inca use of andesite for ashlars can be found at Pisaq, approximately 20 km overland from Cuzco on the Rio Vilcanota.
		Because it is downstream, Inca Pisaq is at an approximate elevation of 3310 m (10,920), with an archaeological complex covering at least 4 sq.
		By all indications it was indeed an Inca quarry for some of the Pisaq complex, and both the size and weathering (pinkish hue) of the quarry ashlars approximated those features of the Pisaq Intiwatana above.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /archaeology/pia/pv11990/pv1hunp2.htm (1536 words)

	AllRefer.com - Peru - Human Settlement And Population Through Time \| Peruvian Information Resource
		As a multicultural state, the Incas had grappled with the problem of tribal diversity and competition, often resolving their disagreements with conquered peoples through violence and repression.
		Another Inca solution to such dilemmas was to forcibly relocate recalcitrant populations to more governable locations and replace them with trustworthy communities.
		Consequently, the bastions of highland indigenous culture have been the small, isolated mountain villages and hamlets; dispersed farming and pastoral communities; and haciendas, where populations were encapsulated under protective exploitation and ignored by their absentee landlords.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/peru/peru47.html (1099 words)

	Inca: Extent and Organization of the Empire
		Although the Inca showed a genius for organization, their conquests were facilitated by the highly developed social systems of some of the kingdoms that they absorbed, such as the
		The Inca empire was a closely knit state.
		His servants were the sun, the god of the weather or thunder, the moon, the stars, the earth, and the sea.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/society/A0858772.html (458 words)

	last170sp03quiz1.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In the case of the Inca empire, the royal Inca emperor was the head of this immense society.
		The commoners of the Inca empire were already accustomed to a tribute system, i.e.
		Plus, when the Inca emperor was assassinated, the commoners were deprived of the leadership they needed to resist the Spaniards.
	www2.uiuc.edu /unit/lat/last170sp03quiz1.html (513 words)

	Cobo and provincial Inca clothing
		Concerning tribute cloth, the discovery of a large cache of Inca Period cotton garments at Rodadero in the Acari Valley (Katterman and Riddell 1994) helped identify the standardized types of women's garments collected for the mita tax requirements.
		As a current Board Member of the California Institute for Peruvian Studies, she has been active in textile instruction, research and conservation in Peru for over 15 years.
		She has authored articles concerning several major south coastal textile collections in the care of this organization and currently continues the study of Provincial Inca garments.
	www.textilesociety.org /abstracts_2002/Katterman.htm (369 words)

	[No title]
		These roads were known by the Inca culture, since they represented the government and its presence in the Tawantinsuyo (Inca Empire).
		Some experts have said that this network of roads created by the Inca Empire is the major archaeological monument in the Americas.
		The Incas organized the construction of the roads through a system called LA MITA, an obligation of the population to work a couple of weeks a year in state constructions.
	www.angelfire.com /mi2/incatrails (741 words)

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