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Topic: Mixtec

	Mixtec - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Mixtec area, both historically and currently, corresponds roughly to the western half of the state of Oaxaca, with some Mixtec communities extending into the neighboring state of Puebla to the north west and also the state of Guerrero.
		The Mixtec language (in its many variants) was estimated to be spoken by about 300,000 people at the end of the 20th century, although the majority of Mixtec speakers also had at least a working knowledge of the Spanish language.
		The Mixtec are well-known in the anthropological world for their Codices, or phonetic pictures in which they wrote their history and genealogies in deerskin in the "fold-book" form.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mixtec (734 words)

	Mixtec Migrants in California Agriculture: A New Cycle of Poverty
		Mixtecs are the "new" migrants whose vulnerable situation forces them to accept, on average, lower wages and poorer working conditions than the mestizo Mexicans who are still the majority of California's farm labor force.
		Interviews with several farm labor contractors also revealed that those who had hired Mixtecs were able to charge growers lower fees for their harvesting services compared to those hiring a settled mestizo work force, both by paying lower wages as well as by transferring some overhead costs to the workers.
		Mixtecs should be invited to serve on the community advisory boards of the rural health clinics, the legal assistance agencies, and other farmworker service organizations.
	www.cirsinc.org /pub/mixtec.html (1288 words)

	Mixtec
		The Mixtec also made major constructions at the ancient city of Monte Alban[?] (which had originated as a Zapotec city before the Mixtec gained control of it).
		The Mixtec area, both historically and today, corrisponds roughly to the western half of the state of Oaxaca, with some Mixtec communities extending into the neighboring state of Puebla to the north west.
		The Mixtec language was estimated to be spoken by about 300,000 people at the end of the 20th century, although the majority of Mixtec speakers also had at least a working knowledge of the Spanish language.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/mi/Mixtec.html (290 words)

	MIXTEC. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Before the arrival (700?) of the Toltec on the central plateau, the Mixtec, possibly influenced by the Olmec, seem to have been the carriers of the advanced highland culture.
		Their influence on other cultures was strong and is especially noticeable in Mitla and Monte Albán, Zapotec cities taken by the Mixtec during the long and bitter warfare among the tribes of the area.
		The Mixtec carried on a bloody resistance until they were subjugated by the Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/mi/Mixtec.html (220 words)

	Dr. Alexandrowicz's ESL Web Site - USD
		Mixtec believe that each person is born sharing the spirit of that of an animal and therefore the fate of a particular animal alter ego.
		Individualistic competition among Mixtec's is more apparent than cooperation, with the exception that a Mixtec's personal identity as a member of his or her family and as belonging to a particular village is very significant.
		The preceding worldview is a traditional viewpoint of the Guerrero Mixtec and not necessarily one that applies to Mixtec living outside the state or to assimilated Mixtec As is the case with all cultural groups, observance levels and viewpoints vary across cultures and between individuals.
	www.sandiego.edu /esl/teaching/cultures/mixtec/mixtec_bk.html (1737 words)

	Hispanic Business Forums - MIXTEC WRITING
		The symbols are motifs that are not language dependent and may be found in other regions of Mesoamerica, such as the speech scroll that is emitted from the mouth of a human or animal to represent speech or a sound.
		Boone states that what she calls res gestae "genealogical-historical screenfolds" record dynastic histories of the Mixtec ruling families; "the deeds or events of specific individuals or groups outline the story, and time and place are often given, but they are subsumed" (Boone 1994:55).
		Mixtec writings have been used by archaeologists to reconstruct political history through the genealogical and historical narratives.
	www.hispanicbusiness.com /forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=2656 (636 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Mixtec
		The Mixtecs were one of the most influential ethnic groups to emerge in Mesoamerica during the Post-Classic.
		During the Classic period, the Mixtecs lived in hilltop settlements of northwestern Oaxaca, a fact which is reflected in their name in their own language, Ñuudzahui, meaning "People of the Rain".
		The reason for this is that among Mixtec nobles, a person's name is often his or her birthday.
	www.ancientscripts.com /mixtec.html (1473 words)

	Visible Language: SEEING AND THE MIXTEC SCREENFOLDS
		The eyes of elite Mixtecs painted in the seven surviving screenfolds have received occasional attention in the writings of Mixtec scholars.38 One aspect of Mixtec eye representation that has (until now) not received focused analysis is the frequency with which the eyes of Mixtec elites are marked, elaborated.
		Mixtec elites did not die, they simply "fainted;" pregnant elites were likened to budding plants.44 Perhaps the eye and brow elaborations depicted here (figure 7) reflect a similar metaphorization of elite bodily processes-metaphorizations that, alas, have not been lexically recorded.
		And just as Mixtec depictions of elite vision are often specified by marking what kind of vision is being represented, so too are speech scrolls often marked to indicate the type of speech being articulated.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3982/is_200401/ai_n9409654/pg_4 (887 words)

	MIXTEC ART (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Although the Mixtecs were more associated with the Aztecs than the Zapotecs, they lived in the same region as their Zapotec predecessors - albeit before and during the period when Oaxaca state was part of the Aztec empire.
		The Mixtecs were the most skilled metallurgists in the Aztec empire, especially in working with silver and gold.
		The Mixtecs were creating these works not only for themselves but also as objects worthy of trading in commerce or offering as tribute to the Aztec empire, which overlooked the Mixtec lands to the southeast.
	members.aol.com /cabrakan/mixtec.htm (757 words)

	MESOAMERICAN WRITING SYSTEMS
		Zapotec writing was older than the Maya, Mixtec or Aztec systems and may have appeared as early as 600 B.C. in the Valley of Oaxaca (Id.).
		This may explain why in the Mixtec, Zapotec, and Aztec areas the writing appears to be more of a system of pictorial conventions.
		In looking at the differences in Mixtec and Aztec use of similar place symbols, the differences in the treatment of space and settlement size also have become apparent to archaeologists.
	www.angelfire.com /ca/humanorigins/writing.html (3251 words)

	Tezoatlán Mixtec (mxb)
		They live in ten towns in the municipality of Tezoatlán, which is located in the mountains of the district of Huajuapan de León in the state of Oaxaca, in the region known as the Mixteca Baja (Lowland Mixtec area).
		In a test designed to measure intelligibility between this variant and other varieties of Mixtec, speakers from Yucuñuti de Juárez scored 79% on a recorded text from Silacayoapan, which was the variant they understood best (Egland 1978).
		Ilo xi'in tiiñi'i “The rabbit and the skunk”, in the Mixtec of Tezoatlán
	www.sil.org /mexico/mixteca/tezoatlan/00i-MixtecoTezoatlan-mxb.htm (806 words)

	FAMSI - John Pohl's - Ancient Books - Mixtec Group Codices
		She consults many of the same oracles but the painters were careful not to reveal that 8 Deer was ultimately responsible for 6 Monkey’s death prefering to show that her eldest son, Lord 4 Wind, even married 8 Deer’s daughter, while her youngest son continued the dynasty of her kingdom at Jaltepec.
		The Mixtec landscape is revealed for the first time on pages 46-38 as a list of place signs signifying the principal kingdoms.
		The Mixtecs were formidable enemies of the Aztecs whose capital was Tenochtitlán located in the Valley of México and they fought many wars against Aztec imperial armies throughout the fifteenth century.
	www.famsi.org /research/pohl/jpcodices/pohlmixtec1.html (1551 words)

	A Survey of Oaxacan Village Networks in California Agriculture
		A working assumption of research on Mixtec migration is a that it is provoke in large measure by ecological deterioration and economic stagnation in the Mixteca region.
		As a result, Mixtecs hold the last desirable, lowest paying jobs in agriculture, are subject to more labor law violations (such as non-payment of wages), and migrate more than the better established mestizo migrants.
		Mixtecs have been used by farm labor contractors and other farm employers to undermine existing agricultural labor markets; accelerating migration makes stabilizing such labor markets more problematic without increased labor protection.
	cirsinc.org /executive_sumaries/a_survey_of_oaxacan_village_netw.htm (1413 words)

	Pacific News Service > News > Mixtec Revival: Mexican Indigenous Language on the Rise
		Hundreds of thousands of Mixtecs have left their homes in southern Mexico, journeying to the industrial centers of northern Mexico or crossing the U.S.-Mexico border to labor in California, especially in the agribusinesses of the Central Valley.
		For Mixtecs living in the United States, the challenges of maintaining fluency in their native tongue "are doubled, because in addition to all the pressures of the Spanish-speaking world, we also have to face the pressures of English," he adds.
		One epicenter of the Mixtec diaspora is California's inland agricultural heartland.
	news.pacificnews.org /news/view_article.html?article_id=bf1b09953e17d2157b3d391e5d4a34af (1013 words)

	Mixtec
		Mixtec grew from a grocery store into a two-room restaurant because of the demand for the tacos that Montesinos sold over the counter.
		Those soft tacos are still on the menu, and trying a couple of them is a good way to start a meal--unless you can't resist the appeal of some of the best tamales in town or the warming Sopa Azteca, a bowl of rich broth with tortillas and cheese.
		If you're still suffering from the excesses of the night before, Mixtec's Menudo o Mondongo, a restorative tripe soup, is a legendary cure for a hangover.
	www.washingtonian.com /dining/Profiles/MixtecJune_2004.html (174 words)

	Codex Beker
		Mixtec male and female rulers of the yuhuitayu, dressed in the guise of Dzahui, the rain deity.
		Mixtec artist's depiction of the Spanish encomendero of Yanhuitlan and the male native ruler.
		Mixtec depiction of a new church of Yanhuitlan.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /history/terraciano/images/PAGE2/pictures/codex_beker.htm (169 words)

	Mixtec Bibliography
		Preliminaries to Tonemic and Tonomechanical Analysis for the Chalcatongo Dialect of Mixtec.
		Zylstra, Carol F. Phonology and Morphophonemics of Mixtec of Alacatlazala, Guerrero.
		In the Realm of 8 Deer: The Archaeology of the Mixtec Codices.
	ling.wisc.edu /~macaulay/bib.mixtec.html (1453 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > Mexico -- Mixtec immigrants in California face language and cultural barriers
		Lopez is one of the nearly 100,000 indigenous immigrants from Oaxaca, in southwest Mexico, to have settled in California, and speaks only her native Mixtec language.
		The district hired Mendoza 10 years ago, when a Mixtec child was beat up in school and didn't have the words to explain what happened.
		While some Mixtecs have been in California for years, the pace of immigration picked up in the 1980s, said Jim Grieshop, a University of California-Davis professor who has worked extensively with the Mixtecs.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/mexico/20030622-2259-mixtecinterpreters.html (709 words)

	Hispanic Business Forums - MIXTEC RELIGION
		Mixtec religion worshipped the forces of nature including life, death and an afterlife (Spores 1994:342).
		According to Spores: "The sacred caves, springs, peaks, groves, and unusual natural features associated with the supernatural realm had a great attraction for the Mixtecs and served as a vital foci of social integration" (Spores 1994:343).
		The building and use of urban temples, hermitages, and shrines probably also had the same ideological function of unifying the society.
	www.hispanicbusiness.com /forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=2668 (454 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Mixtec
		Mixtec, Native American group, living in what are now the Mexican states of Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Puebla, and comprising the Mixtecan stock and...
		By the 10th century, through wars and intermarriage, Mixtec rulers from the neighbouring highlands had penetrated parts of Zapotec territory in the...
		The earliest domestic Mexican ceramics come from the Formative period (1500-1000 bc) in the Valley of Mexico.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Mixtec.html (107 words)

	California Mixtecs Glimpse Their Past In Ancient Manuscripts
		For researchers, the Mixtec Indian immigrants are a potential goldmine, providing a new generation of increasingly educated persons who still speak the Mixtec language, and might some day provide keys to deciphering Mixtec manuscripts.
		The so-called Nuttal Codex, a lengthy history of the Mixtecs, was sent to Rome during the 15th century.
		Currently, only one Mixtec, Gabina Aurora Perez, a Oaxacan, is known for her participation in deciphering the codices.
	www.laprensa-sandiego.org /archieve/february20-04/past.htm (791 words)

	FAMSI - John Pohl's - Ancient Books - Mixtec Group Codices
		The Mixtec Group codices were not meant to be read simply as books, they also served as scripts for the celebration and re-enactment of historical events.
		The codices could be displayed as "storyboards." A poet recited the text from the codex to musical accompaniment, while actors performed parts of the saga in costume.
		They attended wearing garments painted with figures of culture heroes and gods while drinking and eating from polychrome pottery decorated with scenes from the codices, and exchanging gifts of gold, shell, bone, and turquoise engraved with images of the founding ancestors of the highest ranking dynasties.
	www.famsi.org /research/pohl/jpcodices/pohlmixtec3.html (442 words)

	Mixtecan Family
		The area where the Mixtecs, Cuicatecs, and Triquis live is known as the Mixteca, and it includes a wide range of elevations.
		One way in which Mixtecs supplement their income is by weaving palm leaves into hats, mats, and baskets, but their earnings from this work are very low.
		Riddles in Southeastern Nochixtlán Mixtec, Metlatónoc Mixtec, and Tezoatlán Mixtec
	www.sil.org /mexico/mixteca/00i-mixteca.htm (1140 words)

	Mixtec
		on the central plateau, the Mixtec, possibly influenced by the
		, Zapotec cities taken by the Mixtec during the long and bitter warfare among the tribes of the area.
		The Mixtec carried on a bloody resistance until they were subjugated by the Spanish conquistador Pedro de
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/society/A0833480.html (326 words)

	Ethnologue report for Mexico
		An 'island' of Mixtec surrounded by Popoloca and Nahuatl.
		Dialects: 64% intelligibility of Ixtayutla, 63% of Jicaltepec (Pinotepa Nacional Mixtec), 40% to 50% of Metlatonoc, 25% to 30% of Yoloxochitl.
		Speakers have 87% intelligibility of San Cristobal Amoltepec, 86% of Yosoyúa, 85% of Magdalena Peñasco, 64% of Teita, 60% of Nduaxico (Northern Tlaxiaco Mixtec), 56% of Tlacotepec.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=Mexico (6806 words)

	Mixtec on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		MIXTEC [Mixtec], Native American people of Oaxaca, Puebla, and part of Guerrero, SW Mexico, one of the most important groups in Mexico.
		Mixtec immigrants in California face language and cultural barriers
		Lord 8 Deer "Jaguar Claw" and the Land of the Sky: the archaeology and history of Tututepec.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/m/mixtec.asp (886 words)

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