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Topic: Mixed Member Proportional

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	Proportional representation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Proportional representation (PR) is any election system which ensures a proportionally representative result of a democratic election, x% of votes should be represented by x% in the democratic institutions, parliament or congress.
		In general, first-past-the-post is only used in former British colonies, but a form of proportional representation known as the mixed member system is now being used in the United Kingdom to elect the members of the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh National Assembly.
		In mixed member systems, candidates from the first-past-the-post districts are given 100% of a districts vote (or 100 votes, depending on the variant) to be added cumulatively with the shared member districts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Proportional_representation (1889 words)

	Proportional Representation Systems
		Proportional representation voting (PR) is the main rival to plurality-majority voting.
		The basic approach of proportional representation is simple: legislators are elected in multimember districts instead of single-member districts, and the number of seats that a party wins in an election is proportional to the amount of its support among voters.
		Half of the members of the legislature are elected in single-member district plurality contests.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/polit/damy/BeginnningReading/PRsystems.htm (2963 words)

	Additional Member System - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In 1976, the Hansard Society recommended that the Additional Member System be used for UK parliamentary elections, but instead of using closed party lists, it proposed that seats allocated by proportional, and the remainder seats of would be filled using open party lists.
		In the Scottish Parliament the number of overhang seats is taken from the number of proportional seats of the other parties, in Germany's Bundestag and the New Zealand House of Representatives the overhang seats remain.
		Nomination of Lawrence B. Lindsey to be a member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System from the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban...
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /mixed_member_proportional.htm (847 words)

	Additional Member System - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Under the Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) or Top-Up system, the aim is either for the party's total number of representatives, including constituency representatives, to be proportional to its percentage of the party vote, or for the allocation of additional party list seats to offset some or all of the disproportionate result in the constituencies.
		In 1976, the Hansard Society recommended that the Additional Member System be used for UK parliamentary elections, but instead of using closed party lists, it proposed that seats be filled by defeated candidates, on a 'best loser' basis.
		Having a member with a 'safe' constituency seat is therefore a tremendous asset to a minor party in such a system.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mixed_Member_Proportional (1134 words)

	Overhang seat - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Overhang seats can arise in elections under mixed member proportional (MMP), when a party is entitled to fewer seats as a result of party votes than it has won constituencies.
		Under MMP, a party is entitled to a number of seats based on its share of the total vote.
		The candidate will be elected based on their own qualities, but the party they belong to will not receive enough votes to justify the candidate's seat.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Overhang_seat (796 words)

	Democracy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The sense of disillusion contributed to a political backlash, the rise of illiberal democracy in former Soviet Central Asia, and a trend to authoritarian rule in Russia itself.
		This proportional versus majoritarian dichotomy is not just a theoretical problem, as both forms of electoral system are common around the world, and each creates a very different kind of government.
		Thus, the members of a majority may limit oppression of a minority since they may well in the future themselves be in a minority.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Democracy (7379 words)

	AES- Alternative Electoral Systems
		Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) systems, as used in Germany, New Zealand, Bolivia, Italy, Mexico, Venezuela, and Hungary, attempt to combine the positive attributes of both majoritarian and Proportional Representation (PR) electoral systems.
		A proportion of the parliament (roughly half in the cases of Germany, Bolivia, and Venezuela) is elected by plurality-majority methods, usually from single-member districts, while the remainder is constituted by PR lists.
		For example, if one party wins ten percent of the national votes but no district seats, then they would be awarded enough seats from the PR lists to bring their representation up to approximately ten percent of the parliament.
	web.njit.edu /~pc33/CIS767/MMP.htm (258 words)

	Electoral Council of Australia - Electoral Systems- Proportional Representation in Australia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Proportional representation electoral systems are used in Australia to elect candidates to the Senate, the upper houses of NSW, Victoria, South Australia, and Western Australia, the Lower House of Tasmania, the ACT Legislative Assembly and many Local Government Councils.
		Proportional Representation (PR) is the term that describes a group of electoral systems used to elect candidates in multi-member electorates.
		The composition of a Legislature where members are elected using PR usually better reflects the proportions of votes received by candidates on a State or Territory-wide basis than houses where members are elected to single seat electorates.
	www.eca.gov.au /systems/proportional/proportion_rep.htm (1131 words)

	Kids.net.au - Encyclopedia Proportional Representation - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Proportional Representation is a voting system where, for whatever qualities people use to elect their representatives (whether it be ideology, ethnicity, gender, etc.), the proportion of representatives having those qualities is approximately the same as the proportion of voters voting for that quality.
		Some election systems that strive to achieve proportional representation include the single transferable vote and party-list proportional representation.
		Other systems, such as plurality voting, are sometimes made more proportional by gerrymandering districts to ensure that a minority group is in the majority in one or more specific districts.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/pr/Proportional_representation (175 words)

	S/R 13: Update on Proportional Representation in New Zealand
		MMP was portrayed as the system of political party hacks who would ruin the economic reforms that had been made in the 1980s, namely privatizing large segments of the government.
		MMP gives voters more options; gives voters a larger voice in their government; gives voters more opportunity for representation of their views; and creates more democracy by forcing elected officials to work together in coalition.
		MMP created a parliament in the October 1996 election which for the first time reflected the proportion in which the voters backed the various political parties.
	www.greens.org /s-r/13/13-04.html (2411 words)

	Article 6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Even if MMP were politically viable, however, it is a poor response to Canada's most important political problems: regionalization of the party system, exclusion of the governing party from some regions, and concentration of the governing party caucus in a single region.
		Proponents of MMP generally argue that it is smaller, nationally focused parties like the Conservatives, NDP, Greens and Christian Heritage--that find it difficult or impossible to win pluralities in individual ridings and thus are underrepresented in the translation of seats to votes--which would benefit from MMP.
		But awarding MMP compensation seats at the provincial level would almost certainly stimulate regionally oriented parties, especially in a dramatically transformed party system where regional parties might be logical coalition partners for larger nation-wide parties.
	chci.wrdsb.edu.on.ca /library/lib99-00/pr4.htm (1778 words)

	CV & D Factsheet I-C-3-b: Mixed Member Proportional Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Where MMP and variations are used: Recent worldwide electoral trends show a rise in popularity of the mixed member system because of how it combines geographic, district-based representation with proportional representation.
		In the 1990’s, however, MMP was adopted for elections in New Zealand, Scotland and Wales, and a modified form of MMP was proposed by the Jenkins Commission to elect the British House of Commons.
		The allocation of the party list seats is done in proportion to the party vote no matter what the results in the district elections, meaning that the largest party tends to win a disproportionally high share of seats.
	www.fairvote.org /factshts/mmpr.htm (644 words)

	Why hasn't MMP changed anything? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		MMP promised a radical change to New Zealand politics.
		In the run-up to the first MMP election there was a widespread expectation that the new electoral system would bring about real change.
		A majority (53.9%) voted in favour of a change to MMP in the 1993 referendum because they thought that if the electoral system was made more representative then governments would be forced to act more in accord with what people wanted them to do.
	www.iso.org.nz /sr/1/mmp.htm (1816 words)

	Canadian Electoral Reform
		While the Liberals and Conservative won a proportion of seats that is not hugely out of line with their share of the votes (see: election results), there were still some other anomalies worth mentioning.
		In early 2004, the Law Commission of Canada issued a report recommending that the federal electoral system be changed to a mixed member system that allows for more proportional representation of parties in the House of Commons.
		The success with which a PR system provides parties with a share of the seats that is proportional to their vote share is dependent on several factors including the number of parties that fall short of the threshold and whether the votes and seats are counted up either nationally, provincially, or regionally.
	www.sfu.ca /~aheard/elections/reform.html (2517 words)

	Institute of Island Studies
		Proportional representation systems are those "by which political parties hold a percentage of seats in the legislature that approximates their percentage of the popular vote in the election."
		The 18 members, elected by the male protestant residents of the colony, were called "a damned queer parliament" by the Sergeant-at-arms, who was reportedly fined five shillings for the comment.
		Proportional representation makes it easier for small parties to elect members where they are unable to attract enough geographically concentrated support to win a seat in a constituency, yet have support throughout the jurisdiction.
	www.upei.ca /~iis/rep_jac_2.htm (14065 words)

	Additional Member System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The phrase Additional Member System is often used to describe mixed member proportional voting where the results in the non-proportional election are taken into account and (either wholly or partly) compensated in the proportional system; this is the system described here.
		If each of the two election counts do not have a substantial impact on the result of the other, then parallel voting is the typical description, and is in fact a more common system worldwide.
		In 1976, the Hansard Society recommended that the Additional Member System be used for UK parliamentary elections, but instead of using closed party lists, it proposed that seats allocated by proportional representation instead be filled by each party's 'best losers'.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/additional_member_system (803 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Additional Member System (aka Mixed Member Proportional Representation) is a voting system incorporating an element of proportional representation.
		It is a combination of the First-past-the-post election system and closed list party-list proportional representation, used for multiple-winner elections.
		In the Scottish Parliament the number of overhang seats is taken from the number of proportional seats of the other parties, in Germany's Bundestag the overhang seats remain and in New Zealand the other parties get compensatory seats to obtain the proportionality.
	www.informationgenius.com /encyclopedia/a/ad/additional_member_system.html (450 words)

	Proportional Representation FAQ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The rest of the seats are then given to at-large members in a proportion which offsets the nonproportionality of the single member elections.
		In the single member elections it is doubtful that the Greens would win any seats and all the Green voters in the country would be unrepresented.
		The strength of this system is that it is 100% proportional but combines that with regional representation so each state would have an elected member that it could call on to represent the regional concerns of that state.
	ed.labonte.com /pr.html (1977 words)

	Proportional Representation
		Proportional Representation (PR) describes various multi-winner electoral systems which try to ensure that the proportional support gained by different groups is accurately reflected in the election result.
		For the House of Assembly, which elects five members per electorate, the quota is one sixth or 16.7% of the formal votes.
		The Mixed Member Proportional Vote system, the New Zealand system, tossed around as nirvana in our 2004 election, is simple, unless you are in a riding wherein your MP is the one selected by the party based on the Proportional Vote and not on the local vote.
	www.mysteriesofcanada.com /Canadian_Political_System/proportional_representation.htm (2291 words)

	Germany: The Original Mixed Member Proportional System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		After the use of the absolute-majority Two Round System (TRS), see Two-Round System, in the German Empire, and the use of a pure proportional representation system in the Weimar Republic, see Mixed Member Proportional, a new electoral system was established by the Parliamentary Council in 1949.
		The German electoral system is classified as a personalised proportional system (Personalisierte Verh ltniswahl) or, as it is known in New Zealand as a Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) system, see Single Transferable Vote.
		It differs from pure proportional representation only in that the five percent threshold at national level excludes very small parties from parliamentary representation, and thanks to proportional representation a relatively wide range of social and political forces are represented in Parliament.
	www.aceproject.org /main/english/es/esy_de.htm (1198 words)

	Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform - Vaughn Palmer, The Vancouver Sun
		She, like others on the assembly, has been putting in extra time, speaking to service clubs, chambers of commerce and the like about the importance of what they are doing.
		After listening to the presentations and to the assembly members themselves, I reached the same conclusion as pretty much every other close observer of the assembly's deliberations.
		Some members have already turned their thoughts to the goal of coming up with a compromise that has the best chance of winning the referendum.
	www.citizensassembly.bc.ca /public/news/2004/09/dmaclachlan-3_0409240656-308 (783 words)

	Talk:MMP - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		I just didn' see any relation between a search of "MMP" and "additional member system" which abbreviation is "ams" and has nothing to do with MMP.
		My opinion is to move MMP to Nr.
		I will go on vacation tomorrow and after my vacation I want to change the way MMP looks like.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:MMP (178 words)

	Cox (2002) The effect of the advent of the Mixed-Member Proportional voting system upon the role of the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A major factor at present impacting upon the constitutional role of the Governor-General in New Zealand, and therefore the function of the Crown is the on-going impact of the introduction of the Mixed-Member Proportional (MMP) voting system.
		MMP could alter the balance of the constitution, thereby possibly endangering the position of the Crown.
		Whether MMP has weakened the office of Governor-General is yet to be determined, but it may be that the effects are more pronounced in the long-term than they may appear now.
	www.getcited.org /pub/103383148 (357 words)

	MMP for Canada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It is an electoral system that is a hybrid of the first-past-the-post and proportional representation systems.
		MMP systems largely avoid the problems associated with many proportional representation systems.
		Parties sitting in parliament are required to get 5% of the vote or some number of directly elected members.
	individual.utoronto.ca /bonert/mmp4ca.html (358 words)

	How Proportional Representation Elections Work
		But in reality, the principles underlying proportional representation systems are very straightforward and all of the systems are easy to use.
		The basic principles underlying proportional representation elections are that all voters deserve representation and that all political groups in society deserve to be represented in our legislatures in proportion to their strength in the electorate.
		The second characteristic of all PR systems is that they divide up the seats in these multi-member districts according to the proportion of votes received by the various parties or groups running candidates.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/polit/damy/BeginnningReading/howprwor.htm (2869 words)

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