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	Mkhedrioni -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Mkhedrioni is a paramilitary group and political organisation in the (additional info and facts about Republic of Georgia) Republic of Georgia, outlawed since 1995 but subsequently reconstituted as the Union of Patriots political party.
		The Mkhedrioni was one of a number of nationalist paramilitary groups established during this period as a counterbalance to similar paramilitary organisations set up by rival nationalists elsewhere in Georgia.
		Mkhedrioni members were often accused of committing a wide variety of human rights abuses and criminal acts, including extorting "protection money" from businesses in areas which they effectively controlled.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/mk/mkhedrioni.htm (878 words)

	Jaba Ioseliani - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Jaba (or Dzhaba) Ioseliani (July 10, 1926-March 4, 2003) was a Georgian politician, bank robber and leader of the paramilitary Mkhedrioni organisation.
		Ioseliani rose to prominence as the leader of the Mkhedrioni, a heavily-armed paramilitary group which he founded in 1989.
		He subsequently became a powerful figure in the government of President Eduard Shevardnadze, who was forced to rely heavily on Mkhedrioni militiamen because of the weakness of the state security forces.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jaba_Ioseliani (529 words)

	Mkhedrioni - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Mkhedrioni is a paramilitary group and political organisation in the Republic of Georgia, outlawed since 1995 but subsequently reconstituted as the Union of Patriots political party.
		Jaba Ioseliani was released from prison in an amnesty in April 2000 and resumed his post as head of the Mkhedrioni, declaring his intention to run for President and participate in the November 2003 parliamentary elections.
		When the Mkhedrioni failed to secure registration to stand in elections under its own name, it reconstituted itself in November 2002 as a political party called the Union of Patriots in alliance with former Gamsakhurdia supporters.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mkhedrioni (1018 words)

	Mkhedrioni (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Mkhedrioni is a paramilitary group and political in the Republic of Georgia outlawed since 1995 but subsequently reconstituted as the Union of Patriots political party.
		The Mkhedrioni was one of a of nationalist paramilitary groups established during this as a counterbalance to similar paramilitary organisations up by rival nationalists elsewhere in Georgia.
		Mkhedrioni members were often accused of a wide variety of human rights abuses criminal acts including extorting "protection money" from in areas which they effectively controlled.
	www.freeglossary.com /Mkhedrioni (766 words)

	Human Rights And Changing Authorities
		The leader of Mkhedrioni distributed arms, although it was illegal.
		The population was indignant to Mkhedrioni's robberies and murders in Samegrelo region, but did dare to protest.
		The campaign of witch-hunting is still being conducted against Mkhedrioni and those accused of the August 29 terrorist act, and it will continue until the end of their trials.
	www.steele.com /fpphr/changing.html (1270 words)

	tamplate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It consisted in Mkhedrioni's wish to obtain some legal standing for at least a part of its (reportedly, around 2,000) members in the form of Georgian Rescuers' Corps, which was to be a part of the Cabinet of Ministers with the State Committee status.
		Mkhedrioni responded to that with a hunger strike in close vicinity of the Parliament building, while Mr.Ioseliani himself clearly threatened the current regime stating in the Parliament that 'Mkhedrioni did not tolerate fascism in Georgia and will not tolerate new autocracy the signs of creating which are evident'.
		About 70 of the Mkhedrioni members (most but not all of them armed) entered the territory of the Russian field-engineer battalion in Kutaisi which was to leave the town in several weeks.
	www.cipdd.org /cipdd/_gch/bul93/may.htm (5095 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Mkhedrioni will attend the parliamentary elections as an observer, the political secretary of Mkhedrioni, Tornike Berishvili, told a news conference on Wednesday.
		The members of Mkhedrioni have appealed to the authorities to review the case of the fighters who had fought in Abkhazia and who are currently in prison.
		Mkhedrioni, which was established towards the end of 1980s, was disbanded by the leadership in 1995.
	www.eurasianet.org /departments/election/georgia/bbcg5499.html (157 words)

	EXTENDED PROFILES - GEORGIA
		At the same time, the political rivalry between Ioseliani and Kitovani, the leaders of the Mkhedrioni (horsemen) and the National Guard, respectively, became one of the key conflicts in the Georgian government hierarchy, and many political parties continued to retain private armies in the guise of armed bodyguards or security teams.
		Discipline problems in the ranks of both the National Guard and the Mkhedrioni and their ineffectiveness as fighting forces led the Georgian government to plan for a professional army.
		Efforts to disband the National Guard and Mkhedrioni were delayed by continued violence in western Georgia, by an attempted coup in Tbilisi by Gamsakhurdia supporters, and by the political ambitions of Kitovani and Ioseliani.
	www.wdbase.com /extended_profiles/georgia/86 (430 words)

	Sobaka :: Dossier: Jaba Ioseliani/Dzhaba Ioseliani (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The early days of the Mkhedrioni is a narrative filled with fl holes, and even today, many former Mkhedrioni are reluctant to divulge the inner mechanics of what became the most menacing military structure in the Caucasus.
		Their mystique was based in part on the loyalty oaths Mkhedrioni recruits swore to Ioseliani in an initiation ceremony similar to the rites of La Cosa Nostra.
		The Mkhedrioni were entrenched as the white successors to Haiti's Tonton Macoutes, their chief as a respected and feared Papa Doc, but Ioseliani wasn't content with walking the streets in his dapper duds as a lord of the underworld.
	www.diacritica.com /sobaka/dossier/ioseliani.html (2735 words)

	mkhedrioni
		Mkhedrioni was founded in 1989 by Jaba Ioseliani.
		Each member of this organization would take an oath to defend Georgia's people, the Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church and land, and wore a medallion with a scene of Saint George slaying the dragon on one side and the bearer's name and blood type on the other.
		Intense gun battles took place in the streets of Tblisi between the rebels and "Zviadists" holed up in the state parliament building during December 1991 - January 1992, which ended with Gamsakhurdia fleeing to the breakaway Russian republic of Chechnya.
	www.fact-library.com /mkhedrioni.html (974 words)

	Sobaka :: Dossier: Colonel Akaki Eliava (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Together with the paramilitary Mkhedrioni, they threw Zviad Gamsakhurdia, a man who had been overwhelmingly elected president just a few months before, out of office and into exile in Chechnya.
		Kitovani (who had known Zviad since childhood) and Jaba Ioseliani, the head of the Mkhedrioni, or "Horsemen," were jailed in separate incidents in the coming years for attempting to assassinate the man they brought to power in his place, Eduard Shevardnadze.
		Instead they were defeated, their followers scattered and the undisciplined Mkhedrioni and Guards still loyal to the government dispatched to "clean up" the villages of Mingrelia in a firestorm.
	www.diacritica.com /sobaka/dossier/eliava.html (1627 words)

	BBC News \| WEST ASIA \| 15 on trial accused of Shevardnadze bomb attack
		The trial in Georgia of fifteen men accused of masterminding a bomb attack against President Shevardnadze two years ago had to be postponed until Thursday, after the defendants caused uproar by yelling and banging on the bars of the metal cage in which they were confined in the courtroom.
		The fifteen are members of the Mkhedrioni militia and include its leader, Dzhaba Ioseliani, who played a key role in bringing Mr Shevardnadze back to power in 1992.
		But in 1995, shortly before the bomb attack in which he was slightly hurt, Mr Shevardnadze disbanded Mkhedrioni, accusing it of involvement in organised crime.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/low/world/west_asia/35998.stm (126 words)

	Comparative Criminology \| Asia - Georgia
		The most formidable of these groups were the Mkhedrioni (horsemen), said to number 5,000 men, and the socalled National Guard.
		The natural gas pipeline to Armenia was a frequent target of terrorist bombs in 1993, and several government figures apparently were the targets of unsuccessful bomb attacks.
		The Mkhedrioni, who often were involved in criminal activity, usually escaped police control because the minister of internal affairs was a Mkhedrioni member.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /faculty/rwinslow/asia_pacific/georgia.html (9120 words)

	Georgia Human Rights Practices, 1995 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Government and the MVD have charged senior members of the SGB and the Mkhedrioni with involvement in the assassination of Chanturia and Khabeishvili and the attempted assassination of President Shevardnadze.
		In a Shevardnadze-initiated crackdown against the then official but heavily criminal Mkhedrioni (Rescue Corps), MVD police arrested a number of Mkhedrioni in August and September on criminal charges, some as old as 3 years.
		In the trial of 19 persons implicated in the June 1992 attempt on the life of parliamentary deputy and Mkhedrioni leader Jaba Ioseliani, the Supreme Court sentenced two of the suspects to death on March 6 and the rest to jail terms of up to 15 years.
	www.usemb.se /human/human95/georgia.htm (4496 words)

	easteurohot
		In February 1991, a Soviet army counterattack against Mkhedrioni headquarters had led to the imprisonment of the Mkhedrioni leader.
		The assassination attempt resulted in a crackdown against opposition forces such as the para-military Mkhedrioni (horsemen), led by former ally Saba Joseliani.
		The 1998 trial of Joseliani and 14 other alleged conspirators was characterized by the same violations of due process found in other recent trials with political overtones.
	users.chariot.net.au /~marcof/easteurohot.htm (4418 words)

	Online Magazine - Civil Georgia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The coup doubled the charms of the Mkhedrioni unit, which was held together largely by the personal charisma of Ioseliani, who featured a curious and explosive mix of Robin Hood-meets-Sean Connery.
		He also was the sign of the political cynicism of Georgia, when Ioseliani was convicted in 1996 for the 1995 assassination attempt on Eduard Shevardnadze and had to serve his sentence along with the people jailed for the assassination attempt on himself.
		After being pardoned in 2000, Ioseliani moved to restore his Mkhedrioni as a political movement, but the attempt was a failure.
	207.218.249.154 /eng/detail.php?id=3291 (733 words)

	Pravda.RU:Mikhail Saakashvili says he needs No help from Georgian partisans
		Mr Saakashvili also stressed that he will not allow the creation of a second 'Mkhedrioni.' He warned partisans to give up their weapons and 'if any of them wants to be involved in politics, let them join a political party,' he said.
		'Mkhedrioni' was an illegal armed band which was led by the late Djaba Ioseliani, a member of the Georgian State Council, who was alleged to have made an assassination attempt on Eduard Shevardnadze.
		It was also infamous for attacking and robbing the local population in the Zugdidi region.
	english.pravda.ru /world/2004/02/05/52143_.html (229 words)

	Sobaka :: Dossier: Igor Giorgadze (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The fall of Gamsakhurdia, the rise of the Mkhedrioni, the loss of Abkhazia and South Ossetia as breakaway states, and most importantly, the consolidation of power by former Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze, are incidents that are attributed from the hand of God because no mortal has left fingerprints.
		Giorgadze was immediately blamed, and the prosecutor later indicted the head of the "Mkhedrioni" paramilitary group as a co-conspirator and arrested him.
		Giorgadze had already split town, but it was well-known that he and the Mkhedrioni despised each other.
	www.diacritica.com /sobaka/dossier/giorgadze.html (1503 words)

	Russian-Georgian war in Abkhazia
		There are also young inexperienced drafters and remains of former national guard perjurers, looters and drug addicts, which betrayed their oath of allegiance before the people and President and began war against him together with putchists, supported by Moscow.
		Leader of "Mkhedrioni" Joseliani and the "interior minister", member of "Mkhedrioni" T.Khachishvili on August 30 threatened by bombardment aviation town Zugdidi, because it's population does not recognize illegal regime of Shevardnadze.
		Illegal paramilitary groups of "Mkhedrioni" and others are robbing population in towns Samtredia, Poti, Khoni, Kutaisi, which are economically deprived and near to hunger.
	www.geocities.com /shavlego/abkhaz_1.html (11241 words)

	info: Jaba_Ioseliani (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		That declaration received legitimacy from the signatures of Jaba Ioseliani and Tengiz Kitovani, at that time two of the three members of the governing Military Council...
		He took action to cope with his major adversary, Jaba Ioseliani, the leader of the Mkhedrioni paramilitary faction, and the growing power of the criminal...
		Despite President Eduard ShevardnadzeÂ’s repeated public statements indicating a commitment to reform and improved human rights practices, he failed in 1998 to curb and bring to justice members of...
	www.info-assicurazione.com /Jaba_Ioseliani.html (798 words)

	South Caucasian Human Rights Monitor - April 2000
		Ms Dodo Gugeshashvili, one of the imprisoned members of the paramilitary organisation Mkhedrioni, appeals to the president in support of the imprisoned Zviadists’ action.
		Two "Mkhedrioni" leaders, Djaba Ioseliani and Dodo Gugeshashvili are among those pardoned by the president.
		In the opinion of Zviad Dzidziguri, one of the active supporters of Zviad Gamsakhurdia who was recently released from the Avtchala colony along with other "Zviadists, the release of wrongly convicted prisoners is just an attempt to redress a wrong and cannot be regarded as a step to reconciliation.
	www.eurasianet.org /resource/georgia/links/04-1.html (3425 words)

	Independent, The (London): Obituary: Jaba Ioseliani
		But he was better known as a gangster who built up a feared private army, the Mkhedrioni (Horsemen), and remained a constant reminder of the turbulent and violent early years of Georgian independence.
		After Soviet soldiers brutally beat demonstrators to death with shovels in Tbilisi in April 1989, Ioseliani founded the Mkhedrioni, ostensibly as a self-defence force.
		In February 1994 the Mkhedrioni was formally disbanded and transformed into the Rescue Corps, of which Ioseliani remained head, but it continued to function as a private army.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20030325/ai_n12677459 (780 words)

	SlanderCraft
		For attempt of assassination of Shevardnadze in 1985 your former Big Friend Prof.J[Dz].Ioseliani (boss of paramilitary "Mkhedrioni".
		The suspects included Shevardnadze's former supporter Dzhaba Ioseliani, who along with some of the other suspects had been a member of the outlawed Mkhedrioni organization.
		Mkhedrioni is an armed group that had helped oust this former Soviet republic's first popularly elected president, Zviad Gamsakhurdia, in 1992."
	www.geocities.com /shavlego/slandercraft.htm (270 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Shevardnadze underlined the importance of the operation by travelling to Telavi (capital of Kakheti), where he openly criticized the RC and spoke on the government's commitment to fight against crime.
		Longi Chelidze, the deputy chief of RC, alleged that the real reason of the crusade against RC was that the RC and other state agencies had differing views on the ongoing privatization.
		This indirectly confirmed the broadly circulating assumptions on the penetration of the RC and former Mkhedrioni members into key economic units.
	www.cipdd.org /cipdd/_gch/bull95/may95.doc (6112 words)

	Georgia: Alleged human rights violations during the conflict in Abkhazia
		The majority of these relate to the first four months of the conflict, when the situation was said to have been exacerbated by lack of government control over undisciplined troops.
		Speaking in November 1992 in Sukhumi the head of the State Council, Eduard Shevardnadze, said that tightening of discipline among officers and men of the Georgian armed forces deployed in Abkhazia was to be a priority.
		The paramilitary group "Mkhedrioni" has subsequently been restyled into a civil defence body, and in May 1993 Eduard Shevardnadze issued a decree on the creation of a single national army whose structure should comply fully with Georgia's obligations as a member state of the UN and the CSCE.
	www.amnestyusa.org /countries/georgia/document.do?id=5CE133FA850ED26F802569A6006039E6 (4055 words)

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