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Topic: Mitotic spindle

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Mitosis

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	Cytokinetics Mitotic Kinesins
		Mitotic kinesins represent the first novel class of drug targets within mitosis to emerge in nearly 20 years, and are the focus of Cytokinetics’ most advanced program.
		Mitotic kinesins are a group of kinesins that play essential roles in assembly and function of the mitotic spindle, and are required for cell division.
		Kinesin spindle protein, also known as KSP or Eg5, is a mitotic kinesin which acts at the earliest stage of spindle formation.
	www.cytokinetics.com /cyto/mitotic_kinesins (250 words)

	abnormal spindle
		During spindle formation Asp is present at centrosomes and at the area of the spindle adjacent to the centrosome.
		The female meiotic spindle microtubules are initially nucleated from chromatin and require the minus-end motor Ncd to focus the poles of the spindle for meiosis I. At telophase of meiosis I, a central pole body is formed.
		Moreover, the idea that the central spindle results from de novo nucleation of microtubules by transient organizing centers located in the region between the two daughter nuclei is substantiated by a requirement for gamma-tubulin in the equatorial region at the time of central spindle formation (Riparbelli, 2002).
	www.sdbonline.org /fly/cytoskel/abnmlsp1.htm (3885 words)

	The mitotic spindle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Spindle structure and function can be viewed in terms of the organisation of its major structural components, the filamentous protein polymers called microtubules (Hyman and Karsenti 1996).
		The spindle assumes a characteristic form as some microtubules are bound by specialised chromosomal domains called kinetochores (green dots — the red lines in 5 - 8 show kinetochore microtubules).
		If a kinetochore is not attached to microtubules it activates the spindle assembly checkpoint system that blocks the subsequent stage of anaphase by blocking the activity of the anaphase promoting complex that destroys securin and cyclin B (Musacchio and Hardwick 2002).
	www.paterson.man.ac.uk /groups/celldiv/mitoticspindle.jsp (704 words)

	mitotic spindle
		An array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between the two poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.
		At the same time the mitotic spindle forms by the polymerisation of microtubules and the chromosomes are attached to spindle fibres at their kinetochores.
		During anaphase the paired chromatids are apparently pulled to opposite poles of the spindle by means of the spindle fibre microtubules attached to the kinetochore, though the actual mechanism for this movement is still controversial.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/M/mitotic_spindle.html (226 words)

	Spindle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A spindle is a measure of spun cotton equal to 18 hanks
		A spindle is the axis on which the platters of a computer hard disk spin.
		A spindle is a woodworking machine rotating on a vertical axis in which shaped cutters are mounted for cutting mouldings, rebates and similar features in wood.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spindle (286 words)

	Yixian Zheng
		Proper spindle morphogenesis ensures the equal segregation of mitotic chromosomes and a regulated partitioning of other cellular components important for the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of daughter cells.
		The two astral arrays of microtubules are nucleated from the centrosomes at the spindle poles; these microtubules interact with the cell cortex and are required to position the spindle within the mitotic cell.
		Lamin B is required for spindle morphogenesis, and it appears to function as a structural component of a membranous matrix that tethers a number of SAFs.
	www.hhmi.org /research/investigators/zheng.html (1542 words)

	MCB Unexpected role for RNA in spindle assembly and chromosome segregation
		The mitotic spindle is composed primarily of microtubules, a polymer of the protein tubulin, along with many associated proteins that regulate tubulin polymerization dynamics and microtubule organization.
		The assembly and function of the mitotic spindle has long been thought to be mediated solely by proteins, but a recent study from the Weis and Heald labs at UC Berkeley published in the April 22 issue of Cell has now revealed an unexpected role for RNA in spindle assembly and chromosome segregation.
		The protein Rae1 is required for mitotic spindle assembly and localizes to the poles of the spindle and in a punctate pattern around chromosomes.
	mcb.berkeley.edu /site/content/view/123/83 (409 words)

	Assembly of the Mitotic Spindle
		This formidable feat is achieved by the mitotic spindle, a precision machine made from a bipolar array of microtubules that are focused at each end of the spindle by a centrosome or spindle pole body.
		Without the spindle, cell division would be impossible, and subtle defects in its function are likely to be involved with the genomic instability associated with cancer.
		New work provides the clearest evidence yet that spindle assembly is coordinated by the generation, at chromosomes, of an intracellular gradient of the active guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-bound form of Ran, a small GTPase of the Ras super-family present in all eukaryotic cells.
	scienceweek.com /swbb/messages/bb289.htm (259 words)

	The budding yeast Ipl1/Aurora protein kinase regulates mitotic spindle disassembly -- Buvelot et al. 160 (3): 329 -- ...
		for chromosome segregation, the spindle checkpoint, and cytokinesis.
		Spindle disassembly is delayed in ipl1–321 cells, and the spindle orientation changes during the initial phases of anaphase.
		APC-mediated proteolysis of Ase1 and the morphogenesis of the mitotic spindle.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/160/3/329 (7048 words)

	CELL BIOLOGY: ON THE ORCHESTRATION OF THE MITOTIC SPINDLE
		Spindle assembly was once believed to be the sole responsibility of the cytoskeletal components known as microtubules, and their associated motor proteins (the dyneins and kinesins).
		The molecular properties of the mitotic spindle -- the apparatus that distributes the chromosomes -- have been studied for decades, but the molecular mechanisms underlying chromosome transport have remained elusive.
		The spindle is one such structure: this highly dynamic yet ordered assemblage is composed of cytoskeletal elements known as microtubule filaments, along with many associated proteins which form a bipolar array(3).
	scienceweek.com /2005/sw051104-4.htm (1280 words)

	Dynein-dependent Movements of the Mitotic Spindle in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Do Not Require Filamentous Actin -- ...
		of the spindle relative to the mother-bud axis was 35 ± 6° for
		After forming a short mitotic spindle, the nucleus remains at the neck and the spindle is kept generally aligned along the mother-bud axis.
		Anchorage of the spindle to the cortex and migration of a displaced spindle.
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/11/3/863 (5542 words)

	Mitosis: Motoring ahead - Cell Signaling Update - Signaling Gateway
		Inhibitors of the mitotic kinesin KSP that cause cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, are being developed as a new generation of chemotherapeutic agents.
		Agents that target the mitotic spindle to disrupt cell division, such as taxanes and vinca-alkaloids, are widely used as anticancer drugs.
		The authors found that in spindle-checkpoint-competent cells, apoptosis induction by prolonged exposure to this drug was coupled with 'mitotic slippage' — a process by which cells, in the presence of persistent spindle damage, override the spindle-checkpoint to exit mitosis and form tetraploid cells.
	www.signaling-gateway.org /update/updates/200509/nrc1700.html (399 words)

	The Mitotic Spindle Checkpoint Is a Critical Determinant for Topoisomerase-based Chemotherapy -- Vogel et al. 280 (6): ...
		The Mitotic Spindle Checkpoint Is a Critical Determinant for Topoisomerase-based Chemotherapy -- Vogel et al.
		of mitotic cell death are not defined (13–15).
		A mitotic arrest in response to topoisomerase poison and UCN-01 treatment is mediated by the spindle assembly checkpoint.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/280/6/4025 (2479 words)

	Research Page: Mitotic spindle checkpoint & chromosomal instability
		For example, frequent impairment of mitotic spindle checkpoint has been observed in human lung cancer cell lines, and in a small fraction of colorectal cancer cells, abnormal chromosomal numbers have been proposed to be associated with defects in two of the human mitotic spindle checkpoint genes, namely BUB1 and BUBR1.
		The mitotic spindle checkpoint helps prevent aneuploidy by ensuring that each daughter cell receives one of the two sister chromatids from each chromosome.
		Frequent impairment of mitotic spindle checkpoint has been observed in human lung cancer cell lines, and in a small fraction of colorectal cancer cell lines, aneuploidy has been proposed to be associated with human mitotic checkpoint genes BUB1 and BUBR1.
	www.trdrp.org /research/PageGrant.asp?grant_id=1945 (774 words)

	web-research.html
		For instance, genes that regulate the formation of the mitotic spindle or that regulate chromosome attachment to the spindle are potential candidates.
		The spindle checkpoint mediated mitotic arrest is followed by the induction of apoptosis which represents the final outcome of chemotherapy.
		In fact, we have recently shown that the spindle checkpoint is not only required for mediating the mitotic arrest in response to chemotherapeutic drug treatment but also also for the subsequent induction of apoptosis (Kienitz et al., Oncogene 2005; Vogel et al., JBC 2004).
	www.imt.uni-marburg.de /~bastians/web-research.html (643 words)

	Image Analysis of the Mitotic Spindle - Biomedical Imaging - ISMV Research
		In this effort, automated image analysis tools were developed to quantitatively characterize the mitotic spindle under a variety of conditions including gene knockout and drug treatment.
		The cells were fixed and probed with fluorescent-labeled, anti-tubulin antibodies that attach to the spindles of metaphase cells.
		The spindles were then imaged via confocal microscopy, resulting in a three-dimensional (3D) stack of images for each spindle.
	www.ornl.gov /sci/ismv/research_bio_spindle.shtml (270 words)

	Nikon MicroscopyU: Featured Microscopist - Thomas J. Deerinck (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Highly dynamic, the mitotic spindle is composed of microtubules and associated proteins, which work together to form the mechanical framework needed for cellular division.
		During prophase, the important mitotic apparatus begins to form outside the nucleus at opposite ends of a cell, stretching from pole to pole.
		The microtubules converge at the ends of the spindle, known as the spindle poles, and are occupied by centrosomes.
	www.microscopyu.com /featuredmicroscopist/deerinck/deerinckimage13.html (273 words)

	Mitchison Lab Research Interests - Microtubules
		In metaphase, the nucleus has broken down, DNA has condensed into chromosomes and through a fair amount of pulling and pushing by microtubules that have formed the mitotic spindle, the chormosomes are aligned in the center of the cell.
		Aaron Groen studies the assembly and dynamics of the spindle pole.
		Zoltan Maliga is characterizing monastrol, an inhibitor of the mitotic kinesin Eg5.
	mitchison.med.harvard.edu /research/Microtubules.htm (303 words)

	Mitosis Page (part 2)
		During late prophase, the nucleoli disappear and the mitotic spindle apparatus assembles.
		The mitotic spindle attaches to the centromere of each chromosome and moves them through the "dance of mitosis".
		During anaphase the mitotic spindle apparatus pulls the chromatids of each chromosome apart by attaching to each centromere.
	www.dmacc.cc.ia.us /instructors/mitosis.htm (338 words)

	Mitosis: An Interactive Animation
		And the building blocks of these microtubules are used to grow the mitotic spindle from the region of the centrioles.
		Some mitotic spindle fibers elongate from the centrioles and attach to kinetochores, protein bundles at the centromere region on the chromosomes where sister chromatids are joined.
		Anaphase: Spindle fibers shorten, the kinetochores separate, and the chromatids (daughter chromosomes) are pulled apart and begin moving to the cell poles.
	www.cellsalive.com /mitosis.htm (358 words)

	Intra-nuclear microtubules and a mitotic spindle orientation checkpoint - Nature Cell Biology
		Intra-nuclear microtubules and a mitotic spindle orientation checkpoint
		Cells of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe have a checkpoint mechanism that reportedly monitors the orientation of the mitotic spindle.
		Astral microtubules in pre-anaphase spindles are thought to contact the contractile actin ring at the plasma membrane in order to rotate the spindle and to sense spindle orientation.
	www.nature.com /doifinder/10.1038/ncb1200 (181 words)

	The Chromokinesin, KLP3A, Drives Mitotic Spindle Pole Separation during Prometaphase and Anaphase and Facilitates ...
		Brust-Mascher, I., and Scholey, J.M. Microtubule flux and sliding in mitotic spindles of early Drosophila embryos.
		Kapoor, T.M., and Mitchison, T.J. Eg5 is static in bipolar spindles relative to tubulin: evidence for a static spindle matrix.
		McIntosh, J.R., and McDonald, K.L. The mitotic spindle.
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/15/1/219 (7630 words)

	Prevalent Loss of Mitotic Spindle Checkpoint in Adult T-cell Leukemia Confers Resistance to Microtubule Inhibitors -- ...
		Spindle Checkpoint-defective Cells Resist MTI-induced Apoptosis-- To assess the role of spindle checkpoint on MTI treatment outcome, we measured the apoptotic indices of nocodazole-treated
		The spindle assembly checkpoint monitors integrity of chromosomal segregation during mitosis (12, 31, 32) in a p53-independent
		Induction of apoptosis by monastrol, an inhibitor of the mitotic kinesin Eg5, is independent of the spindle checkpoint.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/277/7/5187 (3789 words)

	TPPP/p25 promotes tubulin assemblies and blocks mitotic spindle formation -- Tirián et al. 100 (24): 13976 -- ...
		After breakdown of the mitotic spindles, nuclei form normally and, as a consequence, nuclei with two different sizes from anterior and middle parts of the embryo contain nuclei of normal size, but the nuclei in the vicinity of injection site are larger, because they fail to divide but enlarge constantly (C).
		During the next mitotic wave, mitotic spindles form normally in the whole embryo, indicating that p25 cannot exert its effect in the presence of GTP (B).
		During the second mitotic wave after p25 injection, mitotic spindles form and NE breaks down only in the anterior part of the embryo (D).
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/100/24/13976 (4048 words)

	XCTK2: A Kinesin-related Protein That Promotes Mitotic Spindle Assembly in Xenopus laevis Egg Extracts -- Walczak et ...
		Opposing motor activities are required for the organization of the mammalian mitotic spindle pole.
		Disruption of mitotic spindle orientation in a yeast dynein mutant.
		Suppression of the bimC4 mitotic spindle defect by deletion of klpA, a gene encoding a kar3-related kinesin-like protein in Aspergillus nidulans.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/136/4/859 (8075 words)

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