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Topic: Mixed Member Proportional Representation

	Proportional Representation Encyclopedia Article @ LaunchBase.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Proportional representation, also known as full representation, is an electoral system in which the overall votes are reflected in the overall outcome of the body or bodies of representatives.
		Full Representation is a term often used to describe Proportional Represention, yet differs from that term in that it is a description of the emancipatory effect that is usually attributed to proprotional representation; however, nations with district elections, such as Canada, may also achieve under certain conditions a representative level resembling full representation.
		In Ireland, proportional representation has resulted in a strange situation whereby a centre party with a large support base, known as Fianna Fáil, has 45% of the vote but the opposition parties are extremely fragmented with the only thing that unites them being their dislike of Fianna Fail.
	www.launchbase.net /encyclopedia/Proportional_representation (2281 words)

	Mixed member proportional representation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mixed member proportional representation, also termed mixed-member proportional representation and commonly abbreviated to MMP, is a voting system used to elect representatives to numerous legislatures around the world.
		Having a member with a 'safe' constituency seat is therefore a tremendous asset to a minor party in such a system.
		In the case of Forza Italia (part of the House of Freedoms), the tactic was so successful that it did not have enough candidates in the proportional part to receive as many seats as it in fact won, missing out on 12 seats.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mixed_Member_Proportional (1067 words)

	Proportional Representation Systems
		The basic approach of proportional representation is simple: legislators are elected in multimember districts instead of single-member districts, and the number of seats that a party wins in an election is proportional to the amount of its support among voters.
		Mixed-member proportional representation goes by a variety of other names, including "the additional member system," "compensatory PR," the "two vote system," and "the German system." It is an attempt to combine a single-member district system with a proportional voting system.
		Half of the members of the legislature are elected in single-member district plurality contests.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/polit/damy/BeginnningReading/PRsystems.htm#MMP (2963 words)

	Additional Member System - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Additional Member System (AMS) is a voting system in which some representatives are elected from geographic constituencies and others are elected under proportional representation from party lists.
		Under the Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) or Top-Up system, the aim is either for the party's total number of representatives, including constituency representatives, to be proportional to its percentage of the party vote, or for the allocation of additional party list seats to offset some or all of the disproportionate result in the constituencies.
		Under the Parallel Voting or Supplementary Member (SUP) system, the party list seats are allocated proportionally, and any constituency seats the party may have won are additional.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Additional_Member_System (314 words)

	Institute of Island Studies
		Proportional representation systems are those "by which political parties hold a percentage of seats in the legislature that approximates their percentage of the popular vote in the election."
		Britain has adopted mixed-member proportional representation for the new Scottish and Welsh assemblies, uses the single transferable vote form of proportional representation in Northern Ireland, and is contemplating a change to a partially proportional system for the Westminster parliament in London.
		Proportional representation makes it easier for small parties to elect members where they are unable to attract enough geographically concentrated support to win a seat in a constituency, yet have support throughout the jurisdiction.
	www.upei.ca /~iis/rep_jac_2.htm (14065 words)

	Additional Member System
		The Additional Member System (aka Mixed Member Proportional Representation) is a voting system used in the Scottish Parliament, Welsh Assembly, the German Bundestag, the New Zealand House of Representatives and other places in the world.
		It is a combination of the First-past-the-post election system and closed list[?] party-list proportional representation, used for multiple-winner elections.
		In the Scottish Parliament the number of overhang seats is taken from the number of proportional seats of the other parties, in Germany's Bundestag the overhang seats remain and in New Zealand the other parties get compensatory seats to obtain the proportionality.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/mm/MMP.html (366 words)

	TurtleIsland.org :: View topic - New BC political party promises a place for Aboriginals
		Proportional Representation for the purposes of this proposal would reflect both the percentage of the vote achieved by a candidate and his or her party (if any), and in the case of First Nations candidates, their constituencies’ percentage of the aggregate provincial population.
		Since proportional seats would be gained on the basis of a candidate’s and/or his/her party’s performance in first-past-the-post contests, the MLA has electoral legitimacy and a formal regional constituency.
		The description of these seats, as proportional in the context of this proposal, appropriately refers to their proportionality in terms of the population of the constituents when compared to the overall provincial population.
	www.turtleisland.org /discussion/viewtopic.php?p=3749 (4934 words)

	GPUSA National Green Program
		In proportional representation, 10% of the vote entitles a party to 10% of the legislative seats.
		Proportional representation allows a wider range of debate and a fair share of representation for minority and majority viewpoints and constituencies in legislative bodies.
		Redrawing political jurisdictions and electoral districts after censuses or to accommodate new electoral systems such as proportional representation should be controlled by Community Assemblies or some other form of independent citizen oversight, and not by legislative committees dominated by the major parties who have historically gerrymandered safe seats for their incumbents.
	www.greenparty.org /program/grassdemoc.html (5822 words)

	Germany: The Original Mixed Member Proportional System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		After the use of the absolute-majority Two Round System (TRS), see Two-Round System, in the German Empire, and the use of a pure proportional representation system in the Weimar Republic, see Mixed Member Proportional, a new electoral system was established by the Parliamentary Council in 1949.
		The German electoral system is classified as a personalised proportional system (Personalisierte Verh ltniswahl) or, as it is known in New Zealand as a Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) system, see Single Transferable Vote.
		It differs from pure proportional representation only in that the five percent threshold at national level excludes very small parties from parliamentary representation, and thanks to proportional representation a relatively wide range of social and political forces are represented in Parliament.
	www.aceproject.org /main/english/es/esy_de.htm (1198 words)

	The Hallway: Proportional Representation Debate Recap
		Gordon Cobb is a member of the NO to the MMP Proposal Coalition, a citizens group in favour of electoral reform but opposed to the current MMP proposal.
		Mark also mentioned that other countries that have adopted MMPR have seen their parliaments include more female representatives, saying that parties will be pressured to balance their lists to contain a good proportion of women and men, and to be balanced regionally.
		If you are a list candidate you want fewer members of your own party elected to their districts, which would give your party more available list votes, and thus giving you a greater chance of having a job for the next four years.
	tvt.blogspot.com /2005/11/proportional-representation-debate.html (2280 words)

	London City Council (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Voters cast two ballots: one for a local representative who they most wanted to represent their local interest and the other for their party of choice, which could be different from the party of the candidate they support locally.
		The results were a remarkable demonstration of the power of proportional representation to provide fuller, fairer representation.
		With proportional representation, at least 85% of voters elected a candidate.
	www.fairvote.org /op_eds/london_city_council.htm (469 words)

	SFU News - March 18, 2004
		New Zealand’s adoption of the mixed member proportional representation only arrived after a number of years of royal commissions, referenda and a decidedly nasty anti-democracy campaign by the Kiwi business elite to the tune of $1 million in the week prior to there final referendum.
		Between now and 2009, we have to ensure that mixed member proportional representation is the voting method of choice decided on by the citizens assembly and we get the voters in 2005 to vote in favour of implementing mixed member proportional representation in 2009.
		Ian Gregson is the vice-president of CUPE 3338 and was a volunteer with the 2002 proportional representation initiative on electoral reform.
	www.sfu.ca /mediapr/print/sfu_news/regular_features/comment03180401.htm (1237 words)

	Mixed Member Proportional (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A proportion of the parliament (roughly half in the cases of Germany, Bolivia, and Venezuela) is elected by plurality-majority methods, usually from single-member districts, while the remainder is constituted by PR lists.
		This structure might on the surface appear similar to that of the Parallel systems described earlier; but the crucial distinction is that under MMP the list PR seats compensate for any disproportionality produced by the district seat results.
		For example, if one party wins ten percent of the national votes but no district seats, then they would be awarded enough seats from the PR lists to bring their representation up to approximately ten percent of the parliament.
	www.aceproject.org /main/english/es/esf03.htm (234 words)

	STATEMENT OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY ON WAR WITH IRAQ!
		In a mixed member proportional representation system with, say, 50 electoral ridings, there would be 100 members of the legislature.
		Fifty would be elected from the ridings in the present first past the post method, while the remaining 50 would be elected at large on the basis of a proportional representation of the totality of votes cast within the province.
		Under a mixed member system, voters would not feel as if they were "wasting" their electoral power when they voted for smaller parties since an accumulation of only 2% of votes from individuals across the province, sharing the same party tendency, would lead to their voice being heard in the legislature.
	www.communist-party.ca /news/Statements/2004/ancitizensa.htm (1103 words)

	The Lesotho Monarchy - Princess Senate Mohato Seeiso (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		EVOLUTION OF THE PARLIAMENT OF THE KINGDOM OF The genesis of the Upper House of the Parliament of Lesotho viz.
		The 2002 elections were held under a mixed member proportional representation electoral model i.e.
		Members’ words are reported with repetitions and redundancies omitted and obvious mistakes corrected.
	www.lesotho.gov.ls /parliament/parliament_Lesotho.html (2891 words)

	CV & D Factsheet I-C-3-b: Mixed Member Proportional Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In the proportional representation form of MMP, the percentage of the second vote that a political party wins determines the overall percentage of seats that party will hold in the final legislature.
		In the 1990’s, however, MMP was adopted for elections in New Zealand, Scotland and Wales, and a modified form of MMP was proposed by the Jenkins Commission to elect the British House of Commons.
		The allocation of the party list seats is done in proportion to the party vote no matter what the results in the district elections, meaning that the largest party tends to win a disproportionally high share of seats.
	www.fairvote.org /factshts/mmpr.htm (644 words)

	Idealistic Pragmatist: Liberals for proportional representation
		Well, she showed up on the doorstep of a friend of mine the other day, a friend who happens to be one of my Fair Vote Canada colleagues.
		And speaking of Liberals for proportional representation, the Globe and Mail's Roy MacGregor brought us this terrific column yesterday in which Lester Pearson's former EA comes out in favour of what sounds like Mixed-Member Proportional representation.
		Under Mixed Member Proportional, each party is required to surpass a threshold of 5% in order to assume seats.
	idealisticpragmatist.blogspot.com /2005/12/liberals-for-proportional.html (1377 words)

	How Proportional Representation Elections Work
		But in reality, the principles underlying proportional representation systems are very straightforward and all of the systems are easy to use.
		The basic principles underlying proportional representation elections are that all voters deserve representation and that all political groups in society deserve to be represented in our legislatures in proportion to their strength in the electorate.
		The second characteristic of all PR systems is that they divide up the seats in these multi-member districts according to the proportion of votes received by the various parties or groups running candidates.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/polit/damy/BeginnningReading/howprwor.htm (2869 words)

	Latest News - Republic of Botswana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Presenting a private members bill last week, Saleshando said even though the current electoral system had its strength, there was need to scrutinise its weaknesses for possible review.
		The bill requests Parliament to allow for the presentation of a private members bill on the amendment of Section 63 of the Constitution, or any other section of the Constitution, which entrenches the first-past-the post electoral system, to provide for an inclusive, suitable and democratic system, namely mixed member proportional representation.
		He also criticised the system for excluding minority groups and women from fair representation, saying if the proportional representation system was adopted it was going to give way to minority groups.
	www.gov.bw /cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20051220&i=Mix_electoral_systems_Saleshando_suggests (430 words)

	BlogsCanada: E-Group - A (Good) Case is made for Mixed-Member Proportional Representation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Under mixed member pr like they have in New Zealand they would have 41% of the seats once the list members from the other parties are factored in.
		Mixed Member PR would be worse than we have now.
		As you can see, it is a true proportional system (at least as close to proportional as you can get using the mixed member system).
	www.blogscanada.ca /egroup/CommentView.aspx?guid=b7633cfc-ee21-4cd2-bd76-5ae674910eb9 (4605 words)

	New Zealand
		The 120-member Parliament is elected in a mixed-member proportional representation system, with 6 seats reserved for members of the native Maori population.
		Parliamentarians are elected under a mixed-member proportional representation system; the last general elections were held in November 1999.
		The percentage of women and minorities in government and politics does not correspond to their percentage of the population, although they are accorded full opportunity to participate in political life.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/eap/8363.htm (5023 words)

	Mixed Member Proportional Representation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		True democracy requires that Canada's electoral system be revised to one that incorporates Proportional Representation.
		Recognition of Canada as a federation of provinces requires that this also be reflected in a revised electoral system of Proportional Representation.
		CHP will monitor and scrutinize changeovers to Mixed Proportional Representation in Italy, New Zealand and South Africa to learn whether this policy might be further improved.
	www.chp.ca /positionPapers/MMPR.htm (199 words)

	Articles - Helen Clark (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		She served as a member of the party's New Zealand executive from 1978 until September 1988 and again from April 1989.
		She represented the New Zealand Labour Party at the congresses of the Socialist International and of the Socialist International Women in 1976, 1978, 1983 and 1986, at an Asia-Pacific Socialist Organisation Conference held in Sydney in 1981 and at the Socialist International Party Leaders' Meeting in Sydney in 1991.
		New Zealand has, during Clark's terms of office, pursued what she and her supporters call an "independent" foreign policy, evidenced by the retention of nuclear-free status (possibly at the cost of a free trade agreement with the USA) and a refusal to participate in the Iraq invasion without UN sanction.
	www.centralairconditioners.net /articles/Helen_Clark (1638 words)

	People's Weekly World - Quebec toys with electoral reform
		In December, Quebec became the first provincial government to submit a draft bill for mixed member proportional representation voting, although the legislation is considered weak by critics of the current “first past the post” system.
		While most other mixed member systems give voters one ballot for their constituency representative and another for district representative, the Quebec proposal unnecessarily limits the voter choice.
		The STV proposal also lacks a strong element of proportional representation, making it less appealing to the Green Party, which won almost 14 percent of the vote in the 2001 election.
	www.pww.org /article/articleview/6420/0 (797 words)

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