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Topic: Model language

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	Introduction
		Model languages can be everything from a few words of made-up slang to a rigorously developed system of interrelated imaginary tongues.
		Model languages exist on paper or in computer files and may be shared only with a few close friends or may be used to give depth to imaginary worlds read or watched by millions.
		Model languages demystify and demythologize the study of language.
	www.langmaker.com /ml0101.htm (1660 words)

	Essay on Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Language is first and foremost oral; speech as a means of communication has been around for perhaps 200,000 years or more, while writing has existed for only about 6,000 as far as we know.
		A language is a representational system composed of a set of oral (or, in the case of the hearing impaired, signed) symbols shared by the members of a social group, and a computational system (or grammar) for combining the symbols into phrases and sentences.
		They assume that deviation from standard language forms is evidence for a lack of language, and that children "have no grammar." The analytic model of language tells us that all normal human children "have grammar" but that grammar is their own knowledge of their native language, not the rules written down in school books.
	www.unf.edu /~rkephart/Writings/Essay_on_Language.htm (2513 words)

	Speech Recognition - Language Modeling
		Natural language technology in general and language models in particular are very brittle when moving from one domain to another.
		Current statistical language models are built from text specific to newspapers and TV/radio broadcasts which has little to do with the everyday use of language by a particular individual.
		We are investigating means of adapting a general-domain statistical language model to a new domain/user when we have access to limited amounts of sample data from the new domain/user.
	research.microsoft.com /srg/language-modeling.aspx (472 words)

	Language Modeling and Information Retrieval
		In the source-channel approach to speech processing [2], the language model is used as a source model or prior over natural language utterances that the user might make to the system, which is combined with a channel model of how that language is converted into an acoustic signal.
		In this model, distributions over documents are estimated for two classes: "relevant" and "non-relevant." Documents are broken down into attributes, in the simplest case indicating occurrence or non-occurrence of individual words, and the attributes are modeled independently, as in the naive Bayes model for classification.
		Furthermore, it has been shown how the language modeling approach can be viewed in terms of an underlying relevance model, allowing the approach to be interpreted in a manner similar to the standard probabilistic model [18] [19].
	www-2.cs.cmu.edu /~lemur/3.1/background.html (2116 words)

	Cornell News: mathematical model of language death (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		While thousands of different languages are spoken around the world, 90 percent of them are dying and are expected to vanish in the next few decades.
		When population figures are plugged in, the model produces a family of curves depending on the value assigned to status, and in each case one of the curves agreed with the published data on language decline.
		An example of a situation where the model doesn't work is in the persistence of Spanish in the United States, which he attributes to a constant resupply of native speakers.
	www.news.cornell.edu /releases/Sept03/language_death.ws.html (573 words)

	Model Transformation Language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Several model transformation languages like GReAT, VIATRA or ATL are presently available, with different level of compliance with the QVT standard.
		Model transformation is thus a critical component of MDA.
		From Object Composition to Model Transformation with the MDA at omg.org
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Model_Transformation_Language (314 words)

	Brent P. Newhall's Home(page) -- The Library -- Model Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Model languages are invented languages; languages that have been created solely by a person or group.
		Model languages range from the serious, like Esperanto (the proposed "universal language" for the European Union), to the intricate, like Tolkien's Quenya which he created for The Lord of the Rings, to recreational languages just made up for the fun and interest of it.
		The Language Construction Kit takes you step-by-step through creating a model language, explaining a lot of the structure of language and suggesting different routes to take.
	brent.other-space.com /library/language (706 words)

	Models of Language Teaching
		Language instructors at the university level in the United States are often in one of three situations:
		This teacher-centered model views the teacher as active and the student as fundamentally passive.
		In this learner-centered model, both student and teacher are active participants who share responsibility for the student's learning.
	www.nclrc.org /essentials/whatteach/models.htm (760 words)

	artificial languages FAQ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		An artificial language is a language that has been deliberately designed by one person or a small group of people over a relatively short period of time.
		The model language is then taught to a group of people, and their ability or inability to learn it, or its effect on their brain activity or their perceptions of the world can be analyzed and conclusions drawn.
		Tolkien's "elvish" languages, the Klingon language from Star Trek, and the feminine language Laadan from Suzette Haden Elgin's novels are examples of this fascinating social phenomenon.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/language/artificial-languages-FAQ (921 words)

	Visual Model Editor Utility (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A new entry may be added to the model by highlighting the level in the model heirarchy at which the new entry is to be added and then choosing an item from the toolbar.
		Model items may be deleted by simply highlighting the line and pressing the Delete key.
		Model items may be moved/copied from one part of the model to another by drag and drop techniques.
	www.modeleasy.com /VMEdit.htm (1561 words)

	Language Representation
		Some of the most successful models of the past two decades are the simple n-gram models, particularly the trigram model (n=3) where only the most recent two words of the history are used to condition the probability of the next word.
		This is a problem that may be more severe for highly inflected languages and for the oriental languages where the notion of a word is not clearly defined for native speakers of the language.
		Incorporating Structure: The current state-of-the-art in language modeling has not been able to improve on performance by the use of the structure (whether surface parse trees or the deep structure such as predicate argument structure) that is present in language.
	cslu.cse.ogi.edu /HLTsurvey/ch1node8.html (1807 words)

	Connecting for Health - Common Framework - Model Contractual Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A brief overview of the elements covered in the full "Model Contract for Health Information." It is intended to provide a general approach to the issues that health information sharing networks must address to increase the likelihood of success of their own electronic health information exchanges.
		A model contractual agreement containing sample language and descriptive notes regarding issues that both regional and affinity-based networks must address to increase the likelihood of success of their own electronic health information exchanges.
		The Model is intended to assist in the organization of a SNO by providing a basis upon which to begin drafting that SNO's Terms and Conditions.
	www.connectingforhealth.org /commonframework/model_contract.html (255 words)

	Cover Pages: Predictive Model Markup Language (PMML)
		Models described using PMML consist of several parts: 1) a header, 2) a data schema, 3) a data mining schema, 4) a predictive model schema, 5) definitions for predictive models, 6) definitions for ensembles of models, 7) rules for selecting and combining models and ensembles of models, 8) rules for exception handling.
		The Predictive Model Markup Language (PMML) is an XML standard being developed by the Data Mining Group, a vendor-led consortium established in 1998 to develop data mining standards.
		Precisely one in each model, listing the schema's attributes and their role in the model; these attributes are a subset of the attributes in the data dictionary.
	xml.coverpages.org /pmml.html (5246 words)

	A Bilingual Language Production Model
		A bilingual language production model should not qualitatively differ from the monolingual model, and yet has to be able to account for the phenomena observed in second language production.
		Given that both models can account for the same phenomena, the model with a generalized relation between the two language systems is better than a model with different relations holding at different levels of language processing.
		If a model can employ one type of organization between the two language systems regardless of the functioning levels, the model is simpler and thus should be preferred over a model with different types of organization holding at each level.
	www.semioticon.com /virtuals/talks/tomioka.htm (2309 words)

	Second Language Regional Model Program Resource Centers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It is a comprehensive program of full-time bilingual instruction, including native language academic instruction and an emphasis on English language acquisition through daily classes in English language arts and ESL.
		Roselle is a Pre-K-12 district located in Union County with approximately 2900 students, 10% of whom are English language learners.
		Classes consist of students mixed proficiency levels; therefore, language arts instruction is provided according to the dominant language of the child.
	www.state.nj.us /njded/bilingual/resources/model2.htm (1527 words)

	XML Processing Model Requirements
		This document is a Working Group Note of the Requirements Document for an XML Processing Model and Language for describing an interoperable way for applications to describe the order in which processes should be applied to XML documents.
		This specification is concerned with the conceptual model of XML process interactions and the language for the decription of these interactions.
		The model should allow any data set conforming to one of the W3C standards, such as XML 1.1, XSLT 1.0, XML Query 1.0, etc., to be specified as an input or output of a component.
	www.w3.org /TR/proc-model-req (969 words)

	Model Representation Language
		A model for a particular interface consists of instances of the classes defined in the Mastermind ontology.
		When those tools become available, the textual language will be used only as a way to store the models constructed in the interactive tools.
		If you are building interface models, the only thing that you typically need to know is whether an attribute is inherited or not, and you can easily find this out by browsing the class definition.
	www.isi.edu /isd/Mastermind/Documentation/hl-mrl.html (3637 words)

	Procurement - Model Language
		The model language to be used for all commodity and information technology contracts can be found by accessing this site.
		General Provisions, Model Contract Language, should be included in all commodities and IT contracts please refer to the Model Contract Language section for specifics.
		Information Technology Modules, Model Contract Language, should be added to all IT contracts in excess of $500,000 (select the modules needed by transaction); they may also be used for contracts under $500,000.
	www.pd.dgs.ca.gov /modellang/default.htm (416 words)

	E-Ethics Vol. III, No. I
		The language to be used in a potential disclaimer must be chosen with the utmost care.
		There is far less force to objections to an agreement which lets a firm continue to represent a client in a matter, but which still requires it to keep information confidential from that client, than there is to one which ostensibly lets the firm disclose to its client, critical information disclosed by a prospective client.
		Lawyers should adopt language that does what they want it to do: i.e., prevent even those who in good faith seek to hire the firm from disqualifying it from representing another party where that information can be used against that prospective client.
	www.hricik.com /eethics/3.1.html (3165 words)

	Crossing borders: Typing strategies beyond the Java model
		A type-inferred language determines which type an object might be based on syntactic or structural clues in the language.
		In statically typed languages, the programmer (through a declaration or convention) or the compiler (through inference based on structural and syntactic clues) assigns a type to a variable or object, and that type doesn't change.
		But the best argument dynamic language proponents can possibly make against compile-time error detection is that the benefit of early detection isn't worth the cost because you've got to test anyway, whether or not you use dynamic typing.
	www.ibm.com /developerworks/java/library/j-cb05236.html (3750 words)

	Statistical Language Modeling
		The goal of Statistical Language Modeling is to build a statistical language model that can estimate the distribution of natural language as accurate as possible.
		A statistical language model (SLM) is a probability distribution P(s) over strings S that attempts to reflect how frequently a string S occurs as a sentence.
		Grammatical Trigrams is a new class of language models that incorporates Link Grammar in a generative probabilistic model of the form:
	homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk /s0450736/slm.html (654 words)

	Second Language Regional Model Program Resource Centers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Thirteen programs designed to serve the needs of second language learners, students for whom English is a second language or who are learning world languages, were showcased at a special ceremony on Thursday, May 20, 2004.
		Administrators and teachers will also be able to discuss with staff from the centers issues of mutual concern as well as the potential for future collaboration on their second language programs and practices for students and their teachers.
		The New Jersey Supervisors of World Languages Organization and the Statewide Advisory Committee for Bilingual and ESL (English as a second language) Education have developed criteria for designating the regional model second language programs with assistance from the Department of Education’s Office of Academic and Professional Standards.
	www.state.nj.us /njded/bilingual/resources/model.htm (525 words)

	D3.1v0.1. A Language Neutral Model for Ontology Interchange
		This document is organized as follows: Chapter 2 presents the meta model for ontologies to be used for a language-neutral ontology API; Chapter 3 defines the non functional properties and Chapter 4 the use of mediators.
		In fact, it is not possible, even with this meta model, to use the same concrete API for different ontology language, because of the particularities of the different ontology languages.
		This document presents a meta model for a language-neutral API for Ontology interchange that conforms to the Web Service Modeling Ontology WSMO [Roman et al., 2004], which is currently under development in the context of the SDK project cluster.
	www.omwg.org /TR/d3/d3.1 (3976 words)

	NCLSH: Model Legislative Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This report, "Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Evaluation and Control: Model Legislative Language" (MLL), offers state legislators and policy makers guidance as to the recommendations and conclusions of the task force and provides model language reflecting those recommendations to help in the drafting of state legislation.
		The MLL is designed to enable state legislators and policy makers to translate the approach devised by the task force into practical and workable legislation that reflects the concerns of the relevant and often competing interests involved with lead-based paint hazard control and its financing.
		The Model Legislative Language report is available by order from the Center.
	www.centerforhealthyhousing.org /html/model_legis_lang.html (184 words)

	Wisconsin Academic Standards for English Language Arts Introduction
		The language arts standards, like those of most states, do not specify a list of authors or works that must be read by all students.
		What is most important is that students learn to read well and read enough to meet their various needs and interests, that they have opportunities to read quality literature, and that they love to read.
		Finally, although the domain of language arts is divided into six sets of standards for focus and clarity, these divisions, in the classroom and in practical use of the language, are artificial.
	www.dpi.state.wi.us /standards/elaintro.html (467 words)

	Finding an Animal Model for Language Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The development of any animal model is a critical step to learning how genes are involved with a particular disease or disorder.
		In the case of autism, scientists have an especially difficult task since the disorder is characterized by marked abnormalities in the acquisition and use of language and very few animals use language on any complex level.
		And with both songbirds and humans, vocal learning is believed to occur during a critical developmental window in discrete regions of the brain.
	www.naar.org /news/render_pr.asp?intNewsItemID=242 (646 words)

	Language Model Adaptation (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		29 Language model adaptation using mixtures and an exponentiall..
		19 the dynamic adaptation of stochastic language models (context) - Kneser, Steinbiss - 1993
		11 A multi-span language modeling framework for large vocabular..
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /gotoh00language.html (451 words)

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