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Topic: Mitral cells

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	Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body. Page 848
		Between the polymorphous layer and the ventricular ependyma is the white substance of the alveus.
		A layer of olfactory nerve fibers, which are the non-medullated axons prolonged from the olfactory cells of the nasal cavity, and reach the bulb by passing through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.
		These cells are pyramidal in shape, and the basal part of each gives off a thick dendrite which descends into the glomerular layer, where it arborizes as indicated above, and others which interlace with similar dendrites of neighboring mitral cells.
	www.bartleby.com /107/pages/page848.html (573 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Olfactory bulb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		However, mitral cells in the accessory olfactory bulb project their axons to targets in the amygdala and hypothalamus where they may influence aggressive and mating behavior.
		Mitral cells are connected by interneurons known as granule cells, which by some theories produce lateral inhibition between mitral cells.
		The axons of olfactory receptor cells are delicate and pass through small foramina of the cribriform plate at the base of the skull and synapse directly in the olfactory bulb.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Olfactory-bulb (4449 words)

	Olfactory bulb - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The ends of the axons cluster in spherical structures known as glomeruli (of which there are between 1000 and 2000), and each glomerulus receives input primarily from a single type of olfactory receptor neuron.
		Glomeruli are permeated by dendritic inputs to neurons known as mitral cells, which in turn output to the olfactory cortex.
		Mitral cells are connected by interneurons known as granule cells, which seem to produce a sort of lateral inhibition between mitral cells.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Olfactory_bulb (280 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Olfactory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The axons from all the thousands of cells expressing the same odor receptor converge in the olfactory bulb.
		Mitral cells in the olfactory bulb send the information about the individual features to other parts of the olfactory system in the brain, which puts together the features into a representation of the odor.
		Glomeruli are permeated by dendritic inputs to neurons known as mitral cells, which in turn output to the olfactory cortex.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Olfactory (920 words)

	Dissertation Archive, WMU Graduate College
		Mitral cells were the most numerous output neurons in the olfactory bulb.
		These cells, located primarily in the glomerular layer and superficial internal cell layer, had variable-shaped somata that ranged in size from 5-20µm in diameter and 22-156µm 2 in surface area.
		Even mitral cells with multiple dendrites appeared to contact a single glomerulus, a finding that suggests olfactory coding in these teleosts may be more similar to mammals than previously suggested.
	www.wmich.edu /graduate/dissertation/dis-archive/Fuller.htm (368 words)

	Composition and Central Connections of the Spinal Nerves
		Axons from the large fusiform cells of the dorsal nucleus pass partly by way of the striæ medullares to the trapezoid body and lateral lemniscus and the nuclei associated with the former, and partly transversely beneath the inferior peduncle and spinal tract of the trigeminal to the trapezoid body.
		The Olfactory Nerves (I cranial) or nerves of smell arise from spindle-shaped bipolar cells in the surface epithelium of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity.
		The majority of the axons that arise from the mitral cells of the olfactory bulb and course in the olfactory tract course in the lateral olfactory stria to the uncus and hippocampal gyrus, and terminate in the cortex.
	www.tripdatabase.com /spider.html?itemid=159558 (8316 words)

	Glomerulus (olfaction) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The glomerulus (plural glomeruli) in olfaction is a structure in the olfactory bulb.
		It is made up of a globular tangle of axons from the olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory epithelium and dendrites from the mitral cells, tufted cells, and other cell types.
		Since input from different glomeruli converge in the piriform cortex the decyphering of the odor code could be the role of the piriform, but this has not been conclusively established.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Glomerulus_(olfaction) (298 words)

	APStracts 7:0196J, 2000. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The output of the olfactory bulb is governed by the interaction of synaptic potentials with the intrinsic conductances of mitral cells.
		While mitral cells often are considered as simple relay neurons-conveying activity in olfactory receptor cells to the piriform cortex-there is strong physiological and behavioral evidence that local synaptic interactions within the olfactory bulb modulate mitral cell discharges and facilitate odorant discrimination.
		The rapid kinetics of self-excitation suggests a functional role of NMDA autoreceptors in prolonging periods of phasic firing in mitral cells.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/2000/jn/March/196j.html (288 words)

	Carnegie Mellon study reveals that odor discrimination is linked to the timing at which neurons fire
		Populations of mitral cells, a type of excitatory neuron in the olfactory bulb, receive input from neurons in the nose that respond to a single odorant.
		Input from one group of mitral cells (hence, one set of odor receptors) caused certain granule cells to fire with a 500-millisecond delay, for example.
		Thus, he found that the timing of granule cell firing is directly related to the input the mitral cells receive -- the original odorant.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-11/cmu-cms110706.php (767 words)

	Olfactory bulb
		The ends of the axons cluster in spherical structures known as glomeruli (of which there are between 1000 and 2000), and each glomerulus receives input primarily from a single type of ORN.
		These glomeruli are permeated by dendritic inputs to neurons known as mitral cells, which in turn output to the olfactory cortex.
		Mitral cells are connected by interneurons known as granule cells, which seem to produce a sort of lateral inhibition between mitral cells.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/o/ol/olfactory_bulb.html (189 words)

	Molekulare Neurophysiologie -Research -Mitral Cell Layer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Mitral cells are the principal relay neurons in the olfactory bulb.
		The external plexiform layer in front of the mitral cell layer can be identified in the dorsal bulb only, while in the ventral bulb the mitral cells are typically located close to and sometimes within the glomerular layer.
		Mitral cell innervates two glomeruli and has two additional dendrites as well as an axon (biocytin injection through the patch pipette).
	www.ukps.gwdg.de /UKMN/content/cont03b2.html (281 words)

	Heart Directory: Mitral Cells (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		the mitral cells and of neurons of the stratum plexiforme externum (Fig 2c).
		Characteristics and function of membrane potential oscillations in olfactory bulb mitral cells: computational modeling The goal of this project is to study the parameters involved in the observation...
		After birth, there is an increase in the number of mitral cells, the principal cells of the olfactory bulb, that respond to lamb odors, which is associated with increased cholinergic and...
	www.heartdir.com /Mitral2/mitralcells (1963 words)

	MEDLINE_1966-1995 - Resultado página 1
		The activity of 26 olfactory bulb units, including 19 mitral, 5 granular and 2 external plexiform cells, was recorded in unrestrained rats associating food odor stimuli/isoamyl acetate to a food reward/no reward.
		In resting conditions, 15 (13 mitral) units displayed significant respiratory patterning, mainly characterized by the absolute and relative phases of the maximal and minimal activity in the cycle.
		The histograms from adjacent mitral cells showed that the various types were distributed as in a neuronal network with lateral recurrent inhibition, where noise was introduced at each inspiration.
	www.bireme.br /cgi-bin/wxislind.exe/iah/online/?IsisScript=iah/iah.xis&nextAction=lnk&base=MEDLINE_1966-1995&exprSearch=4041216&indexSearch=UI&lang=p (269 words)

	Olfactory Bulb
		Mitral cells are typically connected to a single glomerulus by a primary dendrite, while some tufted cells may connect to several adjacent glomeruli.
		influx triggers fusion of glutamate-loaded vesicles with the mitral cell membrane.
		The mitral cell body layer and the glomerular layer are separated by a wide zone (the external plexiform layer) densely packed with intermeshed dendrites, including an enormous number of dendrodendritic synapses.
	flavor.monell.org /~loweg/OlfactoryBulb.htm (838 words)

	eMedicine - Anatomy of Olfactory System : Article by Amir Vokshoor, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Supporting cells are scattered among the receptor cells and have numerous microvilli and secretory granules, which empty their contents onto the mucosal surface.
		Mitral cells are second-order neurons contacted by the olfactory nerve fibers at the glomerular layer of the bulb.
		Pyramidal mitral cells are the largest neurons in the bulb and are located in a narrow band between the external and internal plexiform layers.
	www.emedicine.com /ent/topic564.htm (2065 words)

	MEDLINE_1996-2006 - Resultado página 1
		In the present study, we hypothesized that neighboring mitral cells can present granular induced inhibitory periods with similar latencies and durations and that such a similarity would preserve them from a possible suppression of their temporal correlations.
		The activation of granule cells was achieved by electrical stimulation of the different pathways known to directly activate granule cells [lateral olfactory tract (LOT), anterior limb of the anterior commissure (AC), and piriform cortex (PC)].
		Second, the probability that two cells exhibit similar inhibitory periods (i.e., similar latencies to both onset and to recovery) in response to electrical stimulation of LOT, AC, or PC was significantly higher in neighboring than in control cells.
	www.bireme.br /cgi-bin/wxislind.exe/iah/online/?IsisScript=iah/iah.xis&nextAction=lnk&base=MEDLINE_1996-2006&exprSearch=8899612&indexSearch=UI&lang=p (409 words)

	Mitral - Qwika
		Mitral cell Mitral cell Coronal section of olfactory bulb.
		MedlinePlus [3] eMedicine ped/2517 DiseasesDB [4] Mitral stenosis is a narrowing of the orifice of the mitral valve of the heart.
		The mitral valve and the tricuspid valve are known...
	www.qwika.com /find/Mitral (452 words)

	43
		Each mitral cell is coupled with a neighboring granule cell and the change in its state will depend on the neighboring cells’ output activity and their connection strength, and vice versa (granule to mitral).
		in the mitral equation is the primary input of the receptor cell’s fibers from the odor, and
		A sample input supplied to the first Mitral cell in the first layer is also plotted for the time span after the input processing is complete, and the input to all the mitral cells is similarly plotted.
	www.library.csi.cuny.edu /dept/as/43.htm (2826 words)

	Nathan Urban
		One prevailing idea is that the circuitry of the olfactory bulb is functionally similar to the circuitry found in the retina and in parts of the neocortex in that it performs a kind of "lateral inhibition".
		Whole cell and optical recordings from mitral cell dendrites have allowed me to examine activity-dependent short term changes in recurrent and lateral inhibition that might underlie variations in odor-evoked activity that we observe on the time scale of seconds.
		Action potential propagation in mitral cell lateral dendrites is decremental and controls recurrent and lateral inhibition in the mammalian olfactory bulb.
	www.cmu.edu /bio/contacts/faculty/urban.shtml (469 words)

	OhioLINK ETD: MAST, THOMAS
		Antidromic Identification of Mitral Cells in The Anesthetized Mouse
		Another aim was to develop a protocol to record the spontaneous activity of antidromically identified mitral cells in mouse in vivo with extracellular electrophysiological techniques.
		Mitral cell single-units were identified by antidromic activation from the posterior piriform cortex, and their spontaneous activity was recorded for more than 1800s.
	rave.ohiolink.edu /etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1100843038 (350 words)

	Development -- Yoshihara et al. 132 (4): 751 Figure IG6
		In a coronal section of the mutant OB (F), the mitral cell layer (MCL) showed an irregular contour: the MCL in the medial side of the OB (the right side in F) was thicker than in the lateral side (the left side in F).
		In wild-type mice, mitral cell dendrites labeled with Thy-1 and reelin extended in a radial direction (I,K, arrowheads in O).
		In mutant mice, the orientation of proximal dendrites was variable (L, arrowheads in P), but the distal dendrites tend to reach the apical region of the OB (J,P).
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content-nw/full/132/4/751/FIG6 (240 words)

	CiteULike: Sparse Odor Coding in Awake Behaving Mice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Responses of mitral cells represent the results of the first stage of odor processing in the olfactory bulb.
		We show that odor-elicited changes in mitral cell firing rate were larger and more frequently observed in the anesthetized than in the awake condition.
		Only 27% of mitral cells that showed a response to odors in the anesthetized state were also odor responsive in the awake state.
	www.citeulike.org /user/nelmor/article/815353 (344 words)

	Press Release: The 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
		These receptors are located on the olfactory receptor cells, which occupy a small area in the upper part of the nasal epithelium and detect the inhaled odorant molecules.
		The cells send thin nerve processes directly to distinct micro domains, glomeruli, in the olfactory bulb, the primary olfactory area of the brain.
		Each mitral cell is activated only by one glomerulus, and the specificity in the information flow is thereby maintained.
	www.nobelprize.org /medicine/laureates/2004/press.html (1404 words)

	Activation of Locus Coeruleus Enhances the Responses of Olfactory Bulb Mitral Cells to Weak Olfactory Nerve Input -- ...
		The effect of synaptically released NE on mitral cell activity is not known, nor is the influence of NE on responses of mitral cells to olfactory nerve inputs.
		The goal of the present study was to assess the influence of LC activation on spontaneous and olfactory nerve-evoked activity of mitral cells.
		The discharge rate of mitral cells at the time that epithelium-evoked responses were increased did not differ significantly from pre-LC activation baseline values.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/short/16/19/6319 (628 words)

	Innervation of Human Atrioventricular and Arterial Valves -- Marron et al. 94 (3): 368 -- Circulation
		Schematic of the anatomic features of the AV valves (A and B, mitral; C and D, tricuspid) and the relative density and distribution of nerve fibers (A, C) and nerve terminal arborizations (B, D).
		The terminal illustrated in D was found in the tendinous cords of both the mitral and tricuspid valves, whereas the other (E) was found only in the cords attached to the leaflets of the tricuspid valve.
		in a subpopulation of fibroblast-like cells in the medial and
	circ.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/94/3/368 (4057 words)

	Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition: People
		These mechanisms are best elucidated by detailed studies of the physiological properties of the synapses, cells and circuits involved in the performance of a given task.
		Recently, I have been working to describe the lateral spread of inhibition and excitation within the network of the mitral and tufted cells, which are the output neurons of the olfactory bulb.
		Margrie, T.W. Sakmann, B. Urban, N.N. (2001) Action potential propagation in mitral cell lateral dendrites is decremental and controls recurrent and lateral inhibition in the mammalian olfactory bulb.
	www.cnbc.cmu.edu /faculty/urban.shtml (503 words)

	Visualization of {beta}-Galactosidase by Enzyme and Immunohistochemistry in the Olfactory Bulb of Transgenic Mice ...
		Higher magnification shows that the nuclei of the mitral (arrowhead 1), deep, intermediate (arrowhead 2), and superficial (arrowhead 3) tufted cells are prominently stained, whereas the perikarya and the dendrites are less intensely labeled.
		Many strongly stained dendrites of the mitral and tufted cells, especially of the superficial tufted cells, are present in the superficial part of the external plexiform layer (III).
		The mitral cell (MC) cytoplasm and nucleus (Nu) are filled with the electron-dense precipitate of DAB-peroxidase complex.
	www.jhc.org /cgi/content/full/45/8/1147 (3658 words)

	Nathan E. Schoppa, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Physiology & Biophysics - University of Colorado ...
		These two cells had adjacent cell bodies in the mitral cell layer but send primary dendrites to two well-separated glomerular structures (at arrows).
		Glomeruli are indicated by rings of propidium iodide-labeled periglomerular cells.
		Schoppa, N. (2006) Synchronization of olfactory bulb mitral cells by precisely-timed inhibitory inputs.
	www.uchsc.edu /physiology/faculty/schoppa.htm (622 words)

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