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	Persian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Prior to British colonization, Persian was also widely used as a second language in the Indian subcontinent; it took prominence as the language of culture and education in several Muslim courts in the subcontinent throughout the Middle Ages and became the official court language under the Mughal emperors.
		Persian is a member of the Indo-European family of languages, and within that family it belongs to the Indo-Iranian (Aryan) branch.
		Modern Persian is standardly written using a modified variant of the Arabic alphabet.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Persian_language (1539 words)

	Persian Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran).
		Cyrus rallied the Persians together, and in 550 BC defeated the forces of Astyages, who was then captured by his own nobles and turned over to the triumphant Cyrus, now Shah of a unified Persian kingdom.
		In 913, West-Persia was conquered by the Buwayhid, a native Persian tribal confederation from the shores of the Caspian Sea.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Persian_Empire (4265 words)

	UCLA Language Materials Project Language Profiles Page
		Persian is a subgroup of West Iranian languages that include the closely related Persian languages of Dari and Tajik; the less closely related languages of Luri, Bakhtiari, and Kumzari; and the non-Persian dialects of Fars Province.
		Persian is the first language of about 50 percent of the population in Iran, and is the country's official language.
		The Early Modern period of the language (ninth to thirteenth centuries), preserved in the literature of the Empire, is known as Classical Persian, due to the eminence and distinction of poets such as Rudaki, Firdowsi, and Khayyam.
	www.lmp.ucla.edu /Profile.aspx?LangID=63 (1526 words)

	iranian.com: Modern Persian, Donald Stilo, Kamran Talattof, Jerome W. Clinton,
		The language presented in Modern Persian: Spoken and Written, Volumes I and II, is that of contemporary Iran, particularly as it is spoken by educated inhabitants of the capital city, Tehran.
		Modern Persian in its spoken form is the basis of this text, so we emphasize learning by ear from the very first lesson.
		A substantial portion of modern Persian vocabulary is borrowed from Arabic and is altogether unfamiliar to Americans and Europeans.
	www.iranian.com /Talattof/2005/March/Books (3689 words)

	Persian language
		Persian belongs to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian language family.
		Middle Persian was a contemporary of Parthian, and during the Arsacid period, Persian was strongly influenced by Parthian.
		Modern Persian, the language of Iran today, was developed as early as in the 9th century.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/persian_l.htm (387 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia
		The ancient Persians were vigorous and hardy, simple in manners, occupied in raising cattle and horses in the mountainous regions, and agriculture in the valleys and plains.
		The rise, development, and progress of Modern Persian literature is intimately connected with the rise, development, and progress of Arabian, or Mohammedan, religious life and literature.
		Persian literature is not very rich in historical and theological works, and even the comparatively small number of these is generally based on Arabic Mohammedan historical and theological productions.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11712a.htm (14955 words)

	:::PERSIAN LEARNING CENTER:::(E)
		Persian language is spoken today primarily in Iran and Afghanistan, with significant populations of speakers in the Gulf States and central Asian Republics.
		The Persian language is one of the major languages of the Middle East that is known in Iran as Farsi, and is slightly varying forms as Dari in Afghanistan and Tajik in Tajikistan.
		Persian is the vehicle of a rich and varied culture which, in the course of its long history, has often extended beyond the borders of modern Iran into Anatolia, the Caucasus, Central Asia and India.
	www.ili.ir /e.farsicenter.htm (5874 words)

	Persian Iranian Language (Farsi) at Best Iran Travel.com
		Persian (Farsi) is the national language of Iran.
		Persian is one of the world's oldest languages, a well-recognized tongue as early as the 6th century B.C
		Modern Persian is spoken by over 40 million people in Iran and another 5 million in Afghanistan.
	bestirantravel.com /culture/language.html (310 words)

	Farsi, the most widely spoken Persian Language, a Farsi Dictionary, Farsi English Dictionary, The spoken language in ...
		Persian Language, also known as Farsi, is the most widely spoken member of the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, a subfamily of the Indo-European languages.
		Old Persian is recorded in the southwest in cuneiform inscriptions of the Persian kings of the Achaemenid dynasty (circa 550-330 BC), notably Darius I and Xerxes I. Old Persian and Avestan have close affinity with Sanskrit, and, like Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin, are highly inflected languages.
		Middle Persian has a simpler grammar than Old Persian and was usually written in an ambiguous script with multivalent letters, adopted from Aramaic; it declined after the Arab conquest in the 7th century.
	www.farsinet.com /farsi (1134 words)

	Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Languages and Cultures - Persian Courses
		Courses in Persian language and literature may be used in designing a degree in Asian and Middle Eastern Studies or Asian and Middle Eastern Languages and Literatures.
		Persian grammar is introduced through sentence patterns in the form of dialogues and monologues.
		Lectures and discussions follow the development of modern Persian poetry and prose, and trace the influence of Western and other literature, as well as Iranian literary and cultural heritage, on the works of contemporary Iranian writers.
	www.virginia.edu /amelc/persian.html (834 words)

	IL&S: Modern Persian Language & Script (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Modern Persian is the official language of Iran.
		Persian reached the peak of its greatness in the 16th and 17th centuries when the Mogul kings supported the expansion of Persian literature in India.
		The grammatical structure of modern Persian is very close to that of Dari.
	iranianlanguages.com /newiranian/modpersian.htm (369 words)

	History of Persian or Parsi Language
		It became the language of the Persian Empire and was widely spoken in the ancient days ranging from the borders of India in the east, Russian in the north, the southern shores of the Persian Gulf to Egypt and the Mediterranean in the west.
		Old Persian is what the original Parsa tribe of the Hakahmaneshinian (Achaemenid) era spoke and they have left for us samples carved on stone in cuneiform script.
		After the Persian came to power and with the expansion of the Empire and the inclusion within their realm, of various cultures that used writing to communicate, the need for communication by writing arose.
	www.iranchamber.com /literature/articles/persian_parsi_language_history.php (2082 words)

	Persian alphabet and pronunciation
		The Persian language has been written with a number of different scripts, including Old Persian Cuneiform, Pahlavi, Aramaic, and Avestan.
		Under Mongolian and Turkish rulers, Persian was adopted as the language of government in Turkey, central Asia and India, where it was used for centuries, and until after 1900 in Kashmir.
		Persian is a member of the Iranian branch of Indo-European languages.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/persian.htm (297 words)

	Persian language -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Modern Persian is thus called Farsi by native speakers.
		Modern Persian emerged by the 9th century and became established as the literary form of the Persian language in Iran and northern India.
		The greatest of the Islamic mystic poets in the Persian language and whose disciples founded an order of mystics known as Whirling Dervishes was Jalal al-Din al-Rumi.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9059341?tocId=9059341 (829 words)

	Introduction to Persian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		An introduction to Persian is intended to serve as an introduction on the elementary level to the modern Persian language.
		So long as there exists no introduction to Persian as an international language, treating its various forms on a relatively equal basis, this feature of Thackston's work makes it the most useful for students of Persian as it is used outside of Iran.
		His emphasis in on the spoken and written language in today's Iran, on the Persian which is taught in schools and spoken and understood by all the different ethnic groups in Iran...
	www.iranian.com /July96/Sponsors/IntroPersianAd.html (376 words)

	Modern Persian Poetry By Mahmud Kianush
		Above all, the modernism of Nima Youshij's poems could shine because of his original and spontaneous figures of speech.
		It was because of these efforts in innovation that Nima Youshij earned his reputation as the founder of modern Persian poetry....
		Modern Persian Poetry includes 129 poems by 43 poets writing at all periods of the 20th Century.
	www.art-arena.com /book.htm (2374 words)

	Persian Empire, Persopolis - Crystalinks
		Cyrus rallied the Persians together, and in 550 BC defeated the forces of Astyages, who was then captured by his own nobles and turned over to the triumphant Cyrus, now Shah of the Persian kingdom.
		Darius (Greek form Dareios) is a classicized form of the Old Persian Daraya-Vohumanah, Darayavahush or Darayavaush, which was the name of three kings of the Achaemenid Dynasty of Persia: Darius I (the Great), ruled 522-486 BCE, Darius II (Ochos), ruled 423-405/4 BCE, and Darius III (Kodomannos), ruled 336-330 BCE.
		The Persians had expected an easy victory, but one after another their ships were sunk or crippled.
	www.crystalinks.com /persia.html (2708 words)

	CHRIST AND CHRISTIANITY IN MODERN PERSIAN POETRY - INFLUENCES AND EXAMPLES by Bishop Dehqani-Tafti, Farsi Christian ...
		Modern poetry is a new phenomenon in Persia.
		He is really the father of modern Persian poetry, and here the mould of classical poetry started to crack.
		Jesus swiftly reaches the banks of the river and is hit on the spot by a barrage of machine gun fire.
	www.farsinet.com /ChristInPersianPoetry/modern_poets.html (651 words)

	The Persian empire (from Palestine) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Cyrus II of the Persian Achaemenian dynasty followed up his triumph over Media by conquering Lydia and Babylonia, thus making himself ruler of the greatest empire thitherto known.
		Although the Persian empire was at the peak of its strength, the collective defense mounted by the Greeks overcame seemingly impossible odds and even...
		If the Persians had succeeded, they would have set up local tyrants, called satraps, to rule Greece and would have crushed the first stirrings of democracy in Europe.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-45053 (885 words)

	Ittig Paper
		Martin's dating and provenance of Persian carpets were based not only on comparative designs in other Persian media and European paintings, because of his field experience, he also utilized information about antique and contemporary carpets from the trade.
		Sadly, as The Persian Carpet was written for a general audience, it does not give specific details about OCM itself, the "second generation" (after Ziegler's) of Western involvement in the Persian carpet industry.
		A regional approach to the modern Persian carpet is seen in Bazin's Le travail du tapis dans la region de Qum.
	www.rugreview.com /ittig.htm (4098 words)

	Persian Language & Literature
		From early Persian Language to revolutionary poets of 20th century.
		The greatest Persian poet, author of the Shahnameh (The Epic of Kings).
		One of the masters of contemporary Persian poetry.
	www.iranchamber.com /literature/literature.php (383 words)

	Persian language
		The modern form of Persian evolved directly from Middle Persian and may be said to have begun in the 9th or 10th cent.
		A.D. Modern Persian is the medium of an old and great literature and is written in a modification of the Arabic alphabet.
		Persian nationalism and the campaign for language purification.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/society/A0838512.html (385 words)

	Teach Yourself Modern Persian / Farsi Complete Course
		Persian is written in the Arabic script but it belongs to the Indo-European family of languages so speakers of European languages should find learning Persian relatively easy to begin with.
		Teach Yourself Persian is designed for the true beginner and self-access learner, starting from the basics of learning the Persian alphabet.
		Narguess Farzad, the author, is a lecturer in Persian at the School of Oriental and African Studies, London.
	www.teachyourself.co.uk /lpersian.htm (183 words)

	LoLA Farsi Structural Sketch
		Persian uses prefixes and suffixes, fusion, symbolic alternation of vowels, and compounding analytical constructions are widely spread.
		The verbal system of contemporary literary Persian may be charted as follows (the stem xar- ' to buy,' Windfuhr, p.
		The particle -ra can be traced back to the Old Persian postposition radij 'for the sake of' -- bagahya radij 'for god's sake' (compare the old Church Slavonic expression boga radi with the same meaning in which the ancient Iranian influence is evident.)
	www.humnet.ucla.edu /languagesofla/farsi/fars-sketch.htm (449 words)

	No Ruz is a celebration of life
		They were the last great Persian Empire before the advent of Islam 1400 years ago.
		The latest translation from Pahlavi into Modern Persian by Farnabagh Dadege 1992, by Tous Publication is the best translation into Persian so far.
		John R Hinnells, Persian Mythology, Library of the World’s Myths and Legends.
	www.payvand.com /ny/massoume.html (2019 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Modern Persian: Complete Course (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		This book, "Teach Yourself Modern Persian" by John Mace, was first published in 1964 and has been reprinted without substantial changes numerous times since.
		In contrast, the latest "Teach Yourself Modern Persian" book, by Farzad, crams the entire alphabet into just a few short pages, leaving the learner to "sink or swim", and throws so much at the reader in each lesson that I feel anyone without a background in Persian already would likely find it very hard going.
		The Mace "Teach Yourself Modern Persian", having been in print for a long time, is still readily available through used book sources, and I highly recommend it to those working on Persian on their own.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0844238155 (1142 words)

	Complete Selection Of Handmade New And Antique Oriental Rugs
		Modern Persian Rugs are made only in Iran and offer a wide range of types including Tribal, Nomadic and City rugs.
		Real Heriz rugs are actually made in the city of Herez, but there are many Persian rugs classified as Heriz that are made in nearby towns.
		The Persian Bijar or sometimes spelled Bidjar is one of the toughest rugs woven.
	www.orientalrugsonline.com /modernpersian.html (320 words)

	Persian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Additional hours to be arranged in the Modern Language Lab for Persian 1 and 2.
		This course introduces basic vocabulary and the fundamentals of modern Persian grammar, structure, and pronunciation as well as reading, writing, and speaking.
		This course is a continuation of Persian I. It elaborates on the fundamentals of modern Persian grammar, structure, and pronunciation and develops reading, writing, and speaking skills.
	www.smc.edu /modernlang/schedules/02spring/persian.htm (183 words)

	NELC N380 3027 N380 Modern Persian Literature in Translation (3cr) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Their struggle to come to grips with Western economic and cultural influence and to forge a modern identity is most fully expressed through a variety of new literary forms and the emerging medium of film.
		Through brief lectures and long discussions, we will explore how modern Iranian writers use imagery, character, and plot to give voice to the rapidly and sometimes violently changing society in which they live.
		Among the topics we will consider are: the impact of the West, the tension between tradition and modernity, the works of Sadeq Hedayat, the changing roles of women, the "engaged" writing of the 60's and 70's, village versus city, and writing since the Islamic revolution.
	www.indiana.edu /~deanfac/blspr99/nelc/nelc_n380_3027.html (262 words)

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