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Topic: Mixed member proportional voting

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	Proportional representation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Proportional representation (PR) is any election system which ensures a proportionally representative result of a democratic election, x% of votes should be represented by x% in the democratic institutions, parliament or congress.
		Proportional representation is unfamiliar to most citizens of the United States, but it is actually a much more common system of voting than first-past-the-post.
		In general, first-past-the-post is only used in former British colonies, but a form of proportional representation known as the mixed member system is now being used in the United Kingdom to elect the members of the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh National Assembly.
	www.kernersville.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Proportional_representation (1369 words)

	Parallel voting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Parallel voting describes a mixed voting system where voters in effect participate in two separate elections using different systems, and where the results in one election have little or no impact on the results of the other.
		Under SM, a proportion of seats in the legislature are filled by FPP, with single member constituencies.
		A criticism of proportional voting systems, is that the largest parties need to rely on the support of smaller ones in order to form a government.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parallel_voting (381 words)

	Additional Member System - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Under the Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) or Top-Up system, the aim is either for the party's total number of representatives, including constituency representatives, to be proportional to its percentage of the party vote, or for the allocation of additional party list seats of offset some or all of the disproportionate result in the constituencies.
		Parallel Voting is the more common variation among voting systems of the world, but MMP is the system described here.
		In systems with a threshold, tactical voting for a minor party that is predicted to poll slightly below the threshold is relatively common, especially by voters who are afraid that the minor party missing the threshold would weaken the larger political camp that the minor party belongs to.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mixed_member_proportional_voting (1103 words)

	Proportional Representation Systems
		The basic approach of proportional representation is simple: legislators are elected in multimember districts instead of single-member districts, and the number of seats that a party wins in an election is proportional to the amount of its support among voters.
		Mixed-member proportional representation goes by a variety of other names, including "the additional member system," "compensatory PR," the "two vote system," and "the German system." It is an attempt to combine a single-member district system with a proportional voting system.
		Proponents claim that mixed-member proportional voting (MMP) is the best of both worlds: providing the geographical representation and close constituency ties of single-member plurality voting along with the fairness and diversity of representation that comes with PR voting.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/polit/damy/BeginnningReading/PRsystems.htm (2963 words)

	Glossary of Terms
		Voting systems which use single or multi-member districts and in which the winner is the candidate or candidates with the most votes.
		A group of voting systems whose major goal is to ensure that parties and political groups are allocated seats in legislative bodies in proportion to their share of the vote.
		Voting systems that may produce more proportional representation than plurality/majority systems, but that usually fall short of the fully proportional results produced by PR systems like list PR, choice voting, and mixed member proportional systems.
	mtholyoke.edu /acad/polit/damy/BeginnningReading/glossary_of_terms.htm (1660 words)

	Articles - Proportional representation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		For the second count, if a candidate wins election his surplus (votes in excess of the quota) is transferred to his voters' second choices; otherwise, the least popular candidate is eliminated and his votes redistributed according to the second preference shown on them.
		However, when a representative votes on an issue on behalf of his constituents, his (or her) vote is weighted based on the percentage of citizens (s)he represents.
		In mixed member systems, candidates from the first-past-the-post districts are given 100% of a districts vote (or 100 votes, depending on the variant) to be added cumulatively with the shared member districts.
	www.gaple.com /articles/Proportional_representation?mySession=dcdca9ac42dc6dc18524e8285b8c8258 (1690 words)

	Reform in the Canadian Electoral System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Proportional representation is the second alternative to majority / plurality systems and is sometimes thought of as its chief adversary.
		Although mixed-member proportional voting is still the least commonly used flavor of proportional representation, many psephologists believe that this may be the “hottest” system.
		Such that V is the total number of votes cast, S the number of seats in the governing body and Q the established threshold or “quota”.
	thevertigo.com /crew/kip/zero47/html/literature/Reform.html (3183 words)

	CV & D Factsheet I-C-3-b: Mixed Member Proportional Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The first vote applies only to the geographic district in which the voter lives, and is used to elect a district representative in a traditional plurality, winner-take-all election -- the highest vote-getter wins.
		Then the national party votes are tallied, and the remaining seats in the legislature are allotted to the various political parties to bring their total share of the legislature in line with their national (or regional) support.
		Suppose Party A polled 60% of the national vote and won 40 of the 50 district elections: it would be allotted 20 more seats from its party list to bring its total to 60 seats, which is a share of the total seats equal to its share of the total votes.
	www.fairvote.org /factshts/mmpr.htm (644 words)

	Blogger: Email Post to a Friend
		Instant Runoff Voting was a very positive step for executive elections last year, allowing many candidates to participate without fears of spoiler votes or serious lack of a mandate.
		I argue that a proportional representation system that mostly or entirely elimiantes the current districts, using party-list or Single Transferable Vote as the voting mechanism, would make student involvement in MCSG more accessible, more effective, and more fair to all students.To A), I share Jesse's concerns on whether districtional divisions make political sense.
		I think proportional representation systems as an idea is wonderful insofar as the 1 vote I cast actually counts as 1 vote in the political universe, as opposed to a pull-or-push balancer in a zero sum game as the 2004 elections seems to be heading to.
	www.blogger.com /email-post.g?blogID=8828881&postID=109859544091864927 (933 words)

	Capital News Online \| Top Story \| Group calls for end to majority governments by minority vote
		The Liberal party was elected in 2000 with 38 per cent of the vote, however they won 172 of the 301 seats, or 57 per cent of Parliament.
		If no party wins 50 per cent of the vote, the one that got the least votes is dropped off the ballot, and a second vote is held.
		In a proportional system, seats are won based on the percentage of the vote a party received.
	www.carleton.ca /jmc/cnews/01112002/featureprint.shtml (797 words)

	Presentation to the Citizens Assembly on Electoral Reform : Green Party of BC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Votes get "split" in capricious ways and our voting system delivers unfair results, including "wrong winners" as happened in 1996 when the NDP won a majority government with 39% of the vote - less of the vote than the Liberals.
		This allows voters to "split their vote" between a local candidate and the party of their choice and avoids the dilemma of whether to vote for the party or the person.
		A separate vote for the party of choice is the most fair and transparent way to ensure voters can directly express their preference as to which party they want in government.
	www.greenparty.bc.ca /news/2004/06/78.php (3367 words)

	CNN.com - NZ's Clark to seek coalition - July 27, 2002
		Voting is not compulsory in New Zealand, but typically between 80 and 90 percent of the 2.65 million registered voters do their electoral duty.
		Clark called the election early in a bid to capitalize on weakness in the main opposition party, the Nationals, but it now appears the gamble has not delivered the unencumbered mandate she was hoping for.
		Under New Zealand's Mixed Member Proportional voting system -- first used in 1996 -- it is difficult for one party to control the treasury benches without forming a coalition with other parties.
	edition.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/asiapcf/auspac/07/27/nz.poll (498 words)

	printarticle. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		What is distinctive and disturbing about New Zealand politics is the extent to which the voting system gives small parties and their leaders a disproportionately high profile and a chance of going straight from obscurity to holding the balance of power, and back again.
		Some appear to have voted strategically for an alternative coalition partner that would not hold the government to ransom, but could hold it to centrist policies.
		It can be argued that, as voters intended, the mixed member proportional system is a restraint on governing parties.
	www.theage.com.au /cgi-bin/common/printArticle.pl?path=/articles/2002/07/30/1027926884516.html (416 words)

	Fair Vote Canada: Current News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Fair Vote Canada National Council member J’Nan Brown is one of 8 citizen appointees on the commission, which is charged with coordinating the plebiscite.
		FVC members and supporters gathering in a West Block meeting room in the Parliament Buildings on June 10-11 to hear speakers and engage in animated discussions on voting system reform, progress to date, and strategy for the coming year.
		Fair Vote Canada has prepared a commentary on the Globe series, including our concerns with their proposed system which falls far short of a true mixed-member proportional system, available here.
	www.fairvotecanada.org /fvc/current_news?submit=print (2017 words)

	America's Debate -> Instant Runoff Voting
		Instant runoff voting allows all voters to vote for their favorite candidate without fear of helping elect their least favorite candidate, and it ensures that the winner enjoys true support from a majority of the voters.
		The only way a voter can be assured of not wasting his or her vote is to rank one of the two major parties as their first choice, which is precisely what happens now under plurality voting.
		The person gave the example of voting for a libertarian candidate first(who would be the "protest" vote if the Republican was a moderate) followed by the republican candidate in a race against a democrat under IRV conditions.
	www.americasdebate.com /forums/index.php?showtopic=6940 (4000 words)

	MMP
		A major factor at present impacting upon the constitutional role of the Governor-General in New Zealand, and therefore the function of the Crown is the on-going impact of the introduction of the Mixed-Member Proportional (MMP) voting system.
		A variety of commentators predicted that the advent of Mixed-Member Proportional (MMP) voting for the House of Representatives in 1996 would result in a more activist Governor-General(63), faced with the need to oversee the formation of a coalition or minority government(64).
		Members of the Executive Council now include all Ministers, whether members of Cabinet or not, and the usual presiding officer is the Governor-General; Interview with Sir David Beattie, 15 April 1998.
	www.geocities.com /noelcox/MMP.htm (7496 words)

	Heavy turnout in New Zealand general election .:. NewKerala - India's Top Online Newspaper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Wellington: Polling stations reported heavy turnout early hours Saturday in New Zealand's general election as party workers urged their supporters to vote in what is seen as one of the closest contests in years.
		Long queues were seen at polling booths at schools, churches and community centres forcing analysts to predict a much bigger turnout among the 2.8 million registered voters than the 77 percent recorded during the 2002 election.
		New Zealand's German-style Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) voting system is designed to give minority interests a say in parliament, and the party with most votes will have to negotiate coalition terms with one or more third parties to form a government.
	www.newkerala.com /news.php?action=fullnews&id=23348 (204 words)

	Semi-Proportional Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Semi-PR systems are those which inherently translate votes cast into seats won in a way that falls somewhere between the proportionality of Proportional Representation (PR) systems and the majoritarianism of plurality-majority systems.
		In SNTV systems, each elector has one vote, but there are several seats in the district to be filled, and the candidates with the highest number of votes fill these positions.
		Voters have fewer votes than there are seats to be filled, but more than one vote (see Limited Vote).
	www.aceproject.org /main/english/es/ese.htm (269 words)

	Swarthmore College Bulletin
		In 1992, Terrell and her husband, Robert Richie, helped launch a nonprofit organization called the Center for Voting and Demo-cracy, whose objective is to bring proportional representation and other new election methods to the United States.
		Best of all, no vote is “wasted.” Nader or Perot supporters may vote for their favorite, knowing that if he is eliminated, they will get their next favorite.
		He blamed the rise of Hitler on proportional representation, which led to a fragmented government—and that was presented to us as gospel.” But after meeting Brams at the University of Pennsylvania, he became a “semi-convert” to approval voting, which Brams has advocated for years.
	www.swarthmore.edu /bulletin/index.php?id=150 (1355 words)

	Get your input to the Citizens Assembly on Electoral Reform in before Friday's deadline : Green Party of BC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Everyone wanting a fairer voting system in BC better get their input into the Assembly now," says Adriane Carr, leader of the Green Party of BC and a strong proponent of electoral reform.
		More than half are specifically calling for a Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) voting system where voters get two votes, one for a local constituency representative and one for the party of their choice.
		The other possible voting system the Assembly members are considering are much more complex and do not produce as fair or proportional results as MMP.
	www.greenparty.bc.ca /news/2004/08/84.php (612 words)

	Swarthmore College Bulletin
		Plurality voting (also called “first-past-the-post”): Each voter casts one vote, and the candidate with the most votes wins, even if he or she does not have a majority.
		Approval voting: Each voter casts a vote for all candidates he or she approves of.
		Proportional representation: Any of several voting systems designed to give minority parties or groups a legislative delegation proportional to their numbers in the electorate.
	www.swarthmore.edu /bulletin/index.php?id=151 (207 words)

	New Zealand Election 1999 (Research Note 26 1999-2000)
		The Labour Party had enjoyed a clear opinion poll lead over the National Party in the months prior to the election, and the final party shares of the vote were very close to the predicted margins.
		Labour's 38.7 per cent was an increase of 10.5 per cent on its 1996 vote, and gave it a margin of 8.2 per cent over the National Party (see Table).
		After the initial count of votes, the combined Labour and Alliance representation of 63 seats comprised a majority of the House of Representatives.
	www.aph.gov.au /library/pubs/rn/1999-2000/2000rn26.htm (1157 words)

	Library: Constitutional triggers and effects of republicanism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The move to the Mixed Member Proportional voting system was a significant one, in a British Commonwealth member recognised as having retained a constitutional system very similar to the United Kingdom's.
		The series continues from there to look at the change of electoral system in 1993, with the move away from the Westminster-based First Past the Post system to Mixed Member Proportional.
		In the same year that New Zealanders voted for proportional representation in their Parliament, their parliamentary representatives instituted a right for citizens to initiate, by petition, a non-binding referendum upon any subject.
	www.republic.org.nz /lib-cons.htm (2312 words)

	CNN.com - NZ's Clark woos minor parties - July 29, 2002
		Clark called the election early in a bid to capitalize on weakness in the main opposition party, the Nationals, and take advantage of a strong domestic economy.
		Although the Nationals performed poorly in the poll, gathering only 21 percent of the vote, the rise of the minor parties denied Clark the unencumbered mandate she was hoping for.
		Clark's Labour Party had edged closer to a centrist position in a bid to capitalize on National's woes and distance itself from the more extreme elements of the left.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/asiapcf/auspac/07/29/nz.poll.clark (568 words)

	People's Weekly World Newspaper Online - Quebec toys with electoral reform
		In December, Quebec became the first provincial government to submit a draft bill for mixed member proportional representation voting, although the legislation is considered weak by critics of the current “first past the post” system.
		While most other mixed member systems give voters one ballot for their constituency representative and another for district representative, the Quebec proposal unnecessarily limits the voter choice.
		The BC proposal is based on dividing the province into a smaller number of constituencies, which elect from two to seven members, depending on the population.
	www.pww.org /article/articleview/6420/1/250 (831 words)

	Wired News: The Greening of New Zealand
		The keys to the corridors of power under New Zealand's Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) voting system were either an electorate seat or 5 percent of the overall vote.
		But once special votes were counted and final results tallied, Greens co-leader Jeanette Fitzsimons had won an electorate seat, and the party had won 5.2 percent of votes, or seven seats in the 120-member parliament.
		And special votes were what put the party into parliament.
	www.wired.com /news/politics/0,1283,33262,00.html (716 words)

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