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Mithraism

188 BC

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	Mithraism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mithra was worshiped as a god by proto aryan Indo-Iranians and Mithraism is generally considered to be of Persian origins, specifically an outgrowth of Zoroastrian culture, though not of Zoroaster's teachings.
		Mithra’s triumph and ascension to heaven were celebrated during the spring equinox, as during Easter, when the sun rises toward its apogee.
		Mithraism: Zorostrian Gnosticism According to David Livingstone, an early variation of Mithraism was practiced by Zoroastrian heretics, falsely called "Magi", and influenced the Greek Mysteries of Dionysus.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mithraism (4948 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Mithraism
		Mithraism was emphatically a soldier religion: Mithra, its hero, was especially a divinity of fidelity, manliness, and bravery; the stress it laid on good fellowship and brotherliness, its exclusion of women, and the secret bond amongst its members have suggested the idea that Mithraism was Masonry amongst the Roman soldiery.
		Mithra was born of a mother-rock by a river under a tree.
		Mithraism had a Eucharist, but the idea of a sacred banquet is as old as the human race and existed at all ages and amongst all peoples.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/10402a.htm (3058 words)

	Mithraism
		Mithraism is generally considered to be of Persian origins, specifically an outgrowth of Zoroastrian culture, though not of Zoroaster's teachings.
		Mithras was born of Anahita, an immaculate virgin mother once worshipped as a fertility goddess before the hierarchical reformation.
		Mithras was worshipped as guardian of arms, and patron of soldiers and armies.
	www.crystalinks.com /mithra.html (4048 words)

	Mithraism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Mithra (or Mithras) was the ancient Indian and Persian god of law and justice, a supporter of Ahura Mazda, the great god of order and light.
		The Roman Empire facilitated the spread of the Mithraism as a mystery cult throughout Europe, and temples have been found as far apart as Wales and Egypt, though the greatest concentration of temples is in Rome itself and along the Danube and Rhine valleys.
		Mithraism died out in the 4th century, largely because of the spread of Christianity; Christians saw Mithraism as a devilish imitation of what they believed to be the one true religion, and they frequently broke into and destroyed Mithraic temples.
	philtar.ucsm.ac.uk /encyclopedia/europe/mithraism.html (381 words)

	[No title]
		Mithra's ancient status is "lord of light" was doctored into "lord of the heavenly light;" the sun becomes his chariot and he with one thousand ears and ten thousand eyes watches the entirety of the world below him - he can not be fooled.
		Because of Mithra's association with the sun, the force of life, he himself is associated with the force of life - the god that brings forth light, heat, life, and nature.
		Henceforth she was depicted as a beautiful and strong woman, with prominent breasts, a golden crown of stars and golden raiment and was worshipped as the goddess of generation and sexual life.
	www.mithraism.erudition.net /origins/pagan.htm (633 words)

	MITHRAISM - (CAIS) ©
		Mithraism in Syria was not a transitional phase intermediate between East and West, but a back-formation from the West in the East.
		Arguments for Mithraism's invention or re-invention in the West, on the contrary, imply that the similarities are too slight and too haphazard to warrant a causal explanation.
		If the Mithraic lion-headed god was indeed a descendant of the Iranian Ahriman, there is no need to assume, for that reason alone, that he retained an exclusively negative and evil nature, or that, in consequence, the Roman Mithraists were devil-worshippers on the side.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Religions/iranian/Mithraism/mithraism.htm (6246 words)

	Ceisiwr Serith's Homepage - Mithraism Main Page
		The invariant element in mithraea was a statue or relief of Mithras killing a bull, called the "tauroctony." This was placed at the end of the mithraeum opposite the door, and was clearly meant to be the focus of the temple.
		Mithras is the name of a Zoroastrian "god," Mithras and his torchbearers are dressed like Persians, "Cautes" and "Cautopates" are both likely Persian names, and the Persian words "nama," "hail," and "nabarzes," probably "unconquered," appear in some Mithraic inscriptions.
		Mithras sacrifices the bull, bringing into being a new world, into which he bursts, born from the cave (in at least one case, the world egg).
	www.ceisiwrserith.com /mith/whatismith.htm (5719 words)

	The Ecole Initiative: Mithraism
		Mithra is the god of the airy light between heaven and earth, but he is also associated with the light of the sun, and with contracts and mediation.
		Finally, Cumont was aware that the earliest datable evidence for the cult of Mithras came from the military garrison at Carnuntum in the province of Upper Pannonia on the Danube River (modern Hungary).
		The Roman cult of Mithras is known as a "mystery" cult, which is to say that its members kept the the liturgy and activities of the cult secret, and more importantly, that they had to participate in an initiation ceremony to become members of the cult.
	www2.evansville.edu /ecoleweb/articles/mithraism.html (2279 words)

	Mithraism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		As Ulansey notes, "[O]wing to the obscurity of Mithraic iconography and the general absence of any ancient explanations of its meaning, the internal aspects of Mithraism (i.e., the beliefs and teachings of the cult) have resisted the attempts of scholars to decipher their secrets." Second, Roman Mithraism, was an evolving system.
		Mithraism, in its Roman version, was a military cult--although not exclusively so--and its spread was largely due to the Roman military’s vast geographic dispersion.
		If it somehow could be shown that Mithras was believed to have died a sacrificial death, the question for whom or for what he died would need to be answered long before it could be said that such belief was analogous to the New Testament’s early teaching on the purpose of the vicarious atonement.
	www.churchofthelamb.com /SMeyer/mithraism.htm (4769 words)

	EAWC Essay: Mithraism
		The precise relationship between the Roman cult of Mithras as it developed during the empire and the Mitra and Mithra of the Hindu and Zoroastrian pantheons, respectively, is unclear.
		Cumont compiled a catalogue of every known mithraic temple, monument, inscription, and literary passage relating to Mithras and claimed on the basis of his study of this body of evidence that Roman Mithras was, ultimately, Zoroastrian Mithra.
		Mithraism had a wide following from the middle of the second century to the late fourth century CE, but the common belief that Mithraism was the prime competitor of Christianity, promulgated by Ernst Renan (Renan 1882 579), is blatantly false.
	eawc.evansville.edu /essays/mithraism.htm (2554 words)

	Pagan Regeneration: Chapter VI: Death and New Birth in Mithraism
		Mithraic monuments were scattered from the Euxine Sea to the mountains of Scotland, and from the banks of the Rhine, to the Sahara Desert.
		Mithraic theology traced this nourishment also back to the bull of their cosmic myth; for from the blood of the moribund victim of Mithra sprang the vine, which supplied the votaries of the god with the life-giving wine of their sacrament.
		This study of Mithraism has shown that the cult of the Iranian god held out to its devotees the hope of a blessed immortality and the assurance of victory in the struggle of life, on the basis of certain initiatory rites which were viewed as marking the beginning of a new kind of existence.
	www.sacred-texts.com /cla/pr/pr08.htm (6278 words)

	Mithraism
		Mithra was called "the Light of the World." They believed in a heaven and hell and the dualism of good and evil, a final day of judgment, the end of the world as we know it and a general resurrection.
		Mithra was also associated with the sun, and his followers marked Sunday as his day of worship, they called it the Lord's Day.
		Among the milder ceremonies of the followers of Mithra were baptism in holy water and a partaking of a sacred meal of bread and wine.
	latter-rain.com /ltrain/mith.htm (404 words)

	Mithraism. Not an influence on Christianity
		Mithra was born of a virgin on December 25th in a cave, and his birth was attended by shepherds.
		Mithra was responsible also for bringing rain, vegetation and health -- for in the ancient eastern mind, it is the moral behavior of persons (especially the king) that determines the national welfare and brings a fertile climate.
		Acharya now adds in her work iconographic evidence allegedly showing "the babe Mithra seated in the lap of his virgin mother, with the gift-bearing Magi genuflecting in front of them." One is constrained to ask how an icon reflects that Mithra's mother was a virgin, since it is obviously not stated.
	tektonics.org /copycat/mithra.html (5487 words)

	MITHRAS
		Mithras is assisted by a dog, a snake and a scorpion, and is attended by the twin Torchbearers, Cautes and Cautopates.
		The worshippers of Mithras were divided into seven grades, each marking a stage of knowledge in the cult's mysteries.
		He wears a cloak and a radiate crown, the rays of which are cut through to a hollow niche at the back of the altar in which an oil lamp would have been placed; when lit the light of the lamp would have shone through the openings into the gloom of the Mithraeum.
	museums.ncl.ac.uk /archive/mithras/text.htm (1527 words)

	The Pre-Zoroastrian Indo-Iranian Mithra
		Even with this west-east division, the Indian and Iranian groups still maintained a close connexion as is evinced by the similarity of Sanskrit with Old Persian and Avestan; only later did the Iranian and Indian tongues sharply diverge.
		Much of the pre-Zoroastrian Iranian Mithra in terms of how he was worshipped by the Iranians is little known.
		From the etymology of the name Mitra/Mithra it can hypothesized that the god was one of contracts, perhaps, a spiritual moral contract as we find the fussion of Mitra and Varuna into Mitra-Varuna as a deity of moral integrity.
	www.mithraism.erudition.net /origins/indo-ira.htm (378 words)

	Mithraism
		"Of late the researches of Cumont have brought it (Mithraism) into prominence mainly because of its supposed similarity to Christianity."
		The article in the encyclopedia analyses Avesta and the description of Mithra in there.
		Mithra religion is much older and the cult of Mithra in Rome not necessarily identical to the old Mithra religion.
	www.geocities.com /raqta24/RQO.htm (89 words)

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