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Topic: Mkhedruli

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	Georgian alphabet (Mkhedruli)
		The Mkhedruli alphabet developed from an older Georgian alphabet known as Nuskha-khucuri between the 11th and 13th centuries.
		At first Mkhedruli was used only for secular writing, while for religious writings a mixture of the two older alphabets was used.
		However, in the writings of a linguist called Akaki Shanidze (1887-1987) and in works written in his honour, letters from the Asomtavruli alphabet are used to mark proper names and the beginning of sentences.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/georgian2.htm (524 words)

	The Georgian Script (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The term "Khutsuri" arose in the 13th century and involved both Mrglovani and Nuskhuri as ecclesiastic scripts in opposition to Mkhedruli as a non-ecclesiastic script.
		The first inscription by Mkhedruli is also found in the Sioni Church in Ateni in the Eastern Georgia and belongs to the 80s of the 10
		Mkhedruli has been the script for all non-ecclesiastic texts since the 12
	www.ling.lu.se /education/homepages/georgian/DEMO/INTR3/IntroScript.html (1796 words)

	The History of Written Language
		These are inscriptions made on the Georgian church built in 430 by Petre Iberi in Juda desert (near Beth-lehem), and inscriptions on the Bolnisi Sioni temple in 495.
		In 1629 Georgian type was cast in moulds in Rome for the first time and it was then that in 1629 "Georgian-Italian Dictionary" and "Georgian alphabet with prayers", compiled by Stephano Paolini and Nikiphore Irbach (Cholokashvili) were printed.
		In 1705, in Moscow under the guidance of the King Archil II Nuskhuri and Khutsuri types were cast, in which "Davitni" was printed.
	members.tripod.com /ggdavid/georgia/language/bookhist.htm (418 words)

	M2M Sculptors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This song was dedicated to the Virgin by King Demetre I. Georgia, from the 5th to the 11th centuries, experienced a serious transformation of its written language.
		The symbols of this written language were transformed three times: Mrglovani (rounded), Nuskha-Khutsuri, and Mkhedruli.
		The Georgian alphabets are also featured: Mrglovani, Nuskha-Khutsuri, and Mkhedruli (the modern alphabet).
	willmaster.com /aviator/genadi.html (330 words)

	Georgian
		The modern Georgian is a lowercase style called mkhedruli (soldier's).
		It originated as the secular derivative of a form called khutsuri (ecclesiastical) that had both uppercase and lowercase pairs.
		The khutsuri style is included in the Georgian Extended Unicode subrange, while the mkhedruli style is in the Basic Georgian Unicode subrange.
	www.trigeminal.com /samples/georgian.html (161 words)

	Georgian
		The origin of the beautiful Georgian alphabet is obscure, but it is known to have been invented in the 5th century.
		The present script, called Mkhedruli ("secular writing") replaced the original Khutsuri ("church writing") in the 11th century.
		There are 33 letters, without distinction between upper and lowercase, and with one letter for each sound, and one sound for each letter.
	thor.prohosting.com /~linguist/georgian.htm (349 words)

	Georgia: Coat of arms
		Motto: Strength in Unity (Dzala Ertobashia, written in the Mkhedruli script of Georgian alphabet, ძალა ერთობაშია).
		Motto: Strength in Unity (written in the Mkhedruli script of Georgian alphabet).
		Several members of the Parliament found that coat of arms is too "pagan", because of the Golden Fleece and Prometeus' Caucasus mountain, two elements from Greek mythology.
	www.fotw.net /flags/ge).html (355 words)

	Georgian Unicode Fonts
		In titles and headlines the characters are usually shown thicker and stretched so that they are uniform in height.
		Mkhedruli developed in the tenth century from an earlier manuscript alphabet called Nuskhuri.
		Nuskhuri developed from yet an older, inscriptional alphabet called Asomtavruli that was in use from the 5th to the 9th century.
	www.travelphrases.info /gallery/Fonts_Georgian2.html (618 words)

	Sorting It All Out : Thursday, December 02, 2004 - Posts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Basically, the issue is that Georgian has spent many years in the Unicode Standard with two scripts encoded, despite the fact that there are three scripts existing.
		Now Mkhedruli has always been caseless according to Unicode so they are fine.
		We at Microsoft are not so fortunate, because ever since Windows 2000, Microsoft has had a one-way mapping from uppercase Khutsuri to Mkhedruli, but no converse mapping from the caseless Mkhedruli to Khutsuri.
	209.34.241.67 /michkap/archive/2004/12/2.aspx (495 words)

	2001-4-4-g
		The witness of it is great many relics and monuments that have survived not only in Georgia, but abroad as well, and the best proof of it is, that one of the existing 14 alphabets in the world is Georgian.
		Interestingly, the scripts created sequentially one after the other were used simultaneously throughout the centuries: Nuskhuri for ecclesiastic literature and Mkhedruli for the secular one.
		The Asomtavruli, Nuskhuri and, of course, Mkhedruli are used in Georgia until now.
	www.magtigsm.com /magazine/2001-4/2001-4-4.html (1135 words)

	Georgian Manuscripts - Ancient Georgian Manuscripts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		There are three stages of development of alphabet used in Georgian manuscripts (as well as in epigraphic monuments): Asomtavruli (majuscule), Nuskhuri (hieratic, miniscule) and Mkhedruli (secular).
		Mkhedruli script, dominating writing since the 19th c., with slight graphical changes forms the modern Georgian writing.
		Ancient Georgian manuscripts provide researchers with rich material regarding the process of creation and decoration of manuscripts.
	www.manuscripts.ge /en/man_history.asp (1030 words)

	Georgian Alphabet
		The contemporary Georgian script is known as mkhedruli ('military') in contrast to the earlier khutsuri ('ecclesiastical') script.
		The oldest surviving examples of mkhedruli date from the 11-12th centuries, and it may well be that the script was a development of a cursive form of khutsuri.
		These are given above, together with the transliteration system (Apridonidze-Chkhaidze, Institute of Linguistics.
	ggdavid.tripod.com /georgia/language/anbani.htm (186 words)

	Georgian Fonts ქართული ფონტები
		'Mkhedruli' was developed basically for civil and state use and become common scripture for Georgian language from Khutsuri under the strong influence of Arabic scripture style.
		'Mkhedruli' has no capital letters and during 17-19-th centuries 'Asomtavruli'; was used as capitals.
		There were developed also capital letters (fonts) based on 'Mkhedruli' scripture.
	www.geocities.com /shavlego/grfntdoc-old.html (1653 words)

	AncientScripts.com: Georgian
		The earliest Georgian texts were written in the Chutsuri script and were mostly ecclesiastical works.
		Toward the 13th century CE another script, the Mkhedruli, became more prominent and replaced the Chutsuri as the dominant script for secular writing.
		Some argue that Mkhedruli evolved from the more angular Chutsuri, but others theorize that its origina lies deeper in history than Chutsuri.
	www.ancientscripts.com /georgian.html (302 words)

	[No title]
		There are three stages of development of alphadet in Georgian manuscripts: asomtavruli (majuscule), nuskhuri (minuscule) and mkhedruli (civil).
		The artistic initial letters are called "asomtavruli" because in the course of many centuries the letters of the asomtavruli writing were used to decorate the texts written in the "nuskhuri'' and "mkhedruli" script.
		In the monuments of that period an artist is called "mtserali" (scribe).
	www.open.ge /art/treasure/oldgeo~1.htm (3987 words)

	General Introduction, 2 - ÆÍÂÀÃÈ, ÃÀËÀÒÄÁÄÁÈ
		Georgian script See references under Asomtavruli, Khutsuri, Nuskhuri, and Mkhedruli for descriptions of Georgian alphabets
		Mkhedruli Another name for the modern or secular inscriptional alphabet of Georgian.
		Some Production First Software fonts have Mkhedruli encoded as both UPPERCASE and lowercase, some only as lowercase, and some present as variant glyphs.
	beso.tripod.com /general-intro-add.htm (1449 words)

	Georgian Unicode Fonts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Mkhedruli occupies U+10D0 - U+10FF of the Georgian range.
		Prior to Unicode version 4.1, Nuskhuri occupied the same codepoints as Mkhedruli (U+10D0 - U+10FF).
		Source: Free download from either the shavlego file area or the bpgfonts file area.
	www.travelphrases.info /gallery/Fonts_Georgian.html (1375 words)

	Mkhedruli Script - LanguageServer - University of Graz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Remark: The contemporary Georgian script is known as mkhedruli ('military') in contrast to the earlier khutsuri ('ecclesiastical') script.
		Transliteration Table for Mkhedruli - LanguageServer - University of Graz
		Remark: Transliteration table for the Mkhedruli alphabet, displaying different transliteration systems.
	languageserver.uni-graz.at /ls/mat?id=221&type=m (65 words)

	Georgian
		From the 5th to the 11th centuries, an alphabet named Khutsuri (ecclesiastical) was used.
		Since then, an alphabet called Mkhedruli (military) has been in use.
		Click here to learn more about the history of the Georgian alphabet.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/march/Georgian.html (683 words)

	Georgian Grammar by P.J.Hiller
		To view the Georgian text in this document please ensure that you have selected the Western encoding (ISO-8856-1) and English language options on your web browser, and that it has access to a suitable combined Latin / Mkhedruli font.
		The latter should have the standard Latin mappings, with the exception of locations 0192-0229 which should contain the Georgian letters in the traditional sequence including the five letters that are now obsolete.
		Comments, suggestions and criticism are welcome, and should be addressed to the autho
	dedaena.chat.ru /grammar (170 words)

	Please help with the inscription - vikingsword.com forums
		It did not help much to sleep on it, other than I am not tired now, but when I got up I had a mail from a friend, suggesting that it could be Mkhedruli, an alphabet used in Georgia.
		Try to have a look at the link I gave you, there you will find the Mkhedruli alphabet.
		It is not always the writing on a blade looks like the printed letters, as the one making the inscription often could not read, and had to make the inscription after a drawing.
	www.vikingsword.com /ubb/Forum1/HTML/001952.html (477 words)

	Georgian Supplement - Test for Unicode support in Web browsers
		The Georgian Supplement range was introduced with version 4.1 of the Unicode Standard, and is located in Plane 0, the Basic Multilingual Plane.
		The characters in this range should be used for the ecclesiatical, cursive Nuskhuri script; for the secular, caseless Mkhedruli script, the characters in the Georgian range should be used.
		The characters that appear in the “Character” columns of the following table depend on the browser that you are using, the fonts installed on your computer, and the browser options you have chosen that determine the fonts used to display particular character sets, encodings or languages.
	www.alanwood.net /unicode/georgian-supplement.html (195 words)

	Language, Instawares: Restaurant: Supply alphabet - Mkhedruli \| georgian & Sakartvelo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Language, Instawares: Restaurant: Supply alphabet - Mkhedruli
		An Cuirt Georgian, Court Guesthouse offers quality budget accommodationin a restored Georgian building in the centre of Dublin City,...
		The Mkhedruli alphabet developed from an older alphabet known as...out of use and Mkhedruli became the sole alphabet used to write.
	www.9-regional.us /georgian.htm (369 words)

	calligraphy alphabet example (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Part I Table 7 Example of alphabet in fluid form...
		Font - "Mkhedruli" Present alphabet "Mkhedruli" font based on "Times"...
		Old alphabet "Nuskhuri" font based on Chaganava's calligraphy.
	www.1st-in-papercrafts.com /35/calligraphy-alphabet-example.html (519 words)

	Update Information For Neography Of Berezian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The characters are similar to the Georgian Mkhedruli script (which also is an alphabet).
		It has some features reminiscent of Caucasian versions of the Cyrillic script.
		Georgian Mkhedruli, Daisla (a script that I found on the Internet), Armenian.
	www.langmaker.com /db/alp_berezian_form.htm (159 words)

	Evertype: The Alphabets of Europe
		The Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, and Armenian alphabets have case, that is, almost all letters have both a capital and a small form.
		Hebrew, Arabic, and Mkhedruli Georgian do not share this feature.
		Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, Armenian, and Georgian are written from left to right; Hebrew and Arabic are written from right to left.
	www.evertype.com /alphabets/index.html (3504 words)

	Glazblog
		So I wanted to take a look at the web site of the most active georgian student community against Chevarnadze, called Kmara.
		I can"t read Mkhedruli and I don't understand a single word of Georgian but I find the writing so beautiful...
		Starting from there, I wanted to find some news about Georgia coming from georgian sources, but written in english, french, spanish or swedish.
	www.glazman.org /weblog/newarchive/2003_11_23_glazblogarc.html (1532 words)

	Re: Crutches/wheelchair in Russia? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Many of the millions of > ordinary middle-class Russians who wish to spend their hard-earned > rubles abroad but are rejected by the stupid EU visa rules spend > their holidays (and money) in Turkey, Cyprus, Tunisia, and other more > welcoming countries with less stupid visa rules.
		I have never previously seen print in Cyrillic anywhere else in Turkey except in Trabzon (where, along with the Mkhedruli, it was aimed at the cross-border small traders and prostitutes from the Caucasus) and saw none this time in Urfa or Diyarbakir.
		So my question was more specific: why Russians in Antalya, rather than why Russians in Turkey?
	www.talkabouttravelling.com /group/rec.travel.europe/messages/663664.html (388 words)

	languagehat.com: Comment on THE POLYGLOT'S DREAM BOOK.
		Posted by mark at March 13, 2003 08:00 AM
		No, I mean the actual alphabet; the Georgian titles, for instance, are given in the Georgian (mkhedruli) alphabet.
		Posted by language hat at March 13, 2003 09:27 AM
	www.languagehat.com /mt/mt-comments.cgi?entry_id=304 (162 words)

	languagehat.com: LIVING WITH CAUCASIANS.
		Here in Georgia, there is a triple barrier: language.
		There are three distinct written languages here: mkhedruli (kartuli/Georgian), Cyrillic (Russian), and Latin (English).
		There are several other written languages that are around on a regular basis, depending on which consumer product you are dealing with: Armenian and Farsi, as well as the other languages that use Cyrillic—Ukrainian, Uzbek, Kazakh, etc.
	www.languagehat.com /archives/001051.php (3847 words)

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