MAP kinase signal transduction pathways have not been studied in great detail in the prostate; however over one hundred publications describing the effects of various manipulations, including growth factors, chemical modifiers and androgens on prostatic cells have been described in the literature.
In non-cancerous human prostate tissue p38 MAP kinase protein is present in the basal cells and epithelial cells of the prostate gland, but one study has shown it to be absent in the epithelial layer [2].
Protein kinase C is able to activate p38 MAP kinase, although perhaps indirectly [82].
Activation of JNKs and p38-MAPKs in the Myocardium by GPCR Agonists
PKC in the activation of JNKs and p38-MAPK by GPCR agonists,
Stimulation of phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis, protein kinase C translocation, and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by bradykinin in rat ventricular myocytes: dissociation from the hypertrophic response.
A MAP3K that is activated by extracellular stimuli phosphorylates a MAP2K on its serine and threonine residues, and then this MAP2K activates a MAP kinase through phosphorylation on its serine and tyrosine residues.
The ERKs (also known as classical MAP kinases) signaling pathway is preferentially activated in response to growth factors and phorbol ester (a tumor promoter), and regulates cell proliferation and cell differentiation.
The JNKs (also known as stress-activated protein kinases; SAPKs) and p38 signaling pathways are responsive to stress stimuli, such as cytokines, ultraviolet irradiation, heat shock, and osmotic shock, and are involved in cell differentiation and apoptosis.
The protein encoded by this gene is a dual specificity protein kinase that belongs to the MAP kinase kinase family.
This kinase is activated by mitogenic and environmental stress, and participates in the MAP kinase-mediated signaling cascade.
Purification and identification of a major activator for p38 from osmotically shocked cells: activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 by osmotic shock, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and H2O2.
Activation of MAP kinases causes activation of so-called dual
Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced E-selectin expression is activated by the nuclear factor-kappaB and c-JUN N-terminal kinase/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.
PD 098059 is a specific inhibitor of the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase in vitro and in vivo.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the MAP kinase family.
MAP kinases act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development.
This kinase is activated by various cell stimuli, and targets specific transcription factors, and thus mediates immediate-early gene expression in response to cell stimuli.
Protein extracts were prepared and assayed for luciferase activities by using a dual-luciferase reporter assay kit according to the manufacture's instructions.
Sugden PH, Clerk A. `Stress-responsive' mitogen-activated protein kinases (c-Jun N-terminal kinases and p38 MAP kinases) in the myocardium.
Protein kinase C activity is required for lipid oxidation of low density lipoprotein by activated human monocytes.
Coffer PJ, Jin J and Woodgett JR (1998) Protein kinase B (c-Akt): a multifunctional mediator of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation.
Schonwasser DC, Marais RM, Marshall CJ and Parker PJ (1998) Activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway by conventional, novel, and atypical protein kinase C isotypes.
Toker A (2000) Protein kinases as mediators of phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling.
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase-1 Is Overexpressed in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Is an Independent Predictor of Outcome in Patients -- Vicent et al.
Activated mitogen-activated protein kinase expression during human breast tumorigenesis and breast cancer progression.
Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase associated with prostate cancer progression.
Involvement of p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway in the Rapid Induction of the 78-kDa Glucose-regulated Protein in 9L Rat Brain Tumor Cells -- Chen et al.
Involvement of p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway in the Rapid Induction of the 78-kDa Glucose-regulated Protein in 9L Rat Brain Tumor Cells
protein kinase-2 in cells subjected to this treatment.
Induction of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase-1 by Arachidonic Acid in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells -- Metzler et al.
Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases and Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Phosphatases Mediate the Inhibitory Effects of All-trans Retinoic Acid on the Hypertrophic Growth of Cardiomyocytes
Activation of the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-Akt/Protein Kinase B Signaling Pathway in Arachidonic Acid-stimulated Human Myeloid and Endothelial Cells.
