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Topic: Mitochondrial

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	Mitochondrial DNA - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Human mitochondrial DNA consists of 5-10 rings of DNA and appears to carry 16,568 base pairs with 37 genes (13 proteins, 22 tRNAs and two rRNAs) which are concerned with the production of proteins involved in cellular respiration.
		The existence of mitochondrial DNA also supports the endosymbiotic theory, which suggests that eukaryotic cells first appeared when a prokaryotic cell was absorbed into another cell without being digested.
		The concept of the Mitochondrial Eve is based on the same type of analysis, attempting to discover the origin of humanity by tracking the lineage back in time.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA (719 words)

	Mitochondrial Eve - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mitochondrial Eve (mt-mrca) is the name given by researchers to the woman who is the matrilineal most recent common ancestor for all living humans, from whom all mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in living humans is derived.
		Mitochondrial Eve is the female counterpart of the Y-chromosomal Adam, the patrilineal most recent common ancestor.
		Mitochondrial Eve is sometimes referred to as African Eve, an ancestor who has been hypothesized on the grounds of fossil as well as DNA evidence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mitochondrial_Eve (1526 words)

	Mitochondrion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This nonchromosomal DNA encodes a small number of mitochondrial peptides (13 in humans) that are integrated into the inner mitochondrial membrane, along with polypeptides encoded by genes that reside in the host cell's nucleus.
		The enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the mitochondrial matrix with the exception of succinate dehydrogenase, which is bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane.
		Mitochondrial ribosomes are the 70S (bacterial) type, in contrast to the 80S ribosomes found elsewhere in the cell.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mitochondria (2525 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 21, Ch. 286, General Principles Of Medical Genetics
		Mitochondrial disease is due to mitochondrial DNA abnormalities (eg, deletions, duplications, mutations).
		Mitochondrial pathology occurs in many common disorders (eg, large mitochondrial deletions in the cells of the basal ganglia of patients with Parkinson's disease, many types of muscle disease, progressive accumulation of mitochondrial DNA deletions with aging).
		Variability in clinical manifestations is the rule and may be due in part to variable mixtures of mutant and normal mitochondrial genomes (heteroplasmy) within cells and tissues.
	www.merck.com /mrkshared/mmanual/section21/chapter286/286f.jsp (186 words)

	Mitochondrial Dysfunction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Consequently mitochondrial dysfunction arising from oxidative damage and mutations to mitochondrial and nuclear genes contributes to a wide range of human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, ischaemia-reperfusion injury in stroke and heart attack, diabetes and the cumulative degeneration associated with ageing.
		Oxidative stress is a particularly important factor in mitochondrial dysfunction because the respiratory chain continually leaks the free radical superoxide.
		Mitochondrial DNA encodes 13 peptide components of oxidative phosphorylation complexes and the RNA machinery necessary for their translation.
	www.mrc-dunn.cam.ac.uk /research/dysfunction.html (520 words)

	MoSt GeNe/Genetic Drift/Nontraditional Inheritance/Mitochondrial Inheritance
		What this means is that mitochondrial mutations may be variable in their clinical presentation, depending on their timing and prevalence.
		Although mitochondrial inheritance looks easy to identify in a pedigree like the one in Figure 3, it must be remembered that phenotypic variability is a hallmark for these disorders, especially in cases where there is heteroplasmy.
		A final point about mitochondrial inheritance that needs to be stressed is that most of the proteins contributing to mitochondrial structure and function are encoded by nuclear genes and their mutations therefore segregate as mendelian traits.
	www.mostgene.org /gd/gdvol10b.htm (862 words)

	Mitochondria 2
		In mammals, 99.99% of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is inherited from the mother.
		Mitochondrial inheritance from yeast is biparental, and both parent cells contribute to the daughter cells when the haploid cells fuse.
		Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (degeneration of the optic nerve, accompanied by increasing blindness): caused by mutation to the gene encoding subunit 4 of the NADH-C0Q reductase.
	cellbio.utmb.edu /cellbio/mitoch2.htm (1233 words)

	CERI: Feature Article: Mitochondria, Aging and Cognition
		Mitochondrial efficiency has been reported to be close to 70%, which compares quite favorably with internal combustion engines (about 10% efficient) or hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells used in spacecraft (approximately 40% efficient).
		Mitochondrial defects have been identified in Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease [Hutchin and Cortopassi, 1995], heart disease, fatigue syndromes, numerous genetic conditions, and nucleoside therapy for AIDS.
		One of the mitochondrial components which may play a critical role in the aging of mitochondria is cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycerol), a special phospholipid that is unique to the inner mitochondrial membrane and which provides important structural support to several of the enzymes in the electron transport chain [Hoch, 1992].
	www.ceri.com /mito.htm (3022 words)

	Facts About Mitochondrial Myopathies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A mitochondrial disease that causes prominent muscular problems is called a mitochondrial myopathy (myo means muscle, and pathos means disease), while a mitochondrial disease that causes both prominent muscular and neurological problems is called a mitochondrial encephalomyopathy (encephalo refers to the brain).
		Also, because some symptoms of mitochondrial disease (such as diabetes or heart arrhythmia) are common in the general population, there are effective treatments for those symptoms (such as insulin or anti-arrhythmic drugs).
		While mitochondrial myopathies and encephalomyopathies are relatively rare, some of their potential manifestations are common in the general population.
	www.mdausa.org /publications/mitochondrial_myopathies.html (4629 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Mitochondrial Eve - An Explanation - A703199
		Mitochondrial Eve represents one of the most poorly understood scientific ideas of the 20th century.
		Because the rate of mitochondrial genetic mutation is slow, it can be used as a clock to turn back time to a period before the mutations had crept in.
		Fundamental similarities in mitochondrial DNA in living humans suggested that we all contain genetic material from a single woman who was living in Africa around 200,000 years ago.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/alabaster/A703199 (1161 words)

	mitochondrial
		AB: Overt mitochondrial diseases associated with mitochondrial DNA mutations are characterized by a decline in mitochondrial respiratory function.
		Similarly, a progressive decline in mitochondrial respiratory function associated with mitochondrial DNA mutations is clearly evidenced in aged human subjects.
		AB: We report a case of mitochondrial myopathy discovered in a 55-year old woman who was being investigated for the cause of her asthenia.
	www.danital.dk /mitochondrial.htm (4917 words)

	GRO - Mitochondrial disease in man: report of a probable case with successful therapy
		Probable mitochondrial damage in brain and possibly in other tissues of an elderly woman after open heart surgery was treated by therapy aimed at providing the cell with materials necessary to synthesize new mitochondria to replace those damaged by imperfect perfusion of body issues with blood by the artificial heart-lung machine.
		Mitochondrial damage manifested by failure to synthesize ATP has been produced experimentally in vitro by various chemical agents and by warming in the absence of substrate.
		Mitochondrial ultrastructure in Reye's syndrome (encephalopathy and fatty degeneration of the viscera).
	gerson-research.org /docs/CopeFW-1981-1/index.html (2320 words)

	Mitochondrial Disease
		Mitochondrial diseases might affect the cells of the brain, nerves (including the nerves to the stomach and intestines), muscles, kidneys, heart, liver, eyes, ears, or pancreas.
		It is important to determine which type of mitochondrial disease inheritance is present, in order to predict the risk of recurrence for future children.
		Once a patient is diagnosed with a specific mitochondrial disease, the patient's medical problems have already been identified or can be identified with proper testing so treatment can be initiated to relieve symptoms and delay the progression of the disease.
	clevelandclinic.org /health/health-info/docs/1600/1678.asp?index=6957 (1285 words)

	Mitochondrial Myopathies
		The mitochondrial myopathies are a group of neuromuscular diseases of the mitochondria.
		Mitochondria, which are small structures found in every cell in the body and are the "power plant" or energy-producing part of the cell, appear to cause the most damage in cells that require a great deal of energy such as nerves in the brain and muscles.
		The prognosis for mitochondrial myopathies varies greatly because progression of the disorders depends largely on the patient's metabolism, which is vastly different among individuals.
	healthlink.mcw.edu /article/921441138.html (294 words)

	Mitochondrial Myopathies Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
		Mitochondrial myopathies are a group of neuromuscular diseases caused by damage to the mitochondria-small, energy-producing structures found in every cell in the body that serve as the cells' "power plants." Nerve cells in the brain and muscles require a great deal of energy, and thus appear to be particularly damaged when mitochondrial dysfunction occurs.
		The symptoms of mitochondrial myopathies include muscle weakness or exercise intolerance, heart failure or rhythm disturbances, dementia, movement disorders, stroke-like episodes, deafness, blindness, droopy eyelids, limited mobility of the eyes, vomiting, and seizures.
		The prognosis for patients with mitochondrial myopathies varies greatly, depending largely on the type of disease and the degree of involvement of various organs.
	www.ninds.nih.gov /health_and_medical/disorders/mitochon_doc.htm (423 words)

	Mitochondrial Eve
		Nuclear DNA (the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus) goes through a process called recombination whereby the chromosomes that are passed on to offspring, say through the mother, are a mixture of the genes in the mother's parent's lineage.
		The normally accepted rate is one mutation every 300 to 600 generations (6000 to 12000 years) and this is calibrated, as Wieland correctly says, by counting mutations in great ape and human mitochondria and regressing back to the age of their divergence as determined by fossils dated by radiometric dating.
		Such a condition is called mitochondrial heteroplasmy, and, if it occurs in the germ line, can result in tissue mosaicism (different mitochondrial DNA in different tissues).
	www.evolutionpages.com /Mitochondrial%20Eve.htm (3726 words)

	The Mitochondrial Clock: Is the clock speed faster than we thought? MHRC
		Portions of Mitochondrial DNA appears to mutate much faster than expected yet there has been a lot of opposition to this possibility because it goes against the calculated speed of the molecular clock that is based on having chimpanzees and humans diverge 5 million years ago.
		Mitochondrial DNA sequence heteroplasmy in the Grand Duke of Russia Georgij Romanov establishes the authenticity of the remains of Tsar Nicholas II.
		The nucleotide sequence of the D-loop region of the mitochondrial genome was determined for 45 members of a large matrilineal Leber hereditary optic neuropathy pedigree.
	www.mhrc.net /mitochondria.htm (1649 words)

	Mitochondrial Diseases
		Mitochondrial diseases result from failures of the mitochondria, specialized compartments present in every cell of the body except red blood cells.
		Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy (including MELAS), which may begin in childhood or adult life and consists of variable combinations of symptoms and signs, including ophthalmoplegia, seizures, dementia, ataxia, hearing loss, pigmentary retinopathy, sensory neuropathy, and uncontrollable movements.
		The mission statement for UMDF is "to promote research for cures and treatments of mitochondrial disorders and to provide support to affected families." One activity that supports this mission is their international symposium.
	www.tsbvi.edu /Outreach/seehear/spring02/mitochondrial.htm (1025 words)

	What, if anything, is a Mitochondrial Eve?
		For example, our father's mother (who did pass on her mitochondrial DNA to her daughters) is an example of an ancestor who is not matrilineal to us.
		Often (and as is certainly the case with the ME that we are discussing) the conferring of the title occurs many hundreds of thousands of years after the death of the woman in question.
		The existence of the Mitochondrial Eve and the Y-chromosome Adam are no longer in any doubt (remember, both are mathematical necessities)---what is still being discussed is the estimation of how long ago they lived.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/homs/mitoeve.html (1779 words)

	Mitochondrial References, "The Biglist"
		Backer, J. and Weinstein, I. "Mitochondrial DNA is a major cellular target for a dihydrodiol-epoxide derivative of benzo[a]pyrene." Science 209(4453):297-299.
		Boustany, R. N., Aprille, J. R., Halperin, J., Levy, H. and DeLong, G. "Mitochondrial cytochrome deficiency presenting as a myopathy with hypotonia, external ophthalmoplegia, and lactic acidosis in an infant and as fatal hepatopathy in a second cousin." Annals of Neurology 14(4):462-470.
		Brown, W. "Polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA of humans as revealed by restriction endonuclease analysis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 77:3605-3609.
	www.mitomap.org /biglist.html (11771 words)

	Ask a Scientist - DNA and human ancestry
		Using mitochondrial DNA analysis, scientists estimated that the common female ancestor of the man and the teacher lived about 10,000 years ago.
		Therefore, while all humans (including the other students) may be descended from the mitochondrial DNA of an ultimate common ancestor 200,000 years ago, it appears that the teacher and the ancient man share the most recent (in fact, surprisingly so!) common ancestor.
		Even though its mutation rate is higher, mitochondrial DNA generally doesn't go through recombination, so the mitochondrial genome overall is less subject to change and its lineage is easier to trace than is nuclear DNA's.
	www.hhmi.org /cgi-bin/askascientist/highlight.pl?kw=&file=answers%2Fgeneral%2Fans_045.html (937 words)

	Mitochondrial Research & Innovation Group, URMC
		Recent scientific studies show that mitochondrial dysfunction is more commonplace than previously thought and that substantial mitochondrial involvement is present in many acute and chronic diseases.
		Mitochondrial dysfunction is now implicated in a range of human diseases, including aging, diabetes, atherosclerosis, heart failure, myocardial infarction, stroke and other ischemic-reperfusion injuries, neurodegenerative diseases including Alzhiemer’s and Parkinson’s diseases; cancer, HIV; sepsis and trauma with multiorgan dysfunction or failure.
		The vision of the MRIG is to become the leader in research on the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in human disease.
	www.urmc.rochester.edu /mrig (423 words)

	Evolution: investigating human evolution; Mitochondrial DNA Clarifies Human Evolution by Max Ingman
		Mitochondrial DNA -- maternal DNA -- is used to construct evolutionary trees.
		One possible reason for this is because these studies have focussed mainly on the polymorphisms in a small section of the mitochondrial genome called the D-loop, which comprises around 7% of the mitochondrial genome.
		Although the mitochondrial genome is one of the first genomes to be sequenced in its entirety, it was not until recently that the progression of technology allowed sequences of that length to be obtained with relative ease and a study of any appreciable size using whole genomes was undertaken.
	www.actionbioscience.org /evolution/ingman.html (1603 words)

	Fossil Hominids: mitochondrial DNA
		1997) claimed to have extracted mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from a piece of bone cut from the upper arm of the first recognised Neandertal fossil, the individual found at the Feldhofer grotto in the Neander Valley in Germany in 1856 (Kahn and Gibbons 1997, Ward and Stringer 1997).
		However the Biblical Eve, if she had existed, might well be mitochondrial Eve (though not necessarily: it could be one of her female descendants).
		The value of 24 is highly atypical, because it is taken between the two individuals who have indepently diverged farthest from mitochondrial Eve, and is the maximum of nearly half a million (994 * 993 / 2) comparisons among modern humans.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/homs/mtDNA.html (2966 words)

	The mitochondrial web site
		For a long time the lone function of mitochondria was thought to supply energy to the cell (ATP) produced by the respiratory chain in the inner membrane by using oxygen.
		The progress in the understanding of mitochondrial energetic has caused alternative mitochondrial functions to be ignored.
		In the last 10 years, the discovery of pathologies where mitochondrial deficiencies were involved, and the control that mitochondria exert over life and death decisions in the cell have increased the interest in mitochondria.
	members.aol.com /christofmorin (180 words)

	Mitochondrial DNA Mutation Rates
		By measuring the difference in mitochondrial DNA among many individuals, the age of the common maternal ancestor of humanity was estimated at about 200,000 years.
		It shouldn't be very hard explicitly to measure the rate of mutation of mitochondrial DNA to get a better estimate on this age.
		Another discussion of mitochondrial DNA mutation rates and their implications may be found at http://www.rae.org/clocks.html.
	www.cs.unc.edu /~plaisted/ce/mitochondria.html (744 words)

	Mitochondrial Evolution -- Gray et al. 283 (5407): 1476 -- Science
		ND3 and ND4L Subunits of Mitochondrial Complex I, Both Nucleus Encoded in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Are Required for Activity and Assembly of the Enzyme.
		Nuclear Genes That Encode Mitochondrial Proteins for DNA and RNA Metabolism Are Clustered in the Arabidopsis Genome.
		The Typically Mitochondrial DNA-encoded ATP6 Subunit of the F1F0-ATPase Is Encoded by a Nuclear Gene in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/abstract/283/5407/1476 (1956 words)

	Mitochondrial Disease & Disorders in children (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		But for those with mitochondrial disease, it is considered as a generally accepted effective therapy, although it may not be effective for an individual patient.
		Mitochondrial Disease and Hearing LossHearing loss often occurs as an additional symptom in a number of syndromic diseases caused by mitochondrial DNA defects.
		Tomato Face FoodsWhen the diagnosis of a Mitochondrial Disorder necessitated that the founder of the company adapt a fat free diet (not applicable to all persons with mito disease!), she made her own great tasting spaghetti sauce.
	www.kathleensworld.com /mitochon.html (4655 words)

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