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Topic: Modern humans

	Human Ancestors Hall: Homo sapiens
		Anatomically, modern humans can generally be characterized by the lighter build of their skeletons compared to earlier humans.
		Modern humans also have very large brains, which vary in size from population to population and between males and females, but the average is around 1300 cc.
		According to the first, the distribution of anatomical traits in modern human populations in different regions was inherited from local populations of Homo erectus and intermediate "archaic" forms.
	www.mnh.si.edu /anthro/humanorigins/ha/sap.htm (375 words)

	Human - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Humans, or human beings, are bipedal primates belonging to the mammalian species Homo sapiens (Latin for "wise man" or "knowing man") under the family Hominidae (known as the great apes).
		Humans often consider themselves to be the dominant species on Earth, and the most advanced in intelligence and ability to manage their environment.
		Humanism is a philosophy which defines a socio-political doctrine the bounds of which are not constrained by those of locally developed cultures, but which seeks to include all of humanity and all issues common to human beings.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Human (7090 words)

	Modern Humans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Modern humans are descended from the Hominid line.
		Modern humans evolved from a derivative of the Hominid evolutionary line which arose as a separate evolutionary path about 6-7 million years ago.
		Modern human evolution did not take place in a straight line where one species slowly became people, instead there were numerous changes and movements of species throughout the globe which ultimately resulted in modern people.
	www.freewebtown.com /primates/modern_humans.htm (257 words)

	Modern Human Origins in a Historical Perspective
		The modern progeny of these evolutionary viewpoints is the Out of Africa II model that was first coherently argued in 1975 by Protsch von Zieten (Protsch 1975) and subsequently championed by C.B. Stringer, and the multiregional model proposed in 1943 by Franz Weidenreich (Weidenreich 1943a) and subsequently championed by C.L. Brace and M.H. Wolpoff.
		Weidenreich clearly accepted a Neanderthal phase for modern human evolution in the same vein as Hrdlicka, which begs the question of why these two very prominent researchers that were posing similar criticisms of the replacement argument had very little historical impact on the development of the replacement/continuity debate.
		The replacement hypothesis expects that modern human forms, wherever they are found, should exhibit the regional features characteristic of their ancestral Sub-Saharan African populations, whereas the continuity model expects regional populations to exhibit features characteristic of the populations ancestral to them and spatially located in the same geographic area.
	www.modernhumanorigins.net /anth588.html (6674 words)

	Hominid Species
		The time of the split between humans and living apes used to be thought to have occurred 15 to 20 million years ago, or even up to 30 or 40 million years ago.
		It is the intersection of the disciplines of paleontology (the study of ancient lifeforms) and anthropology (the study of humans).
		There are other minor anatomical differences from modern humans, the most unusual being some peculiarities of the shoulder blade, and of the pubic bone in the pelvis.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/homs/species.html (3114 words)

	Homo sapiens
		The highly publicized genetic studies that purportedly "proved" that Neanderthals did not contribute the modern human genome are so plagued with practical and theoretical problems to make their conclusions moot, especially since it does not in any way address the rest of the populations in the world, and their genetic fate.
		In summation, it seems apparent that Qafzeh and Skhul are early modern humans, and the habitation by both Neaderthal and early modern groups came at intervals of global weather changes, and do not constitute one highly variable population, or populations living simultaneously in the region.
		The specimens from Omo are undeniably modern in appearance, and at the time of their discovery (1967) doubled the known age of modern humans.
	www.modernhumanorigins.net /sapiens.html (7565 words)

	Western Asia -- Neanderthals and Modern Humans
		Unfortunately, archeological evidence of a link between the early modern humans of the Levant and their contemporaries in adjacent territories of Africa cannot as yet be demonstrated due to methodological problems that hinder comparisons between the two regions (Vermeersch, 2001).
		In fact, some researchers believe the differences between early modern humans and Neanderthals, both in the Levant and elsewhere, were so great that they probably belonged to separate species (Stringer, 1998: 30, 33).
		Since recent humans are less Neanderthal-like than early modern humans, the degree of difference seen in the study between Neanderthal and recent human infants may be greater than what would be observed between Neanderthal and early modern human infants.
	karmak.org /archive/2003/01/westasia.htm (4267 words)

	Evolution of Modern Humans: Early Modern Homo sapiens
		Unless modern human remains dating to 130,000 years ago or earlier are found in Europe or East Asia, it would seem that the replacement model better explains the fossil data for those regions.
		Through comparisons of mitochondrial DNA sequences from living people throughout the world, she concluded that Africa has the greatest genetic diversity and, therefore, must be the homeland of all modern humans.
		This seems to be the case with the Y chromosome in human males.
	anthro.palomar.edu /homo2/mod_homo_4.htm (2496 words)

	Earliest European modern humans found
		Other human bones from the same cave -- a temporal bone, a facial skeleton and a partial braincase -- are still undergoing analysis, but are likely to be the same age.
		To determine the fossils' implications for human evolution, Trinkaus and colleagues performed radiocarbon dating of the jawbone (dating of the other remains is in progress) and a comparative anatomical analysis of the sample.
		Most of their anatomical characteristics are similar to those of other early modern humans found at sites in Africa, in the Middle East and later in Europe, but certain features, such as the unusual molar size and proportions, indicate their archaic human origins and a possible Neandertal connection.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-09/wuis-eem091703.php (841 words)

	The Emergence of Modern Humans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		By modern humans, we mean members of our own species, Homo sapiens, who shared with us important anatomical features (skull shape and size) and behavioral attributes (use of blades, bone tools, pigments, burial goods, art, trade, hunting, and varied environmental resources).
		modern humans emerged is a matter of debate between proponents of two opposing theories.
		Supporters of the displacement theory, commonly known as "out of Africa," contend that modern human populations are derived from a single modern population group that left Africa about 80,000 years ago.
	www.geneticorigins.org /geneticorigins/mito/intro.html (333 words)

	Evolution: investigating human evolution; Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa by Donald Johanson, ...
		Investigation of the patterns of genetic variation in modern human populations supports the view that the origin of Homo sapiens is the result of a recent event that is consistent with the Out of Africa Model.
		Again, with fully modern humans on the scene, it is not necessary to have Neanderthals evolve into modern humans, further bolstering the view that humans replaced Neanderthals.
		The major neurological and cultural innovations that characterized the appearance of fully modern humans has proven to be remarkably successful, culminating in our dominance of the planet at the expense of all earlier hominid populations.
	www.actionbioscience.org /evolution/johanson.html (3625 words)

	ScienceDaily: Earliest European Modern Humans Found (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Modern Humans, Not Neandertals, May Be Evolution's 'Odd Man Out' (September 8, 2006) -- New research at Washington University in St. Louis suggests that rather than the standard straight line from chimps to early humans to us with Neandertals off on a side graph, it's equally valid,...
		Multiregional hypothesis -- The multiregional origin hypothesis of human species holds that some, or all, of the genetic variation between the contemporary human races is attributable to genetic inheritance from either Homo...
		Human evolution -- Human evolution is the process of change and development, or evolution, by which human beings emerged as a distinct species.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2003/09/030924055157.htm (2010 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Neanderthals 'mated with modern humans'
		He had the pronounced chin and teeth of modern humans, but his sturdy limbs were more characteristic of the Neanderthals.
		While their brains were bigger than our own, Neanderthals never developed the sophisticated culture and technology that became the hallmark of their modern human contemporaries.
		But it was not known whether modern humans destroyed them, or whether their distinctive characteristics disappeared through interbreeding.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/323657.stm (506 words)

	06-11-03: 160,000-year-old skulls are oldest anatomically modern humans
		The skulls, dug up near a village called Herto, fill a major gap in the human fossil record, an era at the dawn of modern humans when the facial features and brain cases we recognize today as human first appeared.
		Many of the modern human comparison skulls came from a worldwide sample of skeletal remains in the collection of UC Berkeley's Hearst Museum of Anthropology.
		Ethiopia has yielded some modern human fossils, including those from Omo, which are approximately 100,000 years old, and the Aduma fossil finds of the Middle Awash, which date from about 80,000 years.
	www.berkeley.edu /news/media/releases/2003/06/11_idaltu.shtml (1980 words)

	Evolution, Science and Society: The Origins of Modern Humans
		Until recently, it was generally supposed that genes for modern characteristics spread among different populations of "archaic" humans, so that the different archaic populations all evolved into modern humans, but retained some genetic differences that persist among different human populations today.
		This hypothesis is based on studies of variation in the sequence of certain genes, such as mitochondrial genes, from human populations throughout the world.
		If this is true, all human beings are more closely related to each other, having descended from more recent common ancestors, than had previously been thought.
	evonet.sdsc.edu /evoscisociety/origins_of_modern_humans.htm (429 words)

	Team finds immediate predecessor of modern humans \| The Newsbulletin \| June 12, 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The age of the fossils makes them the world's oldest near-modern humans, meaning that they are a subspecies of Homo sapiens — modern man. Researchers named the new subspecies Homo sapiens idaltu (idaltu means "elder" in the Afar language).
		Previous to the Herto discovery, the oldest near-modern humans ranged from 90,000 to 130,000 years old and were found in Africa and the Middle East.
		Consequently, the Herto remains conclusively demonstrate that there never was a Neanderthal stage in human evolution, and that Neanderthals were merely a branch of the evolutionary tree that later went extinct, according to professor F. Clark Howell of UC, Berkeley, a co-author of the Nature paper.
	www.lanl.gov /orgs/pa/newsbulletin/2003/06/12/text03.shtml (759 words)

	Study: Neanderthals, Modern Humans Same Species (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Humanity's first steps out of Africa along a path that led ultimately to dominion over the earth are subject to intense scientific debate.
		Humans have attempted to mate with members of the same sex, the opposite sex, cows, sheep, footwear and watermelons.
		Neanderthals and modern humans not only coexisted for thousands of years long ago, as anthropologists have established, but now their little secret is out: they also cohabited.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/605441/posts (4741 words)

	Discovery Channel :: News :: Modern Humans Older Than Thought (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Using modern techniques that estimate ages from the natural radioactive decay of the gaseous element argon, the researchers dated a layer of volcanic ash no more than 10 feet below Omo I's and Omo II's burial place at 196,000 years old.
		The date also brings the fossil record of human evolution in accord with genetic evidence for the age of our species," one of the researchers, anthropologist John Fleagle of Stony Brook University, New York, told Discovery News.
		It is important, however, not to assume that the appearance of modern human people would have to coincide with more modern behaviors that we see much later in the archaeological record," Lieberman told Discovery News.
	dsc.discovery.com /news/briefs/20050214/oldesthuman.html (552 words)

	BBC News \| SCI/TECH \| Early clues to 'modern' humans
		Until now, it was assumed that humans were not advanced enough to make such tools until long after they had emerged from Africa and migrated into Europe.
		But according to new evidence, published in the Journal of Human Evolution, ancient humans were already making bone tools in Africa more than twice as long ago.
		The implications are that humans came out of Africa with fully developed "modern" technology and modes of behaviour.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/1642580.stm (511 words)

	Earliest modern humans in Europe - - MSNBC.com
		That makes it “the oldest definite early modern human specimen in Europe and provides perspectives on the emergence and evolution of early modern humans in the northwestern Old World,” Trinkaus and colleagues wrote in their report, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
		Although we call them ’modern humans,’ they were not fully modern in the sense that we think of living people,” he added.
		Trinkaus is a leading proponent of the controversial theory that early modern humans and Neanderthals interbred to some extent.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/3088065 (505 words)

	Behavioral and Biological Origins of Modern Humans
		Two theories dominate current thinking on the origin of modern humans.
		The first, often known as the "out -of-Africa" theory, posits that from at least one million years ago, human populations followed different evolutionary trajectories on different continents, culminating by 100,000 years ago in the emergence of a least three continentally distinct human populations.
		The primary alternative to "out-of-Africa" is the theory of multiregional evolution, which postulates that modern humans originated essentially everywhere--in Africa, but also in Europe and Asia--where non-modern humans had lived previously.
	www.accessexcellence.org /BF/bf02/klein/index.html (228 words)

	LiveScience.com - Fossil Find Improves Knowledge of Human Origins
		Such bones could come in handy in those circumstances in which chunks of bone in the human body go missing.
		The story of human evolution can be divided into three distinct phases, beginning with our split from the common ancestor we shared with chimpanzees 8 million to 6 million years ago.
		The Middle Awash valley of Ethiopia has the longest and most continuous record of human evolution of any place on Earth.
	www.livescience.com /humanbiology/060412_anamensis_evo.html (695 words)

	Neanderthals, Modern Humans Interbred, New Study Says
		A University of Tennessee anthropologist has found new evidence that Neanderthals and emerging modern humans were not distinct species, but evolved together and probably interbred.
		The Out of Africa theory affirms that Neanderthals were one of multiple species replaced by modern humans migrating from Africa around 200,000 years ago.
		The opposing theory, multiregionalism, proposes that there have been distinct populations of humans living around the world since a migration one to two million years ago -- and that modern humans are a result of the constant intermingling of these groups over time.
	unisci.com /stories/20012/0403012.htm (345 words)

	Early clues to 'modern' humans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Most all mammals, except humans and two or three others are able to convert glucose into vitamin C. Humans have the first three enzymes but not the fourth.
		It is entirely possible that over time, humans as a species lost the ability (through natural selection) to manufacture the fourth enzyme needed to make vitamin C. Thank you.
		As a matter of fact, the inability to make vitamin C suggests that at one time the human diet was so overwhelmingly fruit that we lost the need to make our own C. Use it or lose it.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/fr/566056/posts (4149 words)

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