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Topic: Mithraeum

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	The Virtual Mithraeum A temple to the Roman god Mithras
		The Virtual Mithraeum A temple to the Roman god Mithras
		If you are visiting Hadrian's wall don't forget to call in at Carrawburgh to see the ruined Mithraeum.
		The site, which is run by English Heritage, can be reached by the B6318 - Look for the large car park on the left as you travel from Chesters to Housteads.
	museums.ncl.ac.uk /archive/mithras/intro.htm (157 words)

	Mithraism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The site of a mithraeum may also be identified by its separate entrance or vestibule, its "cave", called the spelaeum or spelunca, with raised benches along the side walls for the ritual meal, and its sanctuary at the far end, often in a recess, before which the pedestal-like altar stood.
		Italy: The Castra Peregrinorum mithraeum in Rome, under the basilica of Santo Stefano Rotondo was excavated in the 20th century.
		A well-preserved late second-century mithraeum, with its altar and built-in stone benches, originally built beneath a Roman house (as was a common practice), survives in the crypt over which has been built the Basilica of San Clemente, Rome.
	www.olproxy.com /index.php?q=aHR0cDovL2VuLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS9NaXRocmFpc20= (6784 words)

	-- MONAS.nl -- article - the mithraeum of Saarbrücken (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In any case, the entire rock formation in which the Mithraeum is the middle, is about 60 metres in length.
		A mithraeum always contains a depiction of Mithras killing the bull (either on a plate or as a statue), the two torchbearers (often in the same picture as Mithras) and now and then a few other figures, such as the 'time-monster', depictions of the life of Mithras, other (Roman) gods such as Sol or Apollo.
		With only all this as 'evidence' you may even wonder if this really has been a Mithraeum, but I am sure archeologists have had their reasons to call it that.
	www.monas.nl /think/mithraeumsaarbruecken.htm (1239 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The mithraeum of the Baths of Caracalla, discovered in 1912, is the largest example found in Rome measuring approximately 23 X 9.70 meters in area, and is the second largest is all of the Empire (LTUR, vol.
		A unique feature of this mithraeum is the fossa sanguinis: a Ôblood pitÕ used during the sacrifice of the bull.
		The spatial relation between the bath and the mithraeum is close, and the subterranean nature of the cult room is appropriate for the cult.
	www.iml.annenberg.edu /showcasefilesOpen/baths/rootbathsofcaracalla/html/mithraeum.html (479 words)

	Kompas (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In November 1982, trial trenching, led by Danilo Breščak, an archaeologist from the Institute for the protection of natural and cultural heritage, confirmed that the Mithraeum belonged to the group of open-air temples and that the original ground surface in front of the relief was 75 cm lower than it is today.
		The Mithraeum is connected with a local folktale, which states that the relief in the rocky valley was carved for a hunter in thanks for a lucky escape.
		The sacrificial scene is accompanied by personifications of the sun (7) and the moon, symbols of light and darkness, and the two priests, Cautopates and Cautes.
	www.robinson-sp.si /en/ppd/24 (1155 words)

	Mithraism - Crystalinks
		It is known that the center of the cult was the Mithraeum, either an adapted natural cave or cavern, preferably sanctified by previous local religious usage, or an artificial building imitating a cavern.
		The site of a mithraeum may also be identified by its separate entrance or vestibule, its "cave", called the 'spelaeum' or 'spelunca', with raised benches along the side walls for the ritual meal, and its sanctuary at the far end, often in a recess, before which the pedestal-like altar stood.
		A well-preserved late 2nd century mithraeum, with its altar and built-in stone benches, originally built beneath a Roman house (as was a common practice), survives in the crypt over which has been built the Basilica of San Clemente, Rome.
	www.crystalinks.com /mithra.html (4048 words)

	Regio I - Insula X - Tempio Collegiale and Mitreo di Fructosus (I,X,4)
		The corpus stuppatorum in Portus worshipped Minerva Augusta as conservatrix et antistites ("defender and overseer") of the guild.
		The mithraeum in the substructure of the podium was reached through a door in the north-east part of the porticus, then through a corridor in front of the podium, and finally by descending a few steps.
		Instead a higher cross vault was built to cover the mithraeum, and the springing of the planned low vault was filled with opus vittatum and stucco.
	www.ostia-antica.org /regio1/10/10-4.htm (751 words)

	News \| Gainesville.com \| The Gainesville Sun \| Gainesville, Fla. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mithraeum is a place of worship for the followers of the mystery religion of Mithraism.
		Mithraeum of San Clemente, under the basilica of San Clemente.
		Castra Peregrinorum mithraeum, under the church of Santo Stefano Rotondo.
	www.gainesville.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Mithraeum (97 words)

	Mithraeum of Circus Maximus (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Through the use of various devices an atmosphere of particular concentration was created in the "spelaeum" -- the covering of the rooms with a vault; a sober, studied lighting; the positioning of the entrance to one side, in order avert indiscreet glances from the central area where the rites were celebrated.
		The Mithraeum of the Circus Maximus is inside the zone of the "Forum Boarium" -- the plain limited by the Capitoline, the Palantine and the Aventine Hills and the Tiber.
		The present-day remains of the Mithraeum of the Circus Maximus belong to a sanctuary of the 3rd century A.D. -- made up of a group of five rectangular rooms, side by side, on the ground floor of a 2nd century building.
	www.underome.com /eng/sub/260.php (712 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mithraeum is a place of worship for the followers of the mystery religion of Mithraism.
		They were often constructed underground or in a cave to resemble the cave where Mithras is said to have slain the sacred bull (compare the very similar bull slaying depicted in the Enkidu seal).
		Mithraeum of San Clemente, under the basilica of San Clemente.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=mithraeum (114 words)

	Mithraism
		The cult centre was the mithraeum, which was a cave or a building imitating a cave.
		The mithraeum was rarely an easily distinguishable building, the "cave" was often placed inside or beneath another building.
		The mithraeum also always contained a well, serving either a symbolic purpose or was possibly used in rituals.
	i-cias.com /e.o/mithraism.htm (620 words)

	Ceisiwr Serith's Homepage - Mithraism Main Page
		The invariant element in mithraea was a statue or relief of Mithras killing a bull, called the "tauroctony." This was placed at the end of the mithraeum opposite the door, and was clearly meant to be the focus of the temple.
		The grades on a mosaic from a mithraeum in Ostia.
		Since it is likely that the meal in the mithraeum was intended to be a copy of that one, it is also likely that the initiates in the grade of Raven served at the ritual meal.
	www.ceisiwrserith.com /mith/whatismith.htm (5719 words)

	Roman Mithraism
		For, although it is not the most northerly mithraeum ever found (which is at Krefeld-Gellep, on the Rhine north of Cologne), the Tienen mithraeum is the first to be discovered in the land of the founder of the modern study of the Mysteries of Mithras, Franz Cumont (1868-1947).
		In Cumont’s day, the Tienen mithraeum would have been dismissed as uninformative, if it had even been recognised for what it was: there are no monuments of any kind, no inscriptions, it was built of timber, and apparently contained nothing of any interest.
		It is however the mithraeum at Tienen which most strikingly underscores the need to call upon the full range of detailed artefact- and ecofact-studies of ‘minor’ or ‘small’ finds if Roman provincial archaeology is to move away from its traditional ‘service’ orientation in relation to ancient religion in general, and Mithraism in particular.
	www.uhu.es /ejms/roman_mithraism_preview.htm (1544 words)

	MITHRAISM - (CAIS) ©
		There is no mistaking a mithraeum when archaeology brings it to light, and the chances are good that it will also divulge something about its membership.
		Accordingly, Porphyry continues, the mithraeum is designed and furnished with "cosmic symbols appropriately arranged" so as to be an authentic microcosm.
		With the single exception of the recently discovered Huwarti mithraeum, the few actual mithraea and the monuments lacking known provenance which have been recovered there exemplify either the norms of western Mithraism or minor variations on those norms.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Religions/iranian/Mithraism/mithraism.htm (6225 words)

	On the Cult of Mithras: book review \| Ordo Magni Operis
		In the process, he emphasises that the symbolism of both the Mithraeum and its iconography needs to be considered in terms of referents in the surrounding Graeco-Roman culture.
		This is because, in De Antro, Porphyry interprets the Mithraeum with reference to the cosmos.
		Ultimately, to the initiate the Mithraeum was to be a conveyor of souls that allowed the initiate to experience once again the descent of his soul from the heavens and to experience its exit back to the heavens.
	www.o-m-o.org /omo/node/71 (2791 words)

	The road not taken
		The cult required initiation, was practiced in a small group, in an underground room (the Mithraeum), in which initiates were seated along two walls, with the width being reserved for the entrance door on one side and the main altar, depicting above it an image of Mithras slaying the bull, on the other side.
		The Mithraeum, as quite a few survived and could thus be studied by archaeologists, is about the best documented aspect of the entire cult.
		In Toulouse (France), the cult of Mithras equally remains visible as the Mithraeum is retained as a crypt under the earliest church dedicated to the local saint Saturnin, evocatively named "Notre-Dame du Taur".
	www.philipcoppens.com /mithras.html (3341 words)

	Mithraeum
		The sacrificial scene is accompanied by personifications of the sun (7) and the moon (8), symbols of light and darkness, and the two priests, Cautopates (9) and Cautes (10).
		The Mithraeum above Rozanec is one of the most attractive archaeological monuments in Slovenia.
		The Rozanec Mithraeum differs from the other known mithraea in Stovenia on this account.
	www.present.net /crnomelj2.htm (858 words)

	Mithras
		Mithras was the central savior god of Mithraism, a syncretic Hellenistic mystery religion of male initiates that developed in the Eastern Mediterranean in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC and was practiced in the Roman Empire from the 1st century BC to the 5th century AD.
		Indeed the dedicatory inscription on a 2nd-3rd century tauroctony discovered in a Mithraeum at Ostia in the 1790s refers to the the "incomprehensible deity": INDEPREHENSIVILIS DEI [2].
		In every Mithraeum, the place of honor was occupied by a representation of Mithras killing a sacred bull, called a tauroctony, which many scholars believe is an astrological allegory and not an actual animal sacrifice.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Mythology/Mithras.html (784 words)

	Cosmic Mysteries of Mithras \| Mithraism \| Ancient Religion
		The typical mithraeum was a small rectangular subterranean chamber, on the order of 75 feet by 30 feet with a vaulted ceiling.
		On average a mithraeum could hold perhaps twenty to thirty people at a time.
		This icon was located in the most important place in every mithraeum, and therefore must have been an expression of the central myth of the Roman cult.
	www.well.com /user/davidu/mithras.html (3812 words)

	Mithraeum on Vatican Hill? - IIDB
		After his death in A.D. 363 a period of comparative tolerance set in, but this was cut short by an edict of the Emperor Gratian in A.D. The altar of Victory was removed from the Senate, and state support for the upkeep of the Roman cult was withdrawn.
		Matthews 1975, 23 suggests that the destroyed Mithraeum could have been on some private property of the family of Gracchus but Chastagnol 1960, 157 (who believes that Gracchus did not act on his own initiative but followed imperial policy), Vera 1981, 153-154 and Clemente 1982, 62 disagree with him.
		Also heard mention of a Piazza Montenara Mithraeum or a temple of an unknown god that could be a suspect.
	www.iidb.org /vbb/showthread.php?t=197729 (3215 words)

	Mithraism - TinWiki.org
		Numerous interpretations of this in a mystic rite are possible; one popular one is that the new initiate has had the secret underground stream of knowledge released from within him.
		The Sun-Runner in this case is thought to represent the course of the sun through the mystical year, from solistice to solstice, with the walls of the mithraeum itself representing the Heavens of astrology and astronomy.
		At the end of each Mithraeum was an iconic cult statue of Mithras, famously slaying the bull.
	tinwiki.org /index.php?title=Mithraism&printable=yes (500 words)

	The basilica of St. Clemente (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Near the second quarter of the 3rd century a Mithraeum was installed in the courtyard, or in an internal room.
		This building is completely different, both in floor plan and structure, from the one referred to as tufa blocks and travertine border, from which it was separated by a narrow alleyway.
		After the Mithraeum building had been constructed (about the middle of the 3rd century), the upper floor of the tufa block building was abandoned and destroyed (possibly for a raising of the level); and a building was constructed above the remaining lower building.
	www.underome.com /eng/sub/30.php (4112 words)

	Mithraism Positively Impacted Rome (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The mithraeum was made to resemble a cave, and sometimes it was located in a cave.
		All mithraeums had a fresco of a bull sacrifice called The Tarurobolism.
		Some mithraeums had openings in the ceiling to the sky to light up the mithraeum.
	www.richeast.org /htwm/Greeks/Romans/mithra/Mithra.html (313 words)

	-- MONAS.nl -- article - where did archeologists find mithraeums? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This work does not have a list with Mithraeums, but the two volumes have nothing more (and nothing less!) than descriptions of ALL Mithraic findings that were known to Vermaseren.
		Not too many Mithraeums are written about on the internet and Vermaseren unfortunately has but a few photos of Mithraeums (but many other photos).
		- Cologne/Köln (Ger), ("remnants of a Mithraeum"), 1927;
	www.monas.nl /think/mithraeums.htm (1084 words)

	C C 340: Archaeology of Ancient Italy - POMPEII (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mosaic of the Orientation grades from Mithraeum of Felicissimus in Ostia
		Mosaic of the Orientation Grades from Mithraeum of Felicissimus.
		Mosaic of the Orientation Grades from Mithraeum of Felicissimus.Third rectangle: the planet Mars (helmet); Miles' degree (lance) with a soldier's packsaddle.
	www.utexas.edu /courses/italianarch/ostia.html (237 words)

	Parthian Mithraeum on the verge of Destruction - CAIS Archaeological & Cultural Daily News of Iran©
		Parthian Mithraeum on the verge of Destruction - CAIS Archaeological and Cultural Daily News of Iran©
		If we want to save this monument from destruction we must change the route of the road passing over the temple, and taking necessary measures to prevent further surface water finding its way inside the caver”, He added.
		Verjuy Mithraeum carved out of the living rock made of Schist, dates back to the Arsacid Dynasty with a 5.4-meter wide entrance.
	www.cais-soas.com /News/2005/October2005/30-10-parthian.htm (255 words)

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