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	Encyclopedia: Mitsuru Ushijima
		Mitsura Ushijima was born in Japan in 1887.
		Ushijima decided not to put his men on the coast where they would be subjected to US Naval heavy bombardment.
		When it was clear that he had been defeated, Mitsuru Ushijima committed ritual suicide (hari-kiri).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Mitsuru-Ushijima (252 words)

	[No title]
		Ushijima, an officer of the Dai Nippon Butokukai who had trained in military stategy and tactics, was totally ready.
		He told his men that this was to be their last moment of life, and to live it in the glory of dying for the Emperor as millions of samurai had done in Japan's glorious past.
		Ushijima's reply was concise and to the point, "as a samurai, it is not consonant with my honor to entertain such a proposal.
	www.aoinagi.org /curriculum/essays_z/my_gyo_essays/essay_28a.htm (2656 words)

	Torii Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Mitsuru Ushijima, commander, 32nd Japanese Imperial Army in August of 1944.
		Ushijima and his army were watching the massive metal ‘typhoon of steel’ through binoculars.
		In the museum is a flag belonging to Ushijima, dated 1944, and signed by the Japanese Minister of War, Gen. Hideki Tojo, a rank flag belonging to Rear Adm. Minoru Ota, commander, Oroku Naval Base Force and the Japanese flag that flew of the headquarters at Shuri Castle.
	www.usarj.army.mil /archives/archives/2002/mar/29/okinawa/story01.htm (1868 words)

	The Final Campaign: Marines in the Victory on Okinawa (Countdown to 'Love-Day') (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		When Lieutenant General Mitsuru Ushijima assumed command of the Thirty-second Army in August 1944, he quickly realized this and decided to concentrate his forces in the south.
		Doing so would forfeit the prize airfields of Yontan and Kadena, but it would permit Ushijima to conserve his forces and fight the only kind of battle he thought had a chance for the Empire: a defense in depth, largely underground and thus protected from the overwhelming American superiority in supporting arms.
		Ushijima's naval component consisted of the Okinawa Naval Base Force, the 4th Surface Escort Unit, and various naval aviation activities all under the command of Rear Admiral Minoru Ota.
	www.nps.gov /wapa/indepth/extContent/usmc/pcn-190-003135-00/sec2a.htm (2341 words)

	Ryukyus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Mitsuru Ushijima replaced General Watanabe as commanding general, and his headquarters staff began digging in at Shuri, Okinawa's second largest urban area, cultural center, and ancient royal capital.
		General Ushijima consolidated the bulk of his forces in what the Japanese termed the Shuri defensive area, where they improved on the natural defenses by constructing a network of pillboxes, tunnels, caves, and fortified burial tombs.
		Although Ushijima did not receive the note until 17 June, it mattered little, since the testimony of survivors made it clear that the commander of the 32dArmy had no intention of capitulating.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/brochures/ryukyus/ryukyus.htm (8305 words)

	HyperWar: US Army in WWII: Okinawa: The Last Battle [Chapter 4]
		General Ushijima, according to the members of his staff, was a calm and very capable officer who inspired confidence among his troops.
		The general character of the final plan reflected the critical situation that faced General Ushijima with the departure of the 9th Division for Formosa and with the fading of prospects for reinforcements.
		Acting on this assumption, General Ushijima drew his forces together into the southern part of Okinawa and, from the strongly fortified positions around Shuri, prepared to make his stand there as costly to the enemy as possible.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Okinawa/USA-P-Okinawa-4.html (5902 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		From wild, mountainous crags and razor-sharp coral ridges, to steamy agricultural flatlands, with towns and villages throughout, and the ancient Shuri Castle Citadel in the center, Okinawa was a defender's dream.
		As commander of Japan's 32nd Army, Ushijima chose not to challenge the invaders on the beaches.
		Ushijima was forced to retreat inside Hill 89, 11 miles south.
	www.chinfo.navy.mil /navpalib/news/mcnews/mcn95/mcn95013.txt (5557 words)

	Okinawa's Bloody Conquest
		Mitsuru Ushijima's Thirty-Second Army patiently waited in hidden bunkers and on fortified ridges for the Americans to land.
		One briefing officer told Marines, "This is expected to be the costliest amphibious campaign of the war" and added that they should count on "80 to 85 percent casualties on the beach." A pre-invasion bombardment would hopefully dampen the Japanese opposition, but assault troops entered the landing craft with ominous feelings.
		In a preview of the ghastly fighting to occur in the south, Marines finally secured Motobu on April 20, at the cost of 213 killed or missing and 757 wounded.
	www.thehistorynet.com /wwii/blokinawa (1135 words)

	Okinawa
		This made it comparable to the Normandy landing in mainland Europe in June, 1944.
		Buckner was killed on 18th June and three days later his replacement, General Roy Geiger, announced that the island had finally been taken.
		We buried General Ushijima and his men inside a cave.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /2WWokinawa.htm (1139 words)

	G8 Summit in OKINAWA 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		On the other side, the Japanese military forces were led by Lieutenant General Mitsuru Ushijima with 2.5 divisions totaling 110,000 troops, including defense units recruited from the Okinawan populace.
		Many civilians and soldiers hiding side by side in caves died from the flame throwers and hand grenades used by the US forces, as well as by bombardment from the air and sea.
		With Ushijima's death, the main body of Japanese troops stopped fighting, however, sporadic resistance continued against the US forces.
	www.okinawatimes.co.jp /summit/english/2000/20000722_6.html (853 words)

	Mitsura Ushijima
		He joined the Japanese Army and by the outbreak of the Second World War was the command
		In August in 1940 Ushijima was appointed commander of the 32nd Army on
		invasion Ushijima was placed in control of all Japanese troops on the island.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /2WWushijima.htm (276 words)

	Fighting for Okinawa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Should the Americans somehow straggle ashore in force, IGHQ expected LtGen Ushijima to utilize his fortified defenses to wage a protracted battle of attrition.
		Anticipating the usual Japanese defense at the water's edge, the 5th Fleet wasted several days of preliminary bombardment of the area inshore from the designated beaches near Hagushi on the west-central coast, expending shells that in hindsight could have been used more effectively in Iwo Jima's abbreviated bombardment.
		VADM Turner's advance seizure of the nearby Kerama Retto Islands for a fleet harbor resulted in the unexpected and fortunate capture of most of LtGen Ushijima's fleet of 350 powerboats, packed with explosives and meant for ramming the U.S. transports at high speed.
	www.mca-marines.org /leatherneck/OkinawaApr05.htm (2930 words)

	World War II Book Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Mitsuru Ushijima, remained silent and later said a quiet prayer for his counterpart, who had died a warrior -- and whom he knew he would soon be joining.
		Indeed, on the morning of June 22, Ushijima and his chief of staff, Lt. Gen.
		Isamu Cho, marked the breakdown of organized Japanese resistance on Okinawa, and the end of their mission to delay and inflict as many casualties on the Americans as possible before the island’s fall, by committing ritual suicide.
	www.thehistorynet.com /wwii/reviews/wwiireview0805-3 (795 words)

	Sea Services Main Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		January 25 marked the 40th anniversary of one of the bloodiest and fiercest battles of the entire Pacific War...
		The battle of Okinawa had been raging for over a month, and on the evening of May 5, Lieutenant General Mitsuru Ushijima, Commander of the Japanese Thirty-second Army, decided that the tide had turned in favor of the Americans.
		Realizing that it was not possible to win Okinawa, Ushijima placed his emphasis on a delaying action.
	www.dcmilitary.com /navy/seaservices/archives/jan30/ss_d13098.html (696 words)

	Megan Tzeng \| The Battle of Okinawa, 1945: Final Turning Point in the Pacific \| The History Teacher, 34.1 \| The History ...
		Lieutenant General Mitsuru Ushijima was the main commander, an awe-inspiring figure.
		Ushijima spent months turning Okinawa into an ocean fortress by digging elaborate networks of tunnels that connected strategically located artillery.
		Ushijima's awe-inspiring presence and traditional views contrasted with strict but firebrand Cho, who was very aggressive and determined.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ht/34.1/tzeng.html (8934 words)

	TIME Magazine Archive Article -- The Way Out -- Jul. 09, 1945 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		General Mitsuru Ushijima, Japanese commander, told the story: on the night of June 21 he was ordered to prepare a No. 1 dinner for an important occasion.
		This he served at 10 o'clock to Ushijima and his chief of staff, Lieut.
		Five hours later the cook was told that the ceremony was about to...
	www.time.com /time/archive/printout/0,23657,852302,00.html (157 words)

	TwoWheelForum - June 21, time to remember...
		However, more than 75,000 Japanese troops were on the island under the command of Lieutenant General Ushijima Mitsuru, who withdrew his soldiers to the southern section of the island.
		There, the Japanese held out for nearly three months, hiding in the jungle, in caves, and engaging the Americans in intense guerilla warfare.
		On June 21, Lieutenant General Ushijima Mitsuru surrendered Okinawa to the United States.
	www.twowheelforum.com /printthread.php?t=5201 (405 words)

	This Day In History April 1,1945 U.S. troops land on Okinawa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		They battled nearly 120,000 Japanese army, militia, and labor troops under the command of Lieutenant General Mitsuru Ushijima.
		Japanese General Ushijima committed ritual suicide upon defeat of his forces.
		The 1952 film Okinawa starring Pat O'Brien, is one of several movies to depict this decisive episode in the history of the war.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-chat/1375791/posts (375 words)

	Victor Davis Hanson on war on National Review Online
		Soldiers hid in civilian houses, hospitals, even tombs of the dead to avoid our bombers — which were never successful in finding the Japanese high command, but hit a lot of civilians trying.
		Fanatics like General Isamu Cho and Mitsuru Ushijima boasted of no surrender, rejected all efforts at armistice, and vowed to take as many Americans as possible with them.
		Crude propaganda leaflets and radio broadcasts promised horrific deaths to Americans and portrayed them as cowardly killers who would rape and murder innocent civilians — over 100,000 natives of the island would eventually be casualties.
	www.nationalreview.com /hanson/hanson111301.shtml (1336 words)

	Okinawa (from World War II) -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		It had therefore been subjected to a series of air raids from October 1944, culminating in March 1945 in an attack that destroyed hundreds of Japanese planes; but there were still at least 75,000 Japanese troops on the island, commanded by Lieutenant General Ushijima Mitsuru.
		Baka was a rocket-powered glider crammed with explosives which was towed into range by a bomber and was then released to be guided by its solitary pilot into the chosen target for their mutual destruction.
		In the southern half of the island this resistance was bitterest: it lasted until June 21, and Ushijima killed himself the next day.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-53604 (1599 words)

	Amazon.ca: The Battle for Okinawa: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		First published in Japan in 1973, this personal account of the last great battle of WWII is from the viewpoint of the Japanese Army officer in charge of plans and operations.
		Yahara reveals how his battle plan, based on a strategy of attrition, was overruled by Gen. Mitsuru Ushijima in favor of a wasteful offensive policy ("absurd suicide tactics").
		When defeat by the Americans was perceived as inevitable, Ushijima ordered a final charge, delivered a formal speech and submitted to the expected ritual beheading.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0471180807 (861 words)

	Battle of Sugar-Loaf
		But this hill, soon to be dubbed, "Sugar Loaf," was very different indeed.
		Part of a complex of three hills, Sugar Loaf formed the western anchor of General Mitsuru Ushijima's Shuri Line, which stretched from coast to coast across the island.
		Sugar Loaf was critical to the defense of that line, preventing U.S. forces from turning the Japanese flank.
	darbysrangers.tripod.com /Okinawa/id19.htm (415 words)

	HyperWar: The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II: Ryukyus
		If sustained offensive action was not possible, defeat was inevitable, and all the 32d Army could hope to do was its duty--by inflicting maximum casualties on the invaders.
		Although the continuation of the fight in the extreme south failed to delay the planned American development of airfields and harbors--this began long before the fighting ended--it did result in additional American casualties, just as General Ushijima intended.
		Although Ushijima did not receive the note until 17 June, it mattered little, since the testimony of survivors made it clear that the commander of the 32d Army had no intention of capitulating.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/USA/USA-C-Ryukyus (8340 words)

	Okinawa, Japan
		The memorials are in honor of the men who lost their lives during the Pacific Islands campaign of WWII.
		The cliffs are known to some Americans as "Suicide Cliffs," because LT General Mitsuru Ushijima, the Commanding General of the 32nd Imperial Japanese Army, performed seppuku, or "hara-kiri," here.
		The other reason for the name is that it is believed that some of General Ushijima’s men jumped from these 500-foot cliffs when the Japanese were defeated.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/facility/okinawa.htm (2610 words)

	Today in history - June 21 - Boston.com - This Day in History - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1932, heavyweight Max Schmeling lost a title fight by decision to Jack Sharkey, prompting Schmeling's manager, Joe Jacobs, to exclaim: "We was robbed!"
		In 1945, during World War II, American soldiers on Okinawa found the body of the Japanese commander, Lt. General Mitsuru Ushijima, who had committed suicide.
		In 1955, the David Lean movie "Summertime" starring Katharine Hepburn and Rossano Brazzi had its world premiere in New York.
	boston.com /news/history/articles/2005/06/20/today_in_history___june_21 (465 words)

	[No title]
		Veterans of earlier landings, and even the intelligence staffs, were puzzled at not having to fight the usual sava ge struggle to get ashore.
		Lieutenant General Mitsuru Ushijima, commanding nearly 100,000 defenders-three-quarters of whom were regular Army troops-had decided to make no attempt to stop the landing at the beaches.
		Instead, he dug his main strength into t he hilly southern end of Okinawa, thoroughly fortified as Iwo Jima had been but on a much larger scale.
	www.hazegray.org /danfs/battlesh/bb43.htm (14427 words)

	Fish Heads & Dirty Rice
		Lieutenant General Mitsuru Ushijima was the main commander of the Japanese forces on Okinawa.
		Lieutenant General Isamu Cho, whose enthusiasm and impulsiveness complemented Ushijima's reserve, was Ushijima's chief-of-staff.
		Both officers committed ritual seppuku in the last days of the invasion, rather then suffer the dishonor of surrender.
	www2.xlibris.com /bookstore/book_excerpt.asp?bookid=12576 (9895 words)

	Original Artwork: Shannon Stirnweis: Okinawa Invaded by U.S. Marines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		For the Japanese Combined Fleet, the battle amounted to a suicide mission, as American planes scored hit after hit -- even sinking the giant Yamato.
		On June 22, when it was apparent that the Americans were about to take control of the island, commander of the Japanese forces Lt. General Mitsuru Ushijima committed Härä-Kïri -- honorable suicide.
		This painting originally appeared on the Republic of the Marshall Islands 55¢ Okinawa Invaded by U.S. Forces 1945 stamp issued April 1, 1995.
	www.artworkoriginals.com /EB5TBZ8G.htm (363 words)

	Military History Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Sixty miles long, hilly and pierced with an extensive cave system the Japanese had enlarged many of the caves, excavated new caverns and connected these bombproof shelters with an elaborate network of tunnels all supporting strategically placed artillery positions and machinegun nests.
		The underground galleries were provisioned with enough food, water, ammunition and fuel for a prolonged siege, which was exactly what General Mitsuru Ushijima had in mind.
		While his army savaged the American forces on the ground, the remnants of the Japanese navy and air force would ravage the supporting Allied fleet at sea.
	www.militaryhistoryonline.com /wwii/articles/AmphibiousAssaults.aspx (7557 words)

	1 April History: This Date (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Three days later, Japanese resistance came to an end, and on June 22, Lieutenant General Mitsuru Ushijima, the Japanese commander, along with a number of Japanese officers and troops, committed suicide rather than surrender.
		The US forces quickly seized two airfields and advanced inland to cut the island's waist.
		The Japanese surprised the US forces with a change in strategy, drawing them into the mainland rather than confronting them at the water's edge.
	www.jcanu.hpg.ig.com.br /history/h4apr/h4apr01.html (11256 words)

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