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	History of Spain
		The reconquest of Spain was declared a crusade at the turn of the 13th century.
		With this declaration came the urge for religious purity in Spain, which was capitalized on by the "Catholic monarchs" (Reyes Católicos in Spanish) Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon in order to justify their invasion of Granada, the expulsion of the Jews and the forceful conversion of the Moors.
		Spain's powerful world empire of the 16th and 17th centuries ultimately yielded command of the seas to England.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/hi/History_of_Spain.html (1514 words)

	Spain at AllExperts
		Spain is a constitutional monarchy, with a hereditary monarch and a bicameral parliament, the Cortes Generales.
		Spain is, at present, what is called a State of Autonomies, formally unitary but, in fact, functioning as a Federation of Autonomous Communities, each one with different powers (for instance, some have their own educational and health systems, co-official language and particular cultural identity) and laws.
		Spain became a unified crown with the union of Castile and Aragon and the conquest of Granada in January 1492, and the annexation of Navarre in 1515.
	en.allexperts.com /e/s/sp/spain.htm (8899 words)

	Wikinfo \| Spain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Spain is a constitutional monarchy, with a hereditary monarch and a bicameral parliament, the Cortes or National Assembly.
		Spain is, at present, what is called a State of Autonomies, formally unitary but, in fact, functioning as a Federation of Autonomous Communities, each one with different powers (for instances, some have their own educational and health systems, other don't) and laws.
		Spain is bound to the east by Mediterranean Sea (containing the Balearic Islands), to the north by the Bay of Biscay and to its west by the Atlantic Ocean, where the Canary Islands off the African coast are found.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Spain (1345 words)

	Spain - Gurupedia
		Spain is, at present, what is called a State of Autonomies, formally unitary but, in fact, functioning as a Federation of Autonomous Communities, each one with different powers (for instances, some have their own educational and health systems, others do not) and laws.
		Spain is bound to the east by Mediterranean Sea (containing the Balearic Islands), to the north by the Bay of Biscay and to its west by the
		Spain is a predominantly (94%) Roman Catholic country, although the recent waves of immigration have lead to an increasing number of Muslims.
	www.gurupedia.com /s/sp/spain.htm (2695 words)

	SPAIN ESPANA
		The lingering, "decline of Spain" after a long period of considerable growth of population was due in large part, ironically, to its spectacular successes in the 15th and 16th centuries that led to the centuries of the treasure fleets.
		It also had a significant effect on the upcoming elections in Spain, due in part to the ruling government's insistence that the ETA was the prime suspect in the bombings, even as the evidence of Muslim extremist terrorism rapidly emerged from the police investigation and the international press.
		Spain is a parliamentary monarchy, with a hereditary monarch and a bicameral parliament, the Cortes Generales.
	www.solarnavigator.net /geography/spain.htm (5288 words)

	History of Spain - Gurupedia
		Ferdinand's reign was the beginning of Spain's prominence in European affairs, ending the diplomatic isolation brought on by his father's clashes with the Pope over his marriages.
		These effects, combined with the expulsion of Spain's most economically vital classes in the late 15th century (the Jews and the Moors), caused Spain's economy to collapse several times in the 16th century, brining the Golden Age of Spain to a close.
		Under the Bonaparte, Spain failed to embrace the mercantile and industrial revolutions of the 18th century, and also failed to absorb the ideals that of the Enlightenment that were revolutionizing European thought.
	www.gurupedia.com /h/hi/history_of_spain.htm (3224 words)

	Spain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Spain is at present what is called State of Autonomies formally unitary but in functioning as a Federation of Autonomous Communities each one with different powers (for some have their own educational and health others do not) and laws.
		Spain is considered by many including a part of Spanish population to be a of nations unified under a single State like Belgium Switzerland or the United Kingdom.
		Spain is a predominantly (94%) Roman Catholic country although the recent waves of have lead to an increasing number of Muslims.
	www.freeglossary.com /Spain (3053 words)

	VQR » Spain Today: Is the Party Over?
		Spain's recent transformation was hailed in international circles as a kind of political miracle, and indeed it was.
		Spain, once blocked from membership in NATO, entered the alliance in 1985 (thereby breaking a PSOE campaign promise), and in 1986 it was admitted as a full member into the European Economic Community.
		Spain successfully negotiated the dismantling of an old and irritating treaty which had allowed American air force and navy equipment and personnel to be stationed on Spanish soil.
	www.vqronline.org /articles/1996/summer/gies-spain-today (5441 words)

	Spain page
		Throughout the 16th century Spain was the leading European power based on the gold derived from South America (but the gold caused inflation in Europe and ruined the economy of Spain).
		In the 1820s Spain lost control of the American colonies to the revolutionaries, partly because of the destruction of the Spanish fleet at Trafalgar, partly because impoverished Spain could not supply the colonies and was constantly in a state of either impending or actual civil war.
		Spain's 16th century wealth was based on Gold from South America and was therefore not soundly based.
	www.angelfire.com /mac/egmatthews/worldinfo/europe/spain.html (2655 words)

	Torture in Early Modern Spain and Latin America
		As far as I know, and this is definitely true in the Spanish case, the practice of torture by the penal courts was very similar, if not identical, to its practice by the inquisition, as far as rules, methods and frequency were concerned.
		According to it, there was no clear distinction -although one was gradually emerging- between "sin" and "crime." Those committing an offense, therefore, were morally (and not only legally) wrong, and had to, first and foremost, repent their ways, before they could be readmitted to society.
		The type of torture, as I mentioned before, was regulated in the legislation, and by the early modern period, it mainly included the "torture by ropes" (rortura de cordeles), in which a rope, tied to the legs and arms of the almost naked victim, would be gradually tightened.
	internationalstudies.uchicago.edu /torture/abstracts/tamarherzog.htm (1921 words)

	The African Land of Spain (African Foundation Of Modern Spain II) - By Ogu-Eji-Ofo-Annu \| Rasta Livewire
		Spain has a coastline which stretches in some parts for 1,700 miles (2,740 kilometers) along the Mediterranean Sea from the eastern end of the Pyrenees mountain chain to the Strait of Gibraltar.
		Since ancient times Spain has been physically and culturally a part of Africa because both land mass used to share a common land bridge across what is now the Strait of Gibraltar.
		Whereas Spain was physically connected with Africa in the ancient times and was only separated by an earth quake in relatively near antiquity, it was always separated physically and culturally from Europe by the Pyrenees Mountain.
	www.africaresource.com /rasta/2006/08/25/the-african-land-of-spain (3046 words)

	Prehistoric Spain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Prehistoric Spain is a time period covering human development from the first hominins in Spain to the beginning of recorded history.
		Spain was also the first country where remains of Neanderthals were found when a Neanderthal skull was found in Forbes’s Quarry in Gibraltar in 1848.
		Spain has many ruins of megalithic monuments created during the Neolithic period and continued into the Chalcolithic or Copper Age.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prehistoric_Spain (1325 words)

	Oxfam's Cool Planet - On the Line - Virtual journey through Spain, history
		Spain was called by many other names in its history such as Tartessos, Edetania, and Orphiusa.
		Spain had no choice but to follow the dominant religion and principles of their conquerors.
		Spain is divided into several regions with contrasting historical, political, economic, and cultural features.
	www.oxfam.org.uk /coolplanet/ontheline/explore/journey/spain/history.htm (505 words)

	Magical Spain - Calendar & Discounts - Main
		Spain is a constitutional monarchy, with a hereditary monarch and a bicameral parliament, the Cortes Generales or National Assembly.
		Spain is considered by some, including a part of Spanish population (aproximately 10% according to the latest surveys), to be a group of nations unified under a single State, much like Belgium, Switzerland or the United Kingdom.
		Spain was the first European country to become a unified nation, with the union of Castile and Aragon) in 1492 and the annexation of Navarre in 1515.
	www.magicalspain.com /calendar/topSights.htm (12168 words)

	[No title]
		Spain is ranked 16th out of 41 countries in the European region, and its overall score is slightly higher than the regional average.
		Spain is relatively weak in freedom from government and labor freedom.
		Spain's labor market is highly restrictive in many ways, from a strict limit on the number of workweek hours to employment severance procedures.
	www.heritage.org /research/features/index/country.cfm?id=Spain (927 words)

	Chapter One: Penal Servitude in Early Modern Spain
		As the galley squadrons grew in response to the constant warfare between Spain and the Islamic empire in the Mediterranean in the sixteenth century, it became increasingly difficult to man the benches.
		During the early modern period the size of the Spanish fleet varied considerably depending on time and place, although for most of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries there were five permanent squadrons.
		In the early modern era jails were places of detention for persons awaiting trial or decisions on their appeals, a procedure that usually lasted several years.
	libro.uca.edu /pservitude/psems1.htm (9809 words)

	European Voyages of Exploration: Imperial Spain
		Modern Spain was originally composed of a number of independent kingdoms and it was not united until 1479 when both Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand ascended to their thrones.
		Imperial Spain was born from this "Union of the Crowns." This union was regarded as a union of equals although each kingdom preserved its own social, political, and economic realities according to its own unique history.
		The results included the expulsion of Muslims from the peninsula and the expulsion of Jews from her kingdoms in order to created a homogeneous population of Christians.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/Imperial.html (1030 words)

	Art and Architecture of Modern Spain
		For example: the Opera House in Sydney, Australia, the glass pyramid entrance to the Louvre in Paris, the Pearl of the Orient across the river from the Bund in Shanghai, or the new cathedral in Los Angeles.
		In early 2006, to highlight the fact that Spain is THE hotbed of modern architecture right now, MOMA organized an exhibition called "On-Site" specifically dedicated to current new structures already built or still under construction in that country.
		This industrial urban center of around a million people has traditionally been one of the main economic engines of Spain: steel mills, shipbuilding yards, large banks, etc. Bilbao is located in Vizcaya, one of the seven Basque regions whose people are known for their industriousness and spirit of adventure.
	www.theculturedtraveler.com /Archives/SEP2006/Architecture_Spain.htm (2186 words)

	Summer Study Abroad Spain
		The city of four million is a modern European hub with state-of-the-art transportation and cyber cafés, but its Old World charm shines through in its long afternoon siestas, its warm and friendly people, and its majestic monuments to Spain’s glorious past.
		Courses in the 2007 summer program to Spain are part of the regular course offerings of member institutions; therefore, students may apply for loans or grants for which they would normally be eligible.
		The class also examines the values and habits of the various ethnic groups which make up modern Spain and looks at the archeological evidence of cultures in prehistory, such as the Neanderthals, who inhabited what is now Spain.
	www.valdosta.edu /europeancouncil/students/Spain/index.htm (2499 words)

	spain
		Students study Spain's cultural heritage and recent modernization through coursework at the Instituto Internacional, a prestigious educational institution that is also home to programs from several private universities.
		Located on the shores of the Mediterranean and known as the birthplace of paella, Valencia is the third largest city in Spain and the capital of the Comunitat Valenciana, which is the surrounding province.
		Located on the coast of Spain, Valencia is the third largest city of Spain and the capital of its province, the Communitat Valenciana.
	www.albany.edu /studyabroad/programs/spain.htm (4852 words)

	Chapter 3: Penal Servitude in Early Modern Spain
		Modern penologists believe that there were other elements in its historical evolution as well.
		The same strategic and defensive reasons that motivated Spain to build a powerful galley fleet in the Mediterranean in the sixteenth century also led to a policy of intervention in North Africa.
		This campaign left Spain in control of several important points along the coast (1505, Mers-e1-kebir: 1508, Peñón de Vélez; 1509, Oran), and in an excellent position to push into the interior.
	libro.uca.edu /pservitude/psems3.htm (1758 words)

	Spanish American War - United States of America in Battle, Remember the Maine! When The U.S. acquired Guam, Puerto ...
		The Spanish commander on the island obviously had not heard of the outbreak of the war, for on the previous day when Captain Glass fired on the island with a message was sent to the Charleston with an apology for not having returned the salute -- there was no ammunition on the island.
		Commissioners from the United States and Spain met in Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war after six months of hostilities.
		Spain was trying to stop a rebellion in Cuba using harsh methods.
	www.spanishamericanwar.com (3190 words)

	History of Spain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Spanish Empire reached its maximum extent in Europe under Charles I of Spain, who was also (also known as Charles V) emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
		Following the Hidalgo affair, Amadeus famously declared the people of Spain to be ungovernable, and fled the country.
		On February 23 Antonio Tejero, with members of the Guardia Civil entered the Congress of Deputies, and stopped the session, where Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo was about to be named president of the government.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Spain (5552 words)

	Constituting Modern Spain: Old Topics
		One document with which the drafters of Spain's 1837 Constitution were familiar was the Belgian Constitution of 1831.
		Why was Spain able to gain admission to the United Nations in December 1955 after having been excluded in an agreement reached at the Potsdam Conference at the close of World War II?
		Spain is probably the first modern country to move from dictatorship to democracy without experiencing a revolution or a foreign invasion.
	www.isu.edu /~owenjack/conmodsp/topics.html (2751 words)

	A Glimpse of Modern Spain.
		Entering Spain from France and crossing the Pyrenees, the first interesting place at which to stop is San Sebastian, the noted fashionable Spanish watering place.
		Nowhere else in Spain can be found so magnificent a collection of the works of Spanish artists as in the world-famous gallery of Madrid, and one can spend hours before the masterpieces of Velasquez and Murillo, as well as in studying the pictures of other painters, such as Goya and Ribera.
		Of course one merely bows and thanks and declines the proffered courtesy, but this ceremony has to be performed every time a fresh piece of bread is eaten, another wing of a chicken devoured, or another pull is taken at the bottle of red wine which always accompanies the repast.
	digital.library.upenn.edu /women/eagle/congress/bell.html (2360 words)

	Institutions of Modern Spain - Cambridge University Press
		This book provides a comprehensive guide to Spain's major political and economic institutions, analysing their role, structure and functions, as well as their relationship to each other.
		Set against the background of Spain's consolidation as a young democratic nation and increasingly important contribution to EU affairs, the book examines the 1978 Constitution; the monarchy of Juan Carlos I; the Parliament; central, regional and local government; political parties; trade unions; public sector enterprises; business and professional organisations; financial institutions; and the judiciary.
		While most chapters reflect Spain's now well-advanced adaptation to life within the European Union, Chapter 15 also looks in detail at the country's representation in EU institutions, as well as the activities of EU-oriented institutions within Spain itself.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521575087 (244 words)

	Early Modern Spain: Projects
		Our research on Early Modern Spain is centred on a number of themes or projects.
		The origins of the novel is closely related, and studies the development of the novel in early modern Europe from a Spanish perspective.
		The Food and culture strand studies the representation of food in the art and literature of early modern Spain, with considerable emphasis on Cervantes.
	www.ems.kcl.ac.uk /content/proj (155 words)

	A Glimpse of Modern Spain.
		Entering Spain from France and crossing the Pyrenees, the first interesting place at which to stop is San Sebastian, the noted fashionable Spanish watering place.
		Nowhere else in Spain can be found so magnificent a collection of the works of Spanish artists as in the world-famous gallery of Madrid, and one can spend hours before the masterpieces of Velasquez and Murillo, as well as in studying the pictures of other painters, such as Goya and Ribera.
		Of course one merely bows and thanks and declines the proffered courtesy, but this ceremony has to be performed every time a fresh piece of bread is eaten, another wing of a chicken devoured, or another pull is taken at the bottle of red wine which always accompanies the repast.
	www.digital.library.upenn.edu /women/eagle/congress/bell.html (2360 words)

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